Nephrolithiasis as a cause of colic in horses. Case report]

The results of clinical, ultrasonic, post mortem examinations and concrement analysis of a case with nephrolithiasis in a horse are described. Problems of diagnosis, etiology and occurrence of nephroliths in the horse are discussed.     

Hypopituitarism as the possible cause of prolonged gestation in cattle]

Multiple malformations were shown in a bovine fetus delivered at slaughter after a gestation period of 469 days. Hypoplasia of the adenohypophysis and a bilateral agenesis of the adrenal cortex suggest that the failure of initiation of parturition resulted from a fetal deficiency of ACTH and glucocorticoid hormones. ACTH, GH (growth hormone) and prolactin could not be demonstrated immunohistochemically within the adenohypophysis. However, TSH immunoreactive pituitary cells were demonstrable. Nevertheless, considering the extremely reduced size of the adenohypophysis a fetal deficiency of TSH is suspected. This view is supported by a bilateral hypoplasia of the thyroid gland. Additionally, the complex fetal endocrine dysfunction had led to a growth retardation of the fetus.     

Earth currents as a cause of fry losses in a trout stock

The grounding of the mains by the energy suppliers causes sporadic alternating earth currents. From water over the housings of areator and its earth-connected guardwire such currents may occur. In a South German trout hatchery these earth currents led to losses of 30% among the influenced fry and to a 25% crippling among the surviving fry. Cause, clinical events and possible preventive measures are discussed.     

Broken eggs as a cause of infertility of coho salmon gametes

Egg content originating from ruptured ova progressively reduced the success of fertilization in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) eggs. The salmon egg differs in ionic composition from the ovarian fluid in exhibiting higher K⁺ and Mg²⁺ and lower Na⁺ concentrations. Normal ovarian fluid induced spermatozoan motility whereas ovarian fluid contaminated with egg content progressively lost the ability to induce motility. Loss of motility was related to decreasing $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ ratios in the ovarian fluid, indicating that reduced fertility may be caused by inactivation of sperm cells in the insemination medium. Removal of contaminated ovarian fluid by rinsing ova in isotonic media induced spermatozoan motility and restored fertility completely. The use of an isotonic NaHCO₃ solution for rinsing of ova is suggested as a routine procedure for artificial insemination in salmonids where the presence of broken eggs is suspected.     

Tumors of the hypophysis as the cause of both Cushing's syndrome and diabetes insipidus in dogs]

Invasive tumors of the pituitary gland associated with Cushing's disease and diabetes insipidus are described in ten dogs. All patients showed typical clinical symptoms including polyuria/polydipsia and acanthosis nigricans. All tumors led to compression und partial destruction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the infundibular stalk; two of them infiltrated the hypothalamic region. All tumors produced ACTH and caused hyperadrenocorticism. In six cases, additional expression of beta-lipoprotein and MSH were found: in pars intermedia adenomas many cells stained strongly for MSH and/or beta-lipoprotein, whereas in tumors of the pars distalis only occasional cells stained positive. The purpose of the present study was to describe the neuropathological findings and the immunohistochemistry of hormone excretion in pituitary tumors in dogs resulting in Cushing's disease associated with D.i., to review the literature and to discuss the pathogenesis.     

Bilateral ectopic ureter in a Persian cat--a possible cause of urinary incontinence]

A bilateral congenital dislocation of the ureter in a one year old male Persian cat is discussed. Diagnostic procedures, operative implantation of both ureters into the bladder, postoperative course and therapy are described.     

An Exophiala-like fungus as the cause of a systemic mycosis of marine fish

Abstract. A systemic Exophiala -like mycosis occurred naturally in five genera of captive fishes and it was experimentally produced in three additional genera: Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum), Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) and Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) by intraperitoneal injection of spores. Histo-pathologically both acute, necrotic and focal granulomatous reactions were present in naturally infected animals. The lesions were reproduced following spore inoculations while a diffuse, proliferative, granulomatous reaction followed inoculation of hyphae alone. Reports of systemic mycoses in fish and other animals due to pigmented or dematiaceous fungi are discussed and lesions compared.     

Water outflow as a cause of changes in trophic conditions for zooplanktivorous fish in reservoirs

The seasonal changes and vertical distribution of zooplankton, the export of zooplankters by outflow through water management installations, and the feeding of zooplanktivorous fish were studied in two Bulgarian reservoirs. In a bottom-draining reservoir, planktonic crustacea > 1.0 mm were found to be selectively exported as a result of their diurnal vertical migrations. Increases in water outflow for irrigation resulted in a decrease in total zooplankton abundance, as well as changes in zooplankton size and species composition at the beginning of the summer. At the same time, major changes occurred in the feeding patterns of bleak, Alburnus alburnus (L.), and juvenile pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca (L.), the principal zooplanktivores in this reservoir. It is easy for bleak to switch to feeding on an alternative food, but a lack of available large prey organisms is suggested as the main cause of the downstream movement of pikeperch juveniles. In a surface-draining reservoir, the pattern of zooplankton export corresponded to those in natural lakes. Discharged water carried with it mainly small-sized epilimnetic zooplankton from the most numerous groups (i.e. rotifers, juvenile copepods and cladocerans) in the reservoir. Furthermore, outflow exports represent a relatively small part of total zooplankton number, and thus, do not disturb the natural zooplankton succession, and changes in abundance and composition Coincidental changes in the trophic responses for zooplanktivores (mainly juvenile cyprinids and percids) were not found.     

Hysteroscopy as a diagnostic aid for uterine diseases of cattle]

A method for hysteroscopy in cattle, using a rigid tube for passage through the cervical canal, is described. Using this method, passage through the cervical canal is possible independent of the stage of the gynaecological cycles. The hysteroscopic findings of 105 examinations in cows are described and discussed.     

Malignant hyperthermia as a complication of anesthesia in the dog]

A moderate malignant hyperthermia developed in a Labrador Retriever anaesthetized with isoflurane for a femoral shaft fracture repair. Signs of malignant hyperthermia included progressive increases in PETCO2 and rectal temperature up to 39.8 degrees C, tachycardia, cyanosis, and elevated serum levels of potassium, inorganic phosphorus, AST, CK and alkaline phosphatase. Treatment initiated in the early recovery period consisted of hyperventilation with 100% oxygen, stomach lavage with iced water, body surface cooling, and intravenous administration of cold isotonic saline solution. Cooling was continued until the rectal temperature had dropped to 37.3 degrees C. After treatment the dog recovered uneventfully. Clinical signs, pathophysiology, therapy, prevention of malignant hyperthermia and its association with other disorders are discussed.     

Aeromonas shuberti as a cause of multi‐organ necrosis in internal organs of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

A disease with white spots in internal organs of Nile tilapia occurred in Zhanjiang, southern China. Multiple, white nodules, 0.8–2.2 mm in diameter, were scattered throughout the liver, spleen and kidney of diseased fish. Signs of nodules reproduced after artificial infection with the isolated strain. Isolated bacteria were Gram‐negative, facultative anaerobic, motile, short rod‐shaped, with a length of 1.2–2.2 μm. Morphological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic analysis, all strongly indicated that the isolate from tilapia is identical to Aeromonas schubertii (A. schubertii) which temporary named LF1708 strain. Antibiotic sensitivity assays showed the LF1708 is sensitive to 24 of 27 tested antibiotics. Pathogenicity test revealed that the isolate at the dose of 3.75 × 10⁶ CFU/g killed 100% of experimental tilapia within 2 days and the dose of 1 × 10⁷ CFU/g killed 100% of experimental zebrafish within 1 day. Histopathology of diseased tilapia infected with A. schubertii showed numerous necrotic lesions widely distributed in spleen, liver and kidney, and infiltration with a large number of bacteria. To our knowledge, this was the first report that associated A. schubertii with mortality in tilapia.     

The diet of harbour and grey seals around Britain: Examining the role of prey as a potential cause of harbour seal declines

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2-methylisoborneol implicated as a cause of off-flavour in channel catfish, Ictalums punctatus (Rafinesque), from commercial culture ponds in Mississippi

Abstract. Samples of water, sediment and fish were collected from six commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctalus (Rafinesque), ponds from May to October and analysed for muddy-odour producing compounds. Three episodes of off-flavour in the fish occurred in late summer. The episodes were of 2–3 months' duration and correlated with the levels of 2-methylisoborneol in water, sediment and fish. Oscillatoria agardliii was the dominant phytoplankton in ponds with off-flavour fish. Other known muddy odour-producing compounds such as geosmin, 2-isopropyl-3-mcthoxypyrazinc, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isobutyl-6-methoxypyrazinc were not detected in the water sediment or at concentrations greater than 5·0 ng/l.     

Challenges for the Kasatoshi volcano hypothesis as the cause of a large return of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to the Fraser River in 2010

In August 2008 the Kasatoshi volcano in the Aleutian archipelago erupted. Prevailing winds carried volcanic ash to the Gulf of Alaska, where its soluble iron dissolved and initiated a widespread phytoplankton bloom. Two years later, the abundance of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) returning to spawn in the Fraser River was larger than any observed since 1913. Kasatoshi's influence on growth and survival has been proposed as the ultimate cause of the abundant return. However, when relevant data are brought to bear on the hypothesis, it shows that: (1) survival of the abundant sockeye salmon cohort was unremarkable when compared with the historical record; (2) without an accompanying volcano, survival of the returns in 2011 was about the same as in 2010; (3) parental abundance that spawned the abundant return in 2010 was the sixth largest since 1948; (4) during their first summer at sea, sockeye salmon are not known to migrate in the offshore region where the anomalous chlorophyll bloom occurred; (5) an older cohort that was likely exposed to the chlorophyll bloom had the second lowest productivity on record when it returned in 2009; (6) immature sockeye salmon do not feed on diatoms, so any trophodynamic benefit derived from excess chlorophyll in mid‐to late August 2008 would have to have found a rapid trophic pathway to sockeye salmon on the continental shelf; and (7) no other populations of sockeye salmon or other species of salmon that are known to rear in the same region had unexpectedly high returns.     

The selenium content in the blood of newborn sheep and goats--equally contributing to the effect of supplemental oral selenium as a prophylaxis]

The article is based on the analysis of selenium concentration in blood plasma of 9 goats and their kids (n = 17), from two different places, as well as of 12 sheep and their lambs (n = 19) from several flocks. The selenium concentration was measured using ASS. In addition, the activity of CK was determined enzymatically. There was a low plasma selenium level in lambs and goat kids immediately post-natal depending on the selenium state of the mothers. After application of vitamin E and selenium to a group of lambs their selenium levels increased remarkably over 24 hours. Ten days later the average selenium concentration in the plasma of those animals that had been treated was three times as high as that of the control group. It was shown that the absorption of vitamin E and selenium when given orally to newborn lambs is comparable with the absorption after parenteral application, and that a significant increase of the plasma selenium level is attainable by oral application.     

Swim bladder inflation as a possible cause of saddleback-like syndrome malformation in hatchery-reared red spotted grouper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus akaara</Emphasis>

Saddleback-like syndrome is one of the most frequently observed malformations in hatchery-reared red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara. Saddleback-like syndrome is characterized by a V-shaped dorsal-profile depression behind the head region accompanied by deformities or misalignments of the first to fourth neural spines on the vertebral column and the first to fourth pterygiophores of the dorsal fin. Abnormal swim bladder inflation in several finfish species leads to malformations, particularly of the vertebral column. The present study examined the influence of swim bladder inflation on saddleback-like syndrome in hatchery-reared red spotted grouper. The incidence of saddleback-like syndrome increased as swim bladder inflation rate increased. Additionally, the incidence of saddleback-like syndrome among juveniles with inflated swim bladders was significantly higher than that among juveniles with uninflated swim bladders. The larval swim bladder is located just below the first to fifth vertebrae and the first to fifth dorsal spines, where saddleback-like syndrome occurs. Our results suggest that an inflated swim bladder increases the risk of saddleback-like syndrome in hatchery-reared red spotted grouper.