基于嵌入式力学传感器的圆锥指数仪设计与试验

为消除在测量过程中因圆锥杆受被测材料摩擦力所产生的测量误差,改进了圆锥指数仪设计,将微型力学传感器嵌入到圆锥杆下端,实现了对土壤和青贮玉米饲料压实度的精确测量.试验结果表明,测量2种土壤压实度过程中,原有圆锥指数测量方法因圆锥杆受摩擦力作用所产生的测量误差可忽略不计.而在青贮玉米饲料压实度测量过程中,2种不同紧实度样本中圆锥杆受摩擦力约占压力传感器测量值32.56％和34.05％,当圆锥头不受阻力时,嵌入式力学传感器测量值为零,而压力传感器测量值约为110 N和280 N,表明原有测量结果存在较大误差.     

基于传感器融合阵列的果树冠层信息采集方法

针对果园上、中、下冠层不同稀疏度,提出一种多传感器阵列的果树冠层信息融合方法（简称传感器融合阵列）,并进行了相关试验及验证。首先设计了果园冠层宽度信息的无线采集系统,并对比分析了6种非接触式测距传感器的动态识别能力;其次采用筛选出的激光传感器及超声波传感器阵列,收集3种果园上、中、下果树冠层信息;最后选出适合3种果园的传感器融合阵列,依据Box-Benhnken 中心组合试验法设计试验,对采用同种传感器阵列与传感器融合阵列测距方案进行响应面试验,并对得出的试验结果进行统计分析。试验结果表明：影响果树整体测量精度显著性水平从大到小依次为测距方案、车体速度、果园类型。车速为0.3~0.5m/s时,与人工测量相比,采用超声波传感器阵列收集果园冠层信息,相对误差为14.70%~20.04%;采用激光传感器阵列时,相对误差为9.13%~16.02%,采用传感器融合阵列时,相对误差为4.2%~10.24%。采用传感器融合阵列比单种传感器阵列精度高,更适合果园变量喷雾作业。     

阵列式压电晶体谷物损失传感器有限元分析与试验

为了提高谷粒损失检测的精确度与可靠性,提出了构建压电晶体矢量传感器阵列的方案,实现参数多点实时测量。采用有限单元法对谷草撞击动力学模型进行了分析;利用ANSYS软件,根据谷粒损失传感器敏感元件的实际尺寸进行建模,计算、仿真敏感元件的振动模态,求解敏感元件谐振频率;通过分析敏感元件低阶模态的动态应变分布,确定了矢量传感器阵列中压电晶体的位置和数量,优化了阵列结构。在试验台架上进行了谷草撞击试验,使用动态信号分析仪对敏感元件的低阶振型与应变分布进行了试验测试。试验结果与理论分析结果一致,表明优化的阵列结构可用于压电晶体矢量传感器阵列的理论设计和参数修正。     

介电型电活性聚合物传感单元设计

基于介电型电活性聚合物(DEAP)变形时的电容变化原理,设计并实现一种传感单元,其内框可在平面内移动,用于检测平面位移。建立该传感单元的几何模型,得出其电容变化和内框位移的关系。采用差动测量法测量敏感单元电容变化,建立了面对面敏感单元的电容差值和内框平移量的关系。利用该传感单元设计了一个二自由度角度传感器用来测量关节转角,同样采用差动测量法建立了电容差值和转角的关系。实验测得其沿X轴和Y轴平移灵敏度为-57.2 pF/mm和-58.0 pF/mm,绕X轴和Y轴旋转灵敏度为-139.4 pF/(°)和141.6 pF/(°)。测试结果与分析结果较为吻合,验证了DEAP应用于位移传感器和角度传感器的可行性。     

谷粒冲击压电力敏元件数值模拟与试验

设计了一种冲量式谷物质量流量压电传感器.应用显式动力学软件LS-DYNA建立了谷粒-力敏元件冲击有限单元模型,数值模拟了谷粒冲击力敏元件的过程,研究了力敏元件材料对冲击过程的影响.应用LabView软件和高性能压电陶瓷,开发了谷粒冲击力敏元件的物理样机试验系统,对数值模拟结果进行了检验.数值模拟和试验研究的结果表明:在1Cr18Ni9、聚丙烯和陶瓷(Si3N4)3种力敏材料中,陶瓷(Si3N4)是首选;在测试系统中应用所述压电陶瓷,无须前置放大器即可以满足谷物质量流量测试要求,极大地简化测量电路,提高测量精度,降低测试成本.     

气流输送播种机压电式流量传感器设计与试验

为实现气流输送播种机播种质量的快速准确检测,设计了一种基于压电陶瓷的弧形阵列式播种流量传感器。在分析气流分配器出种口种子运动特性的基础上,对感知单元布局及传感器整体结构进行了优化设计;通过不同条件下种子碰撞试验,确定了感知单元的材料和结构尺寸;设计了信号调理电路与脉冲计数电路,实现了种子在线计量,并通过CAN通信实时发送。利用气流输送播种试验台架,分析了气流压力及排种量对传感器检测精度的影响,在正常工作气压范围内,检测误差与气流压力近似满足线性关系,进一步提出了传感器检测的校准模型,并进行了台架试验验证。结果表明:在推荐工作参数条件下,即气压为166 Pa、排种量低于170粒/s时,校准后传感器的检测误差在5%以内,且传感器对堵塞故障报警准确率达100%。该传感器能够有效地监测气流输送播种机的排种性能,有助于提高播种作业质量。     

联合收获机谷物损失测量PVDF阵列传感器设计与试验

实时监测谷物收获时的损失率具有重要意义。采用聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDF)压电薄膜作为传感器敏感材料,设计了阵列式PVDF传感器及相应的信号调理电路,同时利用该传感器得到了籽粒损失的空间分布。分别选择3种不同含水率的水稻籽粒进行试验并给出了试验测试结果,结果表明不同含水率的水稻样品,传感器的测量误差均在     

联合收获机谷物损失测量PVDF阵列传感器设计与试验

实时监测谷物收获时的损失率具有重要意义.采用聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDF)压电薄膜作为传感器敏感材料,设计了阵列式PVDF传感器及相应的信号调理电路,同时利用该传感器得到了籽粒损失的空间分布.分别选择3种不同含水率的水稻籽粒进行试验并给出了试验测试结果,结果表明不同含水率的水稻样品,传感器的测量误差均在5%左右.     

油菜直播地表土壤物理机械特性参数测量装置研究

针对油菜直播地表农田土壤物理机械特性参数室内测量费时费力、田间测量仪器功能单一等问题,设计了一种油菜直播地表土壤物理机械特性参数测量装置,实现集成测量土壤含水率、坚实度、粘聚力和内摩擦角4种土壤物理机械特性参数且测量结果可以通过手机APP实时储存显示。装置基于自走式移动平台实现行走控制,以STM32单片机为核心控制器,利用FDR传感器获取土壤含水率,通过圆锥贯入部件测量土壤坚实度和抗剪切强度参数(包括粘聚力和内摩擦角)。分析了装置的圆锥贯入部件和土壤含水率检测部件测量原理,设计了装置测量控制系统硬件电路及软件,开展了传感器标定试验,确定了柱式压力传感器、薄膜压力传感器和土壤水分传感器的输入输出响应关系。选取71个土壤样本,融合土壤含水率和基于圆锥受力平衡关系获取的摩擦因数,运用最小二乘法建立了土壤粘聚力和内摩擦角数学测量模型,模型决定系数R²分别为0.932和0.956。开展了装置田间测量试验,对土壤含水率、坚实度、粘聚力和内摩擦角进行集成测量,结果表明：相较于AYD-2型土壤坚实度仪、干燥箱干燥法和ZJ-D型直剪仪测量结果,油菜直播地表土壤物理机械特性参数测量装...     

机采棉水分自动检测箱的恒弹力控制

机采棉水分检测设备的自动化程度决定着测量结果的精度和工作效率。为了保持电容极板与待测机采棉之间恒压力的控制,防止测量结果失真,本文设计了一种采用压电传感器和自适应控制方法实现机采棉水分自动检测箱的恒弹力控制系统。本控制系统以单片机为主控制器,通过压电传感器采集电容极板与机采棉之间的弹力,单片机将根据采集来的反馈量与给定量产生的偏差量做出决策,控制步进电机的制动力矩,实现恒弹力控制。试验表明,检测箱的恒弹力控制提高了机采棉水分测量精度和效率。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。