环境丰容技术在鱼类增养殖中的应用研究进展

近年来,在野生渔业资源持续衰退、水产 养殖规模不断扩大、人们对鱼类福利关注度不断提升等的背景下,环境丰容作为一种全新的技术手段在水产领域受到广泛关注,被认为在野化放流鱼类行为、增加养殖鱼类产量、提升圈养鱼类福利等诸多方面均具有较大的应用潜力。环境丰容是指在增养殖生产中,采用适当方式向圈养或自然水体引入新的环境刺激,提高其异质性和复杂性,从而实现提升鱼类产量、提高鱼类福利、控制鱼类行为、改善鱼类生理目标的环境优化方式。总体来看,国际上围绕环境丰容技术的相关研究结果层出不穷,理论体系不断完善,但国内水产领域的相关研究尚处于起步阶段。本文在简要介绍环境丰容概念和分类基础上,聚焦目前最受关注的物理丰容方式,评述了物理丰容对鱼类打斗行为、生理应激、代谢生长等重要性状和放流后的适应性行为、个体适合度等增殖性状的影响,重点分析了引发研究结果差异的可能原因及其潜在神经可塑性机理,最后探讨了本领域以往研究的不足及今后的研究方向,旨在为我国开展该方面研究提供借鉴,为增养殖苗种高效健康培育与放流鱼类野化训练提供参考。     

观赏鱼福利研究进展(下)

正(4)庇护场所。大多数鱼在远离自然条件下,很可能会导致急性或慢性胁迫,致使养殖鱼的福利水平降低。在家庭饲养观赏鱼的过程中,通过环境丰容技术适当地添加庇护物、水草等,增加栖息地的复杂性,可以尽量避免观赏鱼毫无遮掩地在环境中而产生焦虑等,提升观赏鱼的环境适应性,从而提高其存活率(秦传新等,2020)。人们为追求美观,对鱼缸环境进行设计,会为观赏鱼的健康与福利带来好处。     

浅谈赤大袋鼠的饲养管理

赤大袋鼠是体型最大的袋鼠,也是现存最大的有袋动物。国内关于赤大袋鼠饲养管理文献较少。对合肥野生动物园圈养赤大袋鼠的饲养环境、日常饲养管理、环境丰容等进行总结与分析,以期为同行提供参考。     

轮虫生态毒理试验的指标分析

有毒有害化学物质对环境的污染已成为全球性问题，其对水生生物的毒害乃至对生态系统的影响已引起广泛关注。轮虫在水生生态系统中是一个重要的浮游生物种群，其在食物链中的营养传递及水体生态的稳定性方面扮演重要的角色。因此，以轮虫作为模式生物之一进行毒理试验，分析预测各种有毒有害物质和极端环境对水生生物的毒理效应已得到大量的应用。     

重金属对鱼类的生态毒理学研究进展

水体重金属污染是目前日益严重的环境问题之一,随着工农业的发展,生产生活中的重金属可以通过多种途径进入水生态系统。水生态系统重金属污染具有来源广泛、易在生物体内蓄积、不易分解的特点,不仅对水生生物各类群及整个生态系统产生影响,还可以通过食物链间接危害人类健康,重金属对水生态系统的影响及其对水生生物毒理学研究已成为全球环境研究的热点。鱼类作为水生态系统重要的组成部分,近年来国内外针对重金属及其生态毒理学开展了大量的研究工作。在总结分析国内外研究的基础上,综述了鱼类重金属的来源、赋存和迁移转化规律,阐述了重金属对鱼类个体水平、细胞水平、分子和遗传水平的毒理学效应以及鱼类对重金属的耐受机制;并结合重金属对鱼类生态毒理学研究中不足,对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

陕西省西安市水生野生动物保护执法的分析与建议

水生野生动物是自然生态系统中不可代替的重要组成部分,与自然界整体的关系十分密切。保护水生野生动物,对于保护生物多样性,维护生态平衡,促进可持续发展具有重要意义。近年来,随着人口增长、经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,水生野生动物遭到过量捕杀,其生存环境遭到严重破坏,不少水生野生动物因而濒临灭绝。处理好水生野生动物资源保护与经济社会发展的关系,探索新形势下开展水生野生动物监管工作的思路和方向成了渔政工作的新课题。     

洪湖圈养鳜鱼获得成功

洪湖大湖圈养始于1985年, 1986年通过省级专家鉴定,与会专家认为,圈养是提高大湖成鱼产量的一种新技术,它是发展我路“三网”养鱼技术的一个重要组成部分。1990年洪湖水生生物实验所与一些渔民一起进行大湖     

活性污泥膨胀的影响因素

渔业生产是以水生经济动物植物作为其生产对象的,这些水生经济动植物的繁殖生长发育每一阶段都必须在特定的环境条件下才能完成.鱼虾蟹贝藻类储存量的增减,质量优劣都直接受渔业水域环境变化的影响,从而间接对渔业生产产生影响.因此,渔业水域环境是水生经济动植物赖以形成和发展的重要条件,保护渔业水域实际是保护整个渔业经济水生生物生态系统,同时也是维持渔业可持续发展的基本前提. 　　……     

浅海养殖环境生物修复技术研究现状及发展趋势

通过对我国目前海水养殖产生的主要环境问题及其生物修复技术的分析,阐述了应用单一的水生生物体对养殖水环境进行生物修复的不足,提出生态工程养殖将成为今后改善海水养殖环境、提高水产品质量的一个重要模式。     

兽医检疫与动物食品安全管理研究

在当前我国经济水平进一步提升的环境下,人民的物质生活水平正在不提高,而很多的动物食品也逐渐受到人们的青睐以及重视。但食品安全问题屡次发生,给人们生命安全带来极大威胁,因此我国必须要加强对动物卫生监督以及检疫工作的开展,并对动物食品安全进行有效管理,由此为人们生命安全提供保障。针对兽医检疫与动物食品安全管理进行研究,从而为动物食品安全管理工作的有效开展奠定坚实基础。     

Environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments: effects of physical structures and substrates

Structural environmental enrichment, that is, a deliberate addition of physical complexity to the rearing environment, is sometimes utilized to reduce the expression of the undesirable traits that fish develop in captivity. Increasing demands and regulations regarding usage of enrichment to promote fish welfare also make investigations on the effects of enrichment important. Here, we sythesize the current state‐of‐the‐art knowledge about the effects of structural environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments. We find that enrichment can affect several aspects of the biology of captive fish, for example, aggression, stress, energy expenditure, injury and disease susceptibility. Importantly, these effects are often varying in direction and magnitude, and it is clear that just addition of structure is not a solution to all problems in fish rearing. Each species and life stage needs special consideration with respect to its natural history and preferences. A multitude of different enrichment types has been investigated and many studies investigate several enrichment components at the same time, making comparisons among studies difficult. To the present date, the majority of efforts have been directed to investigate salmonid fish in stock‐fish hatcheries and cichlids from a basic research perspective. Some contexts are under‐studied with respect to environmental enrichment, for instance effects on results in basic research and welfare effects in display aquaria. There are many research opportunities left within this field. However, future studies could utilize experimental designs which make it possible to discriminate between effects of different environmental manipulations to a higher degree than what has been performed to this date.     

养殖水域抗生素抗性基因污染的研究概况与展望

在水产养殖中,抗生素是用来治疗细菌性疾病最有用的药物。但近些年的研究发现,过度使用抗生素,反而诱导产生了一系列带有抗性基因的致病菌,严重制约了水产养殖业的发展。本文以近15年来国内外相关研究的文献为依据,概括介绍了抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的产生及其传播途径、ARGs污染的危害性、国内外ARGs污染研究现状及加强ARGs污染研究的必要性等4个方面的研究进展,围绕抗性基因的检测、ARGs的传播、扩散及作用机制和控制、消除ARGs的方法等方面进行了后续研究重点的展望,以期为我国水产养殖行业的可持续发展提供依据。     

Environmental nitrite and aquaculture: a perspective

During the past four decades, researchers have gained a good understanding of the effects of environmental nitrite on cultured aquatic animals and how to manage elevated environmental nitrite concentrations by the addition of chloride to the environment. Our understanding of the mechanisms of nitrite toxicity has largely paralleled the development of an understanding of chloride influx mechanisms in aquatic organisms. We need to expand our phylogenetic understanding of chloride influx mechanisms in order to predict nitrite resistance in taxa that are being considered for aquaculture. A better understanding of the role of salinity in modulating nitrite toxicity in euryhaline species is also needed.     

水环境中镉对鱼类的毒理效应研究进展

镉在鱼类体内具有生物富集与毒理效应,本文从组织结构与功能完整性、生理代谢、生殖和免疫系统等方面总结了国内外研究进展,为更好地控制水环境中镉污染,保护水环境和水生生物提供科学依据。鱼类食性和摄食途径的差异造成镉在其体内的积累和分布具有生物特异性与组织差异性;水体镉浓度超标可导致鱼类的鳃和肝脏等组织结构与功能完整性受到不同程度损害,并对鱼类的抗氧化防御系统、生殖调控、非特异性免疫系统与基因表达等产生毒性效应,其毒性效应随镉暴露浓度、暴露时间、鱼类种类、发育阶段和性别不同而异;鱼类的抗氧化防御系统和免疫系统在镉诱导的氧化损伤中发挥了重要的保护作用。展望今后的研究方向,应加强低剂量和长周期镉胁迫的影响、水中镉与其他环境污染物的复合毒理效应、不同形态镉的毒理效应及机制等方面研究。     

渔业环境三氯杀螨醇的污染与危害

中国是世界上最大的水产品生产国和重要的输出国,国家政策的支持以及生产技术的提高有力拓展了水产行业的发展前景。然而,随着对外贸易的扩展和人们对食品安全的重视,许多国家对水产品中药物残留规定了严格的限量,同时也更加关注渔业环境质量的改善和提高。对于相关的基础研究,几十年来一直是国内外研究的热点。作为滴滴涕替代产品的三氯杀螨醇,自问世以来就受到了许多学者极大的关注。三氯杀螨醇对啮齿动物的毒性较低,杀螨效果好,促进了农作物的丰收。然而,其对水生生物的毒性很强,环境残留和多种危害日渐显现。文章评述了三氯杀螨醇的水环境行为、生物效应及其对水产品安全的影响,并指出今后应加强研究的方向和重点。     

几何形态测量学在水生动物中的应用及其进展

几何形态测量法起源于上个世纪80年代末90年代初,不同于传统的径向测量法,它主要关注的是物体的外形变化,通过相应的理论基础,将物体的形态和大小分开,利用多元分析等数学方法对结果进行分析和解释。该方法对分析具有固定形态的生物有着重要的意义,已广泛使用于种群划分等众多领域中。水生动物一般由硬组织包裹,具有较为固定的外形,同时它们在不同的水域中扮演着的不同的重要角色,对该类生物的形态学分析对个体生长和相应的环境变化的影响也显得越来越重要。因此本文对近十年来国内外学者利用几何形态测量法对水生动物形态的研究进行回顾,介绍分析方法和软件,同时对该方法未来在水生动物学科中的发展及其应用进行展望。     

A review on genome mapping of penaeid shrimps of commercial importance

Genome mapping of any organism has become vital and most essential to control the gene related functions and also for the production of new traits of the desired properties. Gene mapping has become a very powerful tool in agriculture sector as well as for terrestrial livestock and going to revolutionize both these sectors from the point of view of enhancing production. However, for aquatic organisms, the information pertaining to gene mapping research is limited and only in recent past few attempts have been made in this direction. The rationale behind genome mapping particularly for aquaculture species is to improve the quality of animals through selective breeding and produce genetically superior traits for commercial production. There is a great potential in this field since most of the aquaculture species have not been subjected to genetic improvement. The advantage of gene mapping tool for any organism is to identify and characterize quantitative trait loci associated with commercial important traits and to use these markers in marker‐assisted selection programmes. Now with advent of gene editing (CRIPSR‐Cas) technology one can modify/repair the gene structure and remove the adverse impact of the gene related characters without replacing the whole genome. Gene mapping of polygenic traits of aquaculture species is also gaining lot of importance because of dominant nature of such additional functional genes with unique predominant character in the species. In the present review, attempts have been made to collect details of information on gene mapping of cultivable penaeid shrimps. Furthermore, how these gene maps can be used to modify the gene structure at the targeted cites using gene editing techniques, has also been discussed.     

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries,aquaculture, food safety,human health,fish and human welfare,economy and environment

Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.     

湿地水环境生态恢复及研究展望

水环境退化是全球面临的重要问题,为了恢复受损的水生态系统,促进良性的生态演替,保证人类可持续发展的需要,湿地水环境生态恢复技术已成为当前各国关注的焦点。湿地水环境恢复主要有生态拦截技术、湿地植物净化技术、水生动物净化技术、基于水环境处理的人工浮岛技术和人工湿地净化技术等。在这些技术的研究与应用中,湿地植物对污染物的耐受性和多种生态恢复模式的整合将成为今后湿地恢复研究的焦点;同时应该深入研究湿地水环境恢复的基础理论和技术,探讨其内在的规律和机理,并建设典型湿地水环境恢复示范工程;建立湿地水环境生态恢复技术标准和规范,完善水生态系统健康评估体系,为该技术在我国的广泛推广和应用提供理论和技术支持。