基于SWAT模型的旬河流域气候变化水文响应研究

径流量是体现流域水量特征的重要指标。旬河作为汉江上游的主要支流,其径流量变化直接关系到丹江口水库(南水北调中线工程水源地)的储水量。以历史时期(1995-2015年)旬河流域实测径流量数据为基础,选择驱动SWAT水文模型,定量探究旬河流域径流量对气候变化的响应。结果表明,校准期和验证期决定系数(R~2)分别为0.85和0.87,Nash-Sutteliffe效率系数(NSE)分别为0.85和0.84,SWAT水文模型对旬河流域径流量模拟结果良好。采用英国Hadley气候中心预测的未来气候模式RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0、RCP8.5,对2036-2055年的气象数据进行4种未来气候情景模拟,发现在历史气候情景下,三季度降水量对全年径流量贡献度最大,且四季度的径流量对三季度的降水量存在一定滞后效应;在RCP8.5情景下,雨季将提前且持续周期延长。研究结果可为政策部门在水资源宏观调控、极端气候预防和防洪减灾等方面提供参考。     

基于SWAT模型的平原河湖水网区小流域径流过程模拟

模拟湖北省松滋市小南海流域径流过程,为未来运用SWAT模型诊断小南海流域面源污染问题提供技术支撑。小南海流域地处洞庭湖生态经济区最上游,是洞庭湖上游重要的生态涵养地。流域处于山地丘陵地区与平原河湖地区的交界地段,上游地区为山地丘陵区,下游地区为平原河湖区,水系结构和产流汇流过程较为复杂。该流域内无水文站点,水文资料缺失。选择了洞庭湖流域、鄱阳湖流域与梁子湖流域3个相似流域运用SWAT模型时所采用的水文参数,运用参数移植法确定了小南海流域的水文参数;对比基于DEM直接定义水系、使用Burn In功能对河网进行修正和Pre-defined streams预定义水系3种水系定义方法,选择最适合的Pre-defined streams方法按照现状进行水文模拟。模型划分了25个子流域,验证结果表明确定系数R~2与Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数E_(ns)均大于0.85,表明使用水系预定义法及参数移植法的SWAT模型模拟小南海流域径流过程是可行的。     

基于分布式水文模型的藤条江河流土壤侵蚀研究

藤条江是南亚重要国际河流元江-红河的主要支流,流域地处高原山地,土壤侵蚀严重.利用分布式水文模型SWAT对藤条江流域的水文过程进行了模拟,采用2年的逐日观测数据对模型进行了率定和验证.径流模拟结果和实测数据相比,模型确定性系数和效率系数(纳什-克里夫系数)均高于0.75,表明SWAT模型对藤条江径流的模拟结果良好.使用率定好的模型,计算出流域年均土壤侵蚀量为94.39×104 t,约47％的流域面积处于中度侵蚀状态,流域的水土流失关键区位于红河断裂带南缘,需优先实施水土保持措施的行政区域对应云南省金平县.     

珠溪河流域土地利用变化对面源磷污染的影响研究

探讨土地利用类型变化对磷、泥沙负荷以及截留能力的影响,为制定珠溪河流域面源磷污染治理措施提供重要支撑,也为鄱阳湖流域磷污染精准防治提供科学依据。基于2010年和2018年土地利用数据,采用SWAT模型对珠溪河流域面源磷负荷、泥沙负荷以及径流进行了模拟研究,并结合水文水质实测数据对模型的模拟结果进行评价。结果表明:相关系数R ²和Nash-Suttclife模型效率系数E _NS均满足SWAT模型在研究区的适用要求;泥沙与总磷的负荷强度与耕地、建设用地的覆盖率呈正相关,与林地、草地的覆盖率呈负相关,且总磷负荷强度与泥沙负荷强度有较高的重合性;2010年、2018年土地利用数据的总磷、泥沙年均入河系数分别为0.535、0.736和0.558、0.752,2个时期的泥沙与总磷入河系数中北部大于南部。控制农业生产和农村生活的污染物排放是减少面源污染的重要措施,进行退耕还林或退耕还草能有效截留污染物质以及起到防沙固土的作用。     

珠溪河流域土地利用变化对面源磷污染影响的研究

探讨土地利用类型变化对磷、泥沙负荷以及截留能力的影响,为制定珠溪河流域面源磷污染治理措施提供重要支撑,也为鄱阳湖流域磷污染精准防治提供科学依据。基于2010年和2018年土地利用数据,采用SWAT模型对珠溪河流域面源磷负荷、泥沙负荷以及径流进行了模拟研究,并结合水文水质实测数据对模型的模拟结果进行评价。结果表明：相关系数R2和Nash-Suttclife模型效率系数ENS均满足SWAT模型在研究区的适用要求;泥沙与总磷的负荷强度与耕地、建设用地的覆盖率呈正相关,与林地、草地的覆盖率呈负相关,且总磷负荷强度与泥沙负荷强度有较高的重合性;2010年、2018年土地利用数据的总磷、泥沙年均入河系数分别为0.535、0.736和0.558、0.752,2个时期的泥沙与总磷入河系数中北部大于南部。控制农业生产和农村生活的污染物排放是减少面源污染的重要措施,进行退耕还林或退耕还草能有效截留污染物质以及起到防沙固土的作用。     

1956-2018年资江干流径流输沙演变规律与特征分析

研究资江径流泥沙演变规律与变异特征,了解资江干流径流变异与输沙量变化情况,为流域水资源可持续利用提供政策建议。根据资江流域干流主要控制站1956-2018年长时间序列径流量和输沙量数据,运用累积距平法、M-K法、集中度与集中期、小波分析法和均值差异T检验法等分析资江年径流量和输沙量的演变规律与特征。结果表明:(1)径流量不同年代时段的变化率-18.2%~25.8%,Z统计值为0.7058,径流量变化趋势不显著;而输沙量减少趋势较为明显,Z统计值为-5.0592,通过信度99%的显著性检验;(2)资江年径流量未发生明显的突变,而输沙量在1995年发生了突变;(3)资江径流存在第一主周期为26a的周期性,输沙量存在第一主周期为34a的周期性规律;(4)资江径流量变化存在1956-1966年、1982-1988年2002-2015年3个少水期,1967-1981年、1989-2001年、2016-2018年3个多水期,输沙量变化存在1956-1976年、1988-1997年2个多沙期,1977-1987年、1998-2018年2个少沙期;(5)径流量集中度为31.8%,输沙量集中度为73.7%,资江径流泥沙年内分配不均匀性特征明显。     

基于SWAT模型的汤浦水库流域非点源污染模拟

在对汤浦水库流域内污染调查的基础上,建立了基于GIS技术的SWAT模型,建立了汤浦水库流域非点源污染空间和属性信息基础数据库,在GIS技术和ArcScene、Arcview等软件支持下,研究流域非点源污染分布规律、主要污染因子、各溪各镇的污染贡献率以及流域污染负荷总量等。结果表明,在空间尺度上,南溪和双江溪流域营养物质贡献量最高,泥沙量较大;不同土地利用类型污染流失负荷不同,灌溉水田是总氮负荷的主要来源,水田和茶园是总磷负荷的主要来源,其次是居民点,最小是林地。在时间尺度上,年内总氮、总磷负荷随季节呈不规则的"W"形态变化。     

塔里木河流域水土流失动态变化分析

研究塔里木河流域土地利用变化、年径流量和输沙量变化特征及其相关关系,以期促进水土资源的合理开发和利用,为塔里木河流域的生态环境治理提供科学依据。水文数据为2005-2020年流域焉耆站、同古孜洛克站、卡群站、西大桥站、阿拉尔站年径流量、年输沙量,土地利用数据为1980-2015年土地利用空间分布数据。结果表明：(1)1980-2015 年,土地利用面积比例变化为-1.07%～1.16%,耕地面积增幅为 1.16%,沙地面积增幅 0.30%,草地面积降幅1.07%;(2)流域内各主要河流多年平均径流量为 22.99×10⁹～76.46×10⁹m³,多年平均输沙量63.20×10⁴～3470.00×10⁴t;开都河多年平均含沙量为0.24 kg/m³,其余河流平均含沙量均大于4kg/m³;塔里木河流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈现下降变化趋势,且年输沙量的变异性(40.89%～73.11%)大于年径流量(15.54%～35.37%);(3)各主...     

黄土区典型小流域降水变化下的水沙响应研究

定量描述降雨变化规律是研究流域水文生态过程的基础,研究降水变化下的水沙响应,可为区域水土保持规划提供科学依据。本文以马家沟流域1975-2006年降雨过程资料为依托,分析了流域内降雨年际、年内分布规律、侵蚀性降雨量。流域径流量及产沙量采用目前国内外应用比较广泛的SWAT分布式水文模型模拟得出。结果表明,产生侵蚀降雨的次数占总降雨次数的15%,侵蚀性降雨量占总降雨量的62%,尽管产生侵蚀的降雨次数占总降雨次数的比例较小,但产生侵蚀的雨量占总降雨量却超过50%,侵蚀性降雨的强度大。在年尺度上,马家沟流域的径流量和产沙量随着降雨量的增加有不同程度的增加。丰水年径流量和产沙量普遍较大,枯水年径流量和产沙量也普遍较小。产沙量主要集中在6-9月,以7-8月的产沙量最大,平均占年产沙量的70%左右,幅度变化大于径流量的变化。黄土高原生态建设及淤地坝建设工程的实施,增加了流域林草面积。通过林草拦截降雨、缓滞水流、保护地表,可在一定范围减少流域径流总量和泥沙量。     

基于SWAT模型的汤浦水库流域非点源污染模拟

在对汤浦水库流域内污染调查的基础上,建立了基于GIS技术的SWAT模型,建立了汤浦水库流域非点源污染空间和属性信息基础数据库,在GIS技术和ArcScene、Arcview等软件支持下,研究流域非点源污染分布规律、主要污染因子、各溪各镇的污染贡献率以及流域污染负荷总量等。结果表明,在空间尺度上,南溪和双江溪流域营养物质贡献量最高,泥沙量较大;不同土地利用类型污染流失负荷不同,灌溉水田是总氮负荷的主要来源,水田和茶园是总磷负荷的主要来源,其次是居民点,最小是林地。在时间尺度上,年内总氮、总磷负荷随季节呈不规     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.