社饭加工工艺优化研究

以籼米、糯米、野生蒿菜、野葱、腊肉等为原料制作社饭,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化社饭加工的工艺条件。结果表明,社饭的最佳加工工艺条件为:大米浸泡时间30 min,蒸煮时间30 min,食盐质量分数0.7%,菜籽油质量分数7%,在此工艺条件下所制作的社饭颗粒饱满完整,野蒿菜和野葱分布较为均匀,整体淡绿色,有诱人光泽,清香,软糯适中。     

天麻赤砂糖饼干加工工艺优化

在单因素试验的基础上,选择天麻粉添加量、赤砂糖添加量、泡打粉添加量、烘烤时间为自变量,天麻饼干感官品质评分为考察指标,进行L_9(3~4)正交试验,优化天麻赤砂糖饼干的加工工艺。结果表明,天麻赤砂糖饼干的最佳工艺条件为:天麻粉添加量14%,赤砂糖添加量15%,泡打粉添加量2%,烘烤时间10 min,在此工艺条件下,制备的天麻赤砂糖饼干呈棕黄色,表面光滑,组织细密均匀,天麻味适中,酥脆且甜而不腻。     

基于响应面优化大麦若叶粉中总黄酮超声波提取工艺研究

利用单因素试验研究提取温度(35,45,55,65,75℃)、提取时间(30,40,50,60,70 min)、乙醇浸泡时间(30,60,90,120,150 min)、乙醇体积分数(55%,65%,75%,85%,95%)、料液比(1∶10,1∶15,1∶20,1∶25,1∶30)对提取大麦若叶粉总黄酮的影响。根据单因素试验结果,综合考虑实际条件及能源消耗,最终选取提取温度(55,65,75℃)、提取时间(30,40,50 min)、乙醇浸泡时间(60,90,120 min)为自变量,以总黄酮提取量为响应值,设计三因素三水平的响应面试验方法。结果表明,大麦若叶粉总黄酮的最佳超声波提取工艺条件为超声波提取温度75℃,超声波提取时间45 min,乙醇浸泡时间60 min。在响应面优化得到的最佳条件下对大麦若叶粉进行3次超声波辅助提取的平行试验,得到大麦若叶粉总黄酮提取量的平均值为4.39 mg/g,与理论最优值4.40 mg/g基本一致。响应面试验分析结果表明,优化的工艺条件稳定可行,可以为大麦若叶粉总黄酮的提取提供一定的参考依据。     

茯苓山药面条的工艺研究

为丰富目前市场上复配面条的品种,并进一步实现对茯苓和山药的综合利用,利用茯苓和山药的药食同源特性,将茯苓粉、山药粉加入小麦粉中,研发出一种具有营养保健功能的茯苓山药面条。采用单因素试验和正交试验对茯苓山药面条的品质特性进行研究,通过面条的断条率、膨胀率、蒸煮损失率、感官评价和极差分析综合得出茯苓山药面条的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,影响茯苓山药面条品质因素依次为茯苓粉添加量水添加量山药粉添加量海藻酸钠添加量,同时得到茯苓山药面条的最佳工艺配方为茯苓粉添加量10%,山药粉添加量8%,海藻酸钠添加量0.2%,水添加量45%。此配方制得的茯苓山药面条有茯苓和山药的清香味,面条爽口,软硬适中,富有弹性。     

汤种法制作莜麦吐司面包的工艺研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了汤种法制作莜麦吐司面包的最佳原料配方及工艺条件,即以莜麦粉、面包粉总质量为基准(100%),莜麦粉与面包粉的质量比15∶85,汤种添加量35%,水添加量26%,鸡蛋添加量24%,植物油添加量14%,白砂糖添加量10%,酵母添加量3%,食盐添加量1%,二次发酵时间40 min,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间30 min,制得莜麦吐司面包的感官品质最佳。在此条件下制备的面包酸度1.6°T,水分35.1%,比容3.83 m L/g,均符合国家质量标准。莜麦吐司面包存放3 d后的硬度低于添加15%杂粮粉的其他杂粮面包,口感松软。     

活性炭法对柿子粉多糖色素脱除的研究

采用正交试验对柿子粉多糖色素脱除活性炭法进行工艺条件的优化,分别考查活性炭添加量、脱色温度及脱色时间对色素脱除效果的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以脱色率为评价指标,确定了活性炭吸附柿子粉多糖色素的最佳工艺为活性炭添加量6%,脱色温度40℃,脱色时间40 min,在此条件下脱色率为78.41%,多糖保留率为84.98%。试验证明,活性炭除去柿子粉多糖色素的方法方便可行,为柿子粉的研究与开发提供理论依据。     

响应面法优化灰树花魔芋面条的工艺配方

以面条的咀嚼性为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面优化试验,确定了灰树花魔芋面条制作的最佳工艺配方为高筋面粉84.8%,灰树花粉6%,魔芋精粉7%,谷朊粉2%,食用碱0.2%,在此工艺配方条件下制作面条并对其进行评价分析,咀嚼性378.09,感官评分达84.96。     

一种天然改良剂对黔产面粉所制湿面条的加工工艺研究

以β-葡聚糖、谷朊粉等复配的天然食品胶作为面制品改良剂,以黔产面粉为主要原料,研究了一种含有新型天然面制品改良剂的生鲜湿面的生产工艺。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以断条率、蒸煮损失率、吸水率、浑汤吸光值和感官评分值等为研究指标,确定了含有天然改良剂的生鲜面条的最佳工艺参数为天然复配改良剂添加量2%,水用量40 mL,食盐添加量1.2%,水温30℃,醒面时间20 min。通过该工艺可得到一种天然、品质优良、口感佳的生鲜湿面条。     

提高莜麦面条品质的研究

文章通过对提高莜麦面条品质研究表明,加工莜麦面条的不同条件对面条的品质会产生不同的影响。通过试验得出莜麦面条的配方为：莜面与白面的比例为3：7、加水量为40％、面团熟化时间为20min。     

基于线性功效系数法的紫薯面条高效干燥技术研究

为了提高紫薯面条品质,减少干燥后易断条、浑汤的问题,采用线性功效系数法对紫薯面条四阶段干燥工艺参数进行了优化,通过考查各阶段干燥温度、干燥湿度和干燥时间对紫薯面条品质的影响,最终确定紫薯面条最佳干燥工艺条件为预干燥阶段,温度40℃,湿度80%,时间60 min;干燥前期,温度45℃,湿度85%,时间100min;主干燥阶段,温度30℃,湿度70%,时间90 min;干燥后期阶段干燥条件是温度25℃,环境湿度,时间60min。在此工艺条件下干燥所得紫薯面条弯曲断条率8.87%,自然断条率0.19%,熟断条率0.67%,蒸煮损失12.55%。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.