上海地区南、北高丛蓝莓品质及抗氧化活性比较

为探讨南、北高丛蓝莓引种上海后,品质及花色苷抗氧化能力表现出的差异。以上海地区主栽的5个蓝莓品种为研究对象,测定果实品质、花青苷、总黄酮含量以及DPPH（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼）自由基的清除能力、FRAP(ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay)总抗氧化能力等指标。结果表明,‘布里吉他’(Brigitta)的果形最大,达2.87 g;‘奥尼尔’(O’Neal)果实可溶性固形物含量最高,达13.44%;可滴定酸含量较低,酸固较高,果实风味浓郁;‘蓝丰’(Blue crop)酸固比最高,为11.8。蓝莓果实总黄酮、花色苷的测定中,‘埃利奥特’(Elliott)的花青苷及总黄酮含量均最高,同时DPPH和FRAP的测定值也最高。测定结果均反映出引种上海后,‘奥尼尔’(O’Neal)品质最好,适合做鲜食品种;‘埃利奥特’(Elliott)抗氧化能力最强适合做保健品加工品种。     

不同品种甜樱桃花色苷的积累及PacMYBA表达分析

针对果实成熟时表现不同颜色的甜樱桃品种(黄色品种‘佐藤锦’,红色品种‘拉宾斯’),采用高效液相法测定分析其果实生长中花色苷主要成分及含量,采用RT-PCR克隆‘佐藤锦’的一个MYB基因,同时利用荧光定量PCR分析Pac MYBA基因在两个品种甜樱桃果实生长过程中的表达情况。结果表明,‘拉宾斯’果实转色后花色苷的积累上升趋势明显,成熟后花色苷含量高且组分由单一的一种逐渐丰富为3种;‘佐藤锦’果实转色后花色苷含量有所增加但增加幅度不大,且花色苷组分单一;二者在转色后Pac MYBA的相对表达上升趋势明显,成熟时‘拉宾斯’Pac MYBA的相对表达远高于‘佐藤锦’。本研究对解释甜樱桃果实生长过程中色泽变化及推测Pac MYBA对甜樱桃果实花色苷起正调控作用提供理论基础。     

蓝莓花色苷研究进展

花色苷是一种广泛存在于植物中的功能性水溶色素,它作为具有重要生理活性的天然着色剂应用于食品、药品及化妆品当中。近年来,蓝莓因富含花色苷而成为国内外研究的热点,笔者系统论述了蓝莓花色苷的结构种类,不同蓝莓品种的含量,pH、金属离子和其他因子对其稳定性的影响及传统溶剂提取与辅助分离技术等相关研究进展,认为其结构稳定性是制约蓝莓花色苷产业发展的重要因素,提出深入研究花色苷降解机制的同时应开展提高其稳定性及综合加工利用等尝试,为进一步开展蓝莓等富含花色苷的越橘类浆果加工研究提供有益参考。     

蓝莓品种的品质特性研究

研究了浙江地区主要栽培的"夏普兰""奥尼尔""粉蓝"和"杰兔"蓝莓品种的营养功能成分及感官品质特性。结果表明,"夏普兰"和"奥尼尔"品种单果质量大,水分含量、糖酸比和感官评价分数较高,适宜鲜食。其中,"奥尼尔"的总糖含量和糖酸比最高,分别为9.34±0.15 g/100 g和14.4±0.3,鲜食品质特性突出;"粉蓝"和"杰兔"的品种单果质量相对较小,糖酸比值低,但功能活性物质花色苷和总酚含量较高,适宜加工;"粉蓝"的花色苷和总酚含量最高,分别为363±15 mg/100 g和556±27 mg/100 g,更适宜功能活性物质的提取和制备。     

蓝莓风味软糖的加工研制

<正>蓝莓原产北美洲,近几年国内开始引进不同的蓝莓品种试种并取得成功。蓝莓的果实含有丰富的花色苷(花青素),具有抗生素、抗自由基、抗视力退化,以及抗动脉硬化和抗血栓形成等作用。经常食用蓝莓制品,可明显增强视力、消除眼睛疲劳、营养皮肤、延缓脑神经衰老、增强心脏功能、预防老年痴呆。     

不同品种桑椹成熟过程中品质及生物活性物质的变化

通过研究不同果桑品种果实生长发育进程中果实重量、纵横径、糖酸、硬度、总酚类物质及花色苷含量变化,结果表明伴随着果实成熟进程,单果重、纵横径不断增大,但不同品种横纵径生长速度变化并不一致;硬度持续下降,且在全红期以后硬度下降显著;果实糖含量持续升高,到黑熟期骤然升高达到峰值;酸含量持续下降直至成熟;总酚类物质及花色苷含量随果实成熟不断升高,但合成进程并不同步。研究明确了果桑果实成熟过程中特有的变化规律,中桑5801品质、功能营养成分优于其他品种,831A果实成熟时硬度高于其他品种,更有利于贮藏保鲜、延长货架期。     

氯化钙复合保鲜垫纸对蓝莓采后贮藏品质的影响

研究了不同浓度氯化钙处理的复合保鲜垫纸对“蓝美1号”蓝莓采后品质的影响。分别采用1%、0.5% 氯化钙处理保鲜垫纸,并将其垫在聚乙烯蓝莓盒中,以未垫保鲜垫纸的蓝莓为对照,于模拟5—6月的天气条件下（28 ℃,相对湿度75%）贮藏6 d,观察分析蓝莓果实腐烂率、失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、VC含量、花色苷含量等采后感官、理化、营养指标的变化。结果表明：1%氯化钙保鲜垫纸处理组有较好的保鲜效果,贮藏6 d时,其果实腐烂率为66.59%,失重率为10.22%,均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;硬度为0.58 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量为8.75%,VC含量为8.66 μg·g-1,花色苷含量为1.92 mg·g-1,均高于对照组。本试验结果可以为蓝莓保鲜提供一种廉价、实用的方法。     

七个紫甘薯品种块根花色苷含量的比较

运用紫外-可见分光光谱法,对引自日本和徐州并在云南昆明种植的7个紫甘薯品种进行分析,研究了不同甘薯品种块根中花色苷含量及其在同一块根中的分布和花色苷产量。结果表明:不同品种花色苷含量和产量差异显著,花色苷含量以徐13-4含量最高,为107.22mg/100gFW;花色苷产量以种子岛紫最高,达13036.5g/hm²,其次是徐13-4,为11663.7g/hm²;花色苷在块根中的分布不均匀,含量表现为块根表皮>中心组织>薯肉。徐13-4可作为选育花色苷专用品种的亲本,种子岛紫可作为企业生产花色苷原料的品种加以利用。     

壳聚糖涂膜对常温贮藏兔眼蓝莓果实品质的影响

以“圆蓝”兔眼蓝莓为试材,研究了0．5％壳聚糖（0．4％高分子壳聚糖＋0．1％低分子壳聚糖）涂膜对常温贮藏蓝莓果实品质的影响。结果表明,在20℃常温条件下贮藏20d的过程中,壳聚糖涂膜可以有效减缓蓝莓果实感官品质及果实硬度的下降速度,降低腐烂率和失重率,保持较稳定的TSS和有机酸含量;抑制PPO活性的快速升高和MDA的大量积累：有效延长常温条件下的贮藏期,有利于保持采后蓝莓的品质。但对采后蓝莓果实中的花色苷含量无明显影响．对类黄酮的增加有一定的抑0作用。     

避雨和露地栽培蓝莓采后贮藏品质差异分析

为探究避雨栽培与露地栽培蓝莓果实贮藏品质差异,采用避雨和露地两种栽培方式种植‘蓝丰’、‘北陆’蓝莓,采后用PET盒分装后放入聚乙烯(PE)袋中,0℃下预冷24 h后扎口冷藏,对比分析冷藏期间两种栽培方式蓝莓果实品质变化。结果表明,避雨栽培蓝莓果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量显著高于露地栽培,可滴定酸含量、果实含水量和花色苷含量显著低于露地栽培,在采后0℃贮藏期间,避雨栽培果实相较露地栽培更能有效地抑制好果率的下降和果实质量损失率的升高,延缓果实水分含量、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、总黄酮含量的下降,使可溶性糖含量维持在更高水平。因此,相对于露地栽培,避雨栽培蓝莓在采后低温贮藏期间能维持更好的果实品质和贮藏效果,果实贮藏期延长,这为采前避雨栽培措施调控蓝莓采后贮藏保鲜提供了实践指导。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.