淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

水稻强化栽培对稻田土壤生物学特性的影响

采用田间试验,对强化栽培(SRI)和常规水作(TF)条件下稻田土壤微生物数量、微生物量、土壤酶活性及相关养分含量进行了研究。结果表明:与常规水作相比,强化栽培增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量,分别提高了53.1%～173.8%、61.7%～229.4%、10.0%～55.9%,统计差异显著(p<0.05)。强化栽培土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮比常规水作提高了12.2%～43.6%,22.7%～175.4%,统计差异显著(p<0.05)。与常规水作比较,强化栽培提高了分蘖期土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性,分别为12.6%、30.0%、15.1%、13.8%;强化栽培也显著增加了土壤碱解氮含量,但有效磷含量差异不显著。     

冬季作物对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

选取我国南方4种冬季作物黑麦草、紫云英、油菜、马铃薯,以冬闲田作对照,对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的短期内动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,早稻田翻耕前,冬季作物处理土壤SMBC和SMBN与冬闲田存在显著差异(P0.05),黑麦草处理SMBC为398.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他作物;紫云英处理SMBN最高,为97.8 mg/kg。在早稻整个生育期,黑麦草处理SMBC显著高于其他处理,晚稻生长过程中各处理无显著差异。冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物商(MQ)的影响,随着水稻生长发育进程有不同程度的变化,黑麦草处理在早稻整个生育期高于冬闲田。     

种植利用紫云英对稻田土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为研究种植利用紫云英对稻田土壤的培肥作用,设不种紫云英不施化肥(对照)、种植紫云英不施化肥(紫云英)、不种紫云英施化肥(单施化肥)、种植紫云英同时施化肥(紫云英+化肥)4个处理,分析了各处理在紫云英苗期、紫云英盛花期、早稻收获期、晚稻收获期的土壤养分、酶活性、微生物数量。结果表明,与对照相比,施化肥及种植翻压紫云英均能改善土壤养分状况,紫云英与化肥配施效果最好,能够明显提高土壤速效磷、速效钾、全氮含量。施用化肥或种植翻压紫云英均能促进微生物生长,4个处理中以紫云英+化肥处理对土壤微生物生长有较好的促进作用,其次为单施化肥处理。     

坡位、土层深度和管理措施对土壤质量的影响

土地生产力对人口增长和人民生活水平提高至关重要,土壤质量评估的概念侧重于特定的土壤特性和维持一系列生态功能的能力。本项目主要研究不同管理措施下的覆盖作物、土层深度和不同坡位对土壤质量的影响。研究区位于美国密苏里的沙里顿县农场的4个小流域,其中2个试验小流域,种植了覆盖作物,采取了轮作和免耕,2012年秋种植覆盖作物,另外2个对照小流域没有覆盖作物。2012和2013年生长季持续干旱,2012-2014年,在4个流域不同坡位,不同深度(0~10cm、10~20cm和20~30cm)土层取样,分析了土壤酶活性、土壤微生物多样性和土壤养分。随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性和养分水平显著降低。不同坡位的养分含量、酶活性和水稳性团聚体(WSA)、碳(C)差异显著(p<0.01和p<0.05)。     

赤泥施用量对Cd污染稻田水稻产量和土壤生物性状的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,以不施赤泥为对照,分析不同赤泥施用量对Cd污染稻田水稻产量和土壤生物性状的影响.结果表明,施适宜用量赤泥能提高水稻有效穗和促进水稻生长,实现水稻增产,与不施赤泥处理相比,RM-2处理(0.5%赤泥)的水稻株高、有效穗、结实率和水稻产量分别提高了3.40%,4.20%,3.87%和6.86%.从分蘖期到成熟期,施用赤泥处理各生育期的水稻土微生物量碳、氮明显高于对照RM-0处理的.其中,RM-2处理(0.5%赤泥)各时期水稻土微生物量C(SMBC)、微生物量N(SMBN)都明显高于RM-0处理的(P<0.01).施用赤泥处理的稻田土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量多数情况下高于对照RM-0处理的.RM-2处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌菌群数量多数情况下高于其他处理的.RM-2处理土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氯酶活性均为最高,分别比RM-0处理的提高了10.5%,32.4%和15.9%,且两处理间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).与RM-0处理相比,施用赤泥各处理pH和阳离子交换量均有不同程度增加,但有机质的变化不明显.0.5%(W/W)的赤泥施用量较其他施用量有利于改善Cd污染水稻土生物性状,提高土壤肥力,增加水稻产量.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量与活性的影响

土壤微生物及其活性是指示土壤增肥过程和土壤环境变化的灵敏指标.本文研究了红壤荒地开垦为水田后不同施肥制度定位施肥 16 年后水稻土的微生物生物量与活性特征,结果表明:经 16 年水稻耕植,不同施肥措施下土壤的微生物生物量和活性还处于较低水平.施肥制度显著影响了水稻土的微生物生物量 C 和基质诱导呼吸,但对基础呼吸的影响还不明显.只施用 N、K 肥对提高土壤微生物生物量和活性没有显著效果,在不施肥或施用化肥的基础上配合有机循环可以显著提高土壤微生物的生物量、代谢活性和微生物呼吸的温度敏感性,N、P、K 肥配合有机循环的施肥制度对提高土壤微生物生物量和代谢活性的作用最好.     

红壤水稻土累积酶活性及养分对长期不同施肥处理的响应

本研究基于鹰潭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站24年的长期定位试验,揭示对照(不施肥,CK)、有机肥(C)、化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)、化学氮磷钾肥+有机肥(NPKC)等不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土酶活性及土壤养分的影响。于晚稻收获后采集各小区耕层土壤,测定红壤水稻土中转化酶、脲酶活性(测定时并设加0.5 ml甲苯与不加甲苯处理)及转化酶动力学特征,同时测定土壤养分含量及微生物生物量碳,分析酶活性与养分含量及微生物生物量碳间的关系,明确土壤中累积酶活性及土壤养分对长期不同施肥处理的响应。结果发现,与对照相比,施肥处理下土壤转化酶活性显著提高了31.3%~131.7%,微生物生物量碳显著提高了84.9%~125.1%;在没有甲苯抑制微生物活性下,施肥处理的转化酶底物蔗糖转化速率增加量提高了89.5%~153.7%,脲酶底物尿素转化增加量提高了59.2%~98.9%,表明微生物显著影响两种累积酶表观酶活性;转化酶活性、脲酶活性与微生物生物量碳呈显著正相关。与对照处理相比,施肥处理显著增加了土壤有机碳(30.1%~36.3%)、全磷(28.6%~102.9%)、速效磷(62.2%~445.0%)、碱解氮(35.9%~56.4%)含量;统计分析显示,转化酶活性、脲酶活性均与碱解氮、有机碳含量显著正相关。与对照相比,各施肥处理土壤的转化酶米氏常数(Km)差异并不显著,而转化酶表观活性(Vmax)及转化系数(Vmax/Km)均显著增加。长期施肥处理增加了土壤养分含量和微生物生物量碳,提高了土壤中累积酶的活性。     

四种土壤管理方式对李园土壤微生物和土壤酶的影响

通过2003~2004两年的试验发现,刈割覆盖、刈割压埋、畜粪还园三处理纤维分解菌和硅酸盐细菌的数量均明显高于清耕处理(对照),且两种微生物数量均以夏季最多,秋季次之,春季再次,冬季最少。前三处理蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维分解酶、多酚氧化酶的酶活性都较清耕有显著或极显著提高;各处理酶活性也以夏季最高、秋季次之,春季再次,冬季最低。2004年刈割覆盖、刈割压埋两处理蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性较2003年有显著或极显著增加,畜粪还园、清耕两处理三种酶活性两年间差异很小。经相关性分析还发现,纤维分解菌除与脲酶相关性不显著外,它与其余的酶均显著或极显著正相关;硅酸盐细菌与所有的酶均极显著正相关。     

农艺措施对不同生态环境稻田土壤状况的影响: Ⅰ. 土壤湿度的影响

The effects of individual and combined additions of urea (100 μg N g^-1 soil) and insecticide (triazophos at field rate, FR) under different moisture levels of air-dried soil (AD), 50% of water-holding capacity (WHC), 100% WHC and flooded soil (FS) on some selected soil properties in a paddy field soil were examined in a laboratory incubation study. The results indicated that after 21-day incubation at 25 ℃, the different moisture levels led to significant changes in the parameters studied. Flooding of soil with distilled water significantly increased the electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity and phenol contents of the soil compared to the other moisture levels, while protein and phospholipids behaved differently at varied moisture levels with or without the addition of urea and/or triazophos. Increased ETS activity was observed with N addition at higher moisture levels while insecticide incorporation decreased it at all moisture levels as compared to the control (moisture only). The phenol contents slightly decreased and increased with N and insecticide applications, respectively. The soil protein contents were found to be unaffected among all the soil treatments at all moisture levels. However, among different moisture levels, reduced quantities of proteins were estimated at 50% WHC, suggesting more N-mineralization. Lower quantities of soil biomass phospholipids, among all treatments, were recorded at higher moisture levels (100% WHC and FS) than at the lower levels. An overall slight enhancement in phospholipid contents with N and small reduction with insecticide addition, respectively, was noticed against the untreated soil. The toxicity of fertilizer and insecticide decreased as the soil moisture contents increased, suggesting rapid degradation of agrochemicals.     

农艺措施对不同生态环境稻田土壤状况的影响: Ⅱ. 土壤温度的影响

A 21－d incubation experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to study the effects of elevated temperatures(10,25,and 40℃)on some microbiological and biochemical properties in flooded paddy soil amended or unamended with urea at 100μg N g^-1 soil and /or insecticide(triazophos) at field rate(FR).Enhancements in temperature led to increase the electron transport system(ETS)/dehydrogenase activity and phospholipid contents of the soil,while soil organic matter phenol and protein contents decreased with increasing tenperature with or wihtout the addition of inputs.An incerease of temperature from 10℃ to 25 or 40℃ enhanced the ETS activity 2 folds (on avergae for all soils),while the inclusion of N and insecticide increased and decreased it ,respectively,compared to the control.The soil phenol and protein contents were highly correlated with temperatures(for all soils,r=-0.936 and -0.971,respectively)and the additions of N and insecticide produced slight reductions and enhancemetns in them,respectively,At a particular tempeature,the soil protein contents remained unaffected among all the soil treatments.An overall slight increase in phospholipid contents with N and a small decline with insecticide addition were noticed against the untreated soil.the toxcity of fertilizer and insecticide decrased as the incubation temperature increased suggesting faster degradation of agrochemicals with raising temperature.     

营养和病虫害管理对双季杂交水稻种植系统的土壤生态质量的共同影响

The mineral fertilizers(NPK) and pesticide,including herbicides,insecticides and fungicides,were applied alone or in combination and the soil sampling was done at different growth stages during the crop cycle to study the changes in soil organic matter,microbial biomass and their activity parameters in a paddy soil with different nutrient and pest management practices in a hybrid rice double-cropping system.A consistent increase in the electron transport system(ETS) activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice.The use of fertilizers(NPK) alone or with pesticides increased ETS activity,while a decline of ETS activity was noticed with pesticides alone as compared with the control.Nearly an increasing trend in soil phenol content was observed with the progression of crop growthstages,while the usage of pesticides alone caused maximum increments in the soil phenol content.The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken.But notable changes were noticed at different growth stages probable because of fluctuations in moisture and temperature at particular stages,which might have their effects on N mineralization.Marked depletions in the phospholipid content were found with the advancement of crop growth stages,while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes,in which a higher decline was noticed with pesticide application alone compared with the control.     

Nitrogen nutrition and use efficiency in rice as influenced by crop establishment methods,cyanobacterial and phosphate solubilizing bacterial consortia and zinc fertilization

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during wet season of 2013 and 2014, involving three crop establishment methods (CEMs) viz. puddled transplanted rice (PTR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and aerobic rice system (ARS). Three rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) application (0%, 75%, and 100% of recommended dose of N and P) (RDN) (120 kg N ha^–1 and 25.8 kg P ha^–1) and two sources of N and P (fertilizer and cyanobacterial-bacterial inoculation) were tested with and without zinc (Zn) fertilization in all CEMs. The concentration of N in PTR and SRI was significantly higher than ARS with higher uptake of 10.3 and 11.1 kg ha^–1 in PTR and SRI over ARS. Treatment with 100% RDN led to significantly higher N availability and uptake than 75% RDN and absolute control, i.e. 14.5 and 32.0 kg ha^–1, respectively. Application of Anabaena-Pseudomonas biofilm formulation (MC2) in conjunction with 75% RDN increased total uptake of N by 12.7 kg ha^–1 compared to 75% RDN only. A positive correlation was found between N concentration and acetylene reductase activity at 70 days after sowing (DAS) (R² = 0.52) and 100 DAS (R² = 0.38) based on mean of 2 years study. Zn fertilization significantly increased N concentration in rice straw and milled rice irrespective of the crop establishment methods. Our study signifies the importance of microbial inoculation, optimal N fertilization along with SRI and PTR as more effective crop establishment methods for deriving greater benefits in terms of N nutrition in rice.     

温度势梯度下土壤水平一维水盐运动特征的实验研究

为了分析温度势梯度作用下的土壤水平一维水盐运动特征,该文对土柱中存在温度势梯度时不同初始含水率下水盐运动的实验结果进行了分析。通过对瞬态温度变化过程和稳态温度形成特征的探讨,研究了温度势梯度存在时水平一维土柱中水盐运动的特点。在温度势梯度影响下土壤水分总体上从暖端向冷端迁移,而土壤盐分则以某位置为临界点在暖端累积,在该临界位置前后土壤含盐量与初始含盐量相比,由高于该值到低于该值,并在接近冷端处与初始值相同     

氮肥、土壤湿度和温度对稻田土壤甲烷氧化的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer,soil mosture and temperature and temperature on methane oxidation in paddy soil were investigated under laboratory conditions.Addition of 0.05 g N kg^-1 soil as NH4Cl strongly inhibited methane oxidation and addition of the same rate of KCl also inhibited the oxidation but with more slight effect,suggesting that the inhibitory effect was partly caused by increase in osmotic potential in microorganism cell,Not only NH4^ but also NO3^- greatly affected methane oxidation.Urea did not affect methane oxidation in paddy soil in the first two days of incubation,but strong inhibitory effect was observed afterwards.Methane was oxidized in the treated soil with an optimum moisture of 280 g kg^-1 ,and air-drying inhibited methane oxidation entirely.The optimum temperature of methane oxidation was about 30℃ in paddy soil.while no methane oxidation was observed at 5℃or 50℃。     

土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

以杨陵土垫旱耕人为土(中等肥力红油土)为供试土壤进行田间试验和室内培养试验,研究土壤微生物体氮的动态变化及其土壤含水量和温度的关系。结果表明,田间土壤微生物体氮的变化有明显的季节性;夏季最高,冬季最低,其它时期居中;且与土壤温度有显著或极显著的正相关性,相关系数在0.855以上;试验期间土壤水分含量在10%以上,基本能满足微生物活动所需,因而微生物体氮的变化与水分关系并不密切。应用培养试验结果进一步证明了田间试验结果,即在4～36℃范围内,微生物体氮与温度呈线性相关,而在土壤含水量为6.75%～23.23%范围内,与水分呈指数相关关系,当土壤水分小于10.87%时,水分对微生物体氮有突出结果,当超过10.87%后,几乎没有影响。频繁的干湿交替会使微生物体氮显著减少,但冻融交替却无明显影响。     

温度和水分对不同肥料条件下黑土磷形态转化的影响及机制

采用室内微宇宙试验法,研究了温度（25℃和10℃）、土壤湿度（湿度分别为最大持水量的50%和25%,即50% WHC和25%WHC）对不同肥料条件下黑土磷素形态转化及土壤磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,土壤温度和水分及其交互作用对不同肥料条件下土壤磷形态转化以及土壤酶活性有显著影响。土壤温度（25℃）和土壤湿度（50% WHC）显著增加了土壤有效磷、Ca2-P、Ca8-P的含量,而土壤有机磷含量显著降低;在土壤中添加氮磷钾肥料后,这种作用变得尤为明显。高的土壤温度（25℃）和合适的土壤湿度（25%WHC）能够显著提高土壤磷酸酶的活性。土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤有效磷含量均呈显著正相关,表明可以通过提高土壤温度和保持土壤合适的湿度来提高土壤磷酸酶,活化和提高土壤磷的有效性,进而促进土壤磷释放。     

土壤水氮动态及作物生长耦合EPIC-Nitrogen2D模型

为计算农业区不同作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程,该文基于Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator(EPIC)作物模型建立了作物根系生长子模块,将其进行有限元数值离散,与土壤氮素迁移转化模型Nitrogen2D耦合,使模型能计算作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程。该作物生长模块可计算多种胁迫下作物根系对土壤水分和氮素的动态吸收速率,及作物收获时的生物量和吸氮量。采用武汉大学灌溉排水试验场冬小麦生长条件下土壤水氮试验数据对模型进行了率定,并用于土壤水氮分布和作物生物量预测,土壤含水率、氮素的模拟值与实测值的一致性系数分别为0.86~0.97、0.52~0.98,Nash效率系数为0.59~0.90(含水率)、0.44~0.93(土壤氮素),说明模拟结果与实测值吻合度较高。同时,分别采用该文的作物生长模块和简单根系吸收模块计算根系吸氮过程,结果显示,简单根系吸收模型会显著高估作物吸氮量,而作物生长模型则由于考虑了根系生长和各环境因子的胁迫作用,计算结果更符合作物实际吸氮过程,计算的根系吸氮量相对均方根误差为3.4%~46%。