黄芪多糖对内毒素诱发奶牛实验性乳腺炎影响初探

选择同处于泌乳后期、日均产奶量相当的荷斯坦奶牛3头.每天早上挤奶后,于右后乳区经过乳头管灌注黄芪多糖20mL,左后乳区注入20mL生理盐水作为对照,连续10d.第11d早上挤奶后,两侧乳区均灌注含有100μg大肠杆菌内毒素的生理盐水10mL.分别于灌注黄芪多糖前、灌注内毒素前1h及灌注后3、6、9、12、24h采集两个乳区的乳样进行指标测定.试验结果表明,与灌注内毒素前相比,灌注PSS的对照乳区乳中的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力在注入内毒素后9h时达到峰值(12.65U/mg protein),24h时乳中NAGase活力下降到灌注内毒素前的水平(P＞0.05);而施用了APS的试验乳区,在注入内毒素后,乳中的NAGase活力6h时达到峰值(16.79U/mg protein),9h时乳中NAGase活力已下降到灌注内毒素以前的水平(P＞0.05).总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的测定结果表明,奶牛乳导管注入内毒素后,两种处理的乳区乳中的总抗氧化能力显著下降(P＜0.05),两种处理的乳区乳之间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).     

黄芪多糖对内毒素诱发奶牛实验性乳腺炎影响初探

选择同处于泌乳后期、日均产奶量相当的荷斯坦奶牛3头。每天早上挤奶后,于右后乳区经过乳头管灌注黄芪多糖20mL,左后乳区注入20mL生理盐水作为对照,连续10d。第11d早上挤奶后,两侧乳区均灌注含有100μg大肠杆菌内毒素的生理盐水10mL。分别于灌注黄芪多糖前、灌注内毒素前1h及灌注后3、6、9、12、24h采集两个乳区的乳样进行指标测定。试验结果表明,与灌注内毒素前相比,灌注PSS的对照乳区乳中的N—乙酰—β—D—氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力在注入内毒素后9h时达到峰值(12.65U/mg protein),24h时乳中NAGase活力下降到灌注内毒素前的水平(P>0.05);而施用了APS的试验乳区,在注入内毒素后,乳中的NAGase活力6h时达到峰值(16.79U/mg protein),9h时乳中NAGrise活力已下降到灌注内毒素以前的水平(P>0.05)。总抗氧化能力(T—AOC)的测定结果表明,奶牛乳导管注入内毒素后,两种处理的乳区乳中的总抗氧化能力显著下降(P<0.05),两种处理的乳区乳之间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

内毒素诱发睢宁白山羊实验性乳腺炎模型的建立及黄芪多糖对其的影响

选择同处于泌乳初期的睢宁白山羊6头,体质量30~40 kg,C.M.T.法检测每头山羊2个乳区乳的体细胞数(SCC)均低于5&#215;105/mL。每头山羊每天早上挤奶后,于右乳区经乳头管灌注黄芪多糖(APS)5 mL,左乳区则通过乳头管灌注等量生理盐水(PSS)作为对照,连续灌注5 d。第6天早上挤奶后,按50μg/kg剂量于左、右乳区通过乳头管注入大肠杆菌内毒素,分别于内毒素处理前1 h及处理后1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、24 h观察乳房的变化并记录直肠温度;并于内毒素处理前1 h、处理后3、6、9、24 h取颈静脉血和采集左、右2个乳区的乳样,采用放射免疫法测定乳汁及血清中TNF-α和IL-2的水平;内毒素处理后24 h,处死动物,取乳腺组织,Bouin氏液固定,H.E.染色进行病理组织学观察。临床症状与病理切片观察均显示,通过乳导管将50μg/kg的内毒素灌注到山羊的乳腺内迅速诱导出典型的急性乳腺炎症状。灌注APS的乳区,乳中TNF-α的水平内毒素处理后3 h显著高于灌注PSS的乳区,92、4 h显著低于灌注PSS的乳区(P&lt;0.05)。与内毒素处理前相比,灌注APS的乳区在内毒素处理后,乳中IL-2...     

CpG-ODN对S.aureus诱导的山羊实验性乳腺炎乳腺的保护作用研究

选择同处于泌乳初期的睢宁白山羊6头，于右乳区经过乳导管灌注10μg／kgCpG—ODN，左乳区则灌入等体积的灭菌100μL0．0lmol／LpH7．2磷酸盐缓冲液（PBs）作为对照，灌注后第3d按同等剂量进行二次灌注；次灌注后第2d，分别于左右乳区经乳导管灌注3mL（2&#215;10^9CFU／mL）金黄色葡萄球菌（S．aurcus），于灌注细菌前（0h），灌注后8h，16h，24h，48h和72h分别收集左右乳区乳汁进行检测。临床症状观察显示，乳腺内灌注3mL（2&#215;10^9CFU／mL）的S．aureus能迅速诱导山羊典型的急性乳腺炎症状。组织学观察显示感染S．aureus后72h乳腺腺泡内仍有嗜中性粒细胞（PMN）浸润，但实验乳区明显减少。乳汁S．aureus数同在感染后24h上升至最高，CpG—ODN能显著降低各个时间点乳汁细菌数。乳汁白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平同在感染后24h上升至最高，CpG-ODN能显著提高感染后24h乳汁IL．6水平。对照和CpG—ODN处理乳区乳汁肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平分别在感染后24h和16h上升至最高，其中在感染后24h实验乳区比对照下降40．63％（P〈0．051。乳汁N-乙酰-β—D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAGase）水平同在感染后16h达最高（P〈0．01），CpG—ODN能显著提高感染后8h乳汁NAGase水平。上述结果表明CpG—ODN可通过提高乳汁IL-6水平、加速并促进乳汁TNF-α的释放，从而减少了乳汁中S．aureus数量，减轻了炎症介质对细胞的损伤，对缩短炎症过程也有一定的作用，实验结果证实了CpG—ODN对S．aureus感染诱发的山羊乳腺炎的乳腺有保护作用。     

谷氨酰胺对内毒素诱发大鼠实验性乳腺炎的影响

40只SD雌性大鼠使之交配受孕。在确定其怀孕后，取35只孕鼠随机分成正常对照组（Con，n=5）、阳性对照组（P，n=15）和实验组（T,n=15）。阳性对照组与实验组内分为3个剂量组，分别为P1、P2、R组和T1、T2、T3组。实验组大鼠每天按体质量灌喂谷氨酰胺（Glutamine，GIn）0．34mmol／kg，直至处死，而对照组大鼠灌喂相应体积的生理盐水（PSS）。孕鼠于产后72h，分别用灭菌PSS（正常对照组）和不同剂量（5、10、50μg）的大肠杆菌内毒素（阳性对照组和实验组）经乳头管灌注到大鼠第4时（腹部）乳腺内。灌注后24h处死大鼠，取乳腺组织固定，进行组织学观察。观察显示。3个剂量的内毒素均可诱发大鼠实验性乳腺炎。其中P3组大鼠乳腺组织破坏得最为严重。P3组大鼠乳腺组织中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）浓度、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAGase）活力，与正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.05）；T3组大鼠乳腺组织中TNF—α浓度。与P3组相比显著降低（P〈0．05）。阳性对照组大鼠乳腺组织中白细胞介素-2（IL-2）浓度，与正常对照组相比有所降低；T3组大鼠乳腺组织中IL-2浓度，与P3组相比显著升高（P〈0．05）。与正常对照组相比。阳性对照组与实验组大鼠乳腺组织中碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase，AKP）活力显著升高（P〈0．05）。与正常对照组相比，阳性对照组与实验组大鼠血清中细胞因子和分泌性IgA浓度、酶的活力均无显著变化（P〉0．05）。由此表明，灌喂Gln可以抑制乳腺组织内炎性细胞因子TNF—α的释放，减轻炎症对T淋巴细胞增殖反应的抑制，对内毒素诱发的大鼠实验性乳腺炎有一定的保护作用。     

内毒素血症山羊体征变化及氨基胍对其影响

将22只山羊随机分为5组，即对照组、内毒素血症模型组（内毒素LPS1800EU／kg）、内毒素血症氨基胍组（AG25mg／kg）、大剂量内毒素血症模型组（内毒素LPS5400EU／kg）和大剂量内毒素血症氨基胍组。肉眼观察动物精神状态和粪便的变化；用体温计检测直肠体温；用听诊器记录呼吸频率。结果表明：实验后1～9h，大、小剂量的内毒素（LPS）均使山羊表现出不同程度的精神不振、腹泻、食欲废绝。体温显著升高（P〈0．05），24h后体温恢复正常（P〉0．05）；但氨基胍对内毒素血症时体温的变化无调理作用（P〉0．05）。小剂量LPS和氨基胍对呼吸频率无影响（P〉0．05）；大剂量LPS却显著增加了山羊呼吸频率（P〈0．05），同时氨基胍也显著阻止了呼吸频率的升高（P〈0．05）。揭示体温、呼吸与内毒素剂量存在依赖关系；小剂量的氨基胍（25mg／kg）对内毒素血症时体温变化没有影响，但可明显减少呼吸频率。     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的疗效研究

以85头患乳房炎奶牛共104个乳区为研究对象,随机分为4组,每组26个,分别用重组溶葡萄球菌酶粉低（200U／乳区）、中（400U／乳区）、高（800U／乳区）三个剂量,对照组为青霉素G钠（160万IU／乳区）,每天早晚挤奶后乳池灌注给药,共4d,研究不同剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果。试验结果显示,低、中、高剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶均能有效清除感染乳区的链球菌、葡萄球菌、化脓隐秘杆菌等G^＋菌,大幅降低牛奶中的白细胞数,提高日产奶量。其中低剂量组对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率略优于青霉素G钠（P〉0．05）;中、高剂量对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率显著优于青霉素G钠（P〈0．05）;中、高剂量的疗效相当（P〉0．05）。重组溶葡萄球菌酶是一种很好的治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎和临床乳房炎备选药物。     

内毒素对兔红细胞膜磷脂含量的影响及阳离子A对其的拮抗效应

利用高效液相色谱法分别测定正常对照组（Ⅰ组）、内毒素组（Ⅱ组）和内毒素＋阳离子A拮抗组（Ⅲ组）中兔红细胞膜磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）和磷脂酰肌醇（PI）含量。结果显示，Ⅱ组中除PE在处理后0．5h没有明显变化外（P〉0．05），PC、PE、PS、PI含量在0，5、1、3、5、7h均低于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05，P〈0．01）；而Ⅲ组中除PS、PE和PI在处理后0．5h、PC在1h、PI在3h没有明显变化外（P〉0．05），整个时间段中上述4种磷脂的含量均高于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。可见，内毒素能使兔红细胞膜磷脂含量降低，而阳离子A在一定程度上具有对内毒素的拮抗作用和对红细胞膜的保护效应。     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定和体细胞数及酶的相关性研究

对330个乳样分别用加州乳腺炎检验（California Mastitis Test,CMT）,体细胞计数（Somatic Cell Count,SCC）和细菌的分离培养（Isolation of bacteria）法进行隐性乳腺炎的检测,结果表明3种方法检测的结果差异不显著（P〉0．05）;对检测患有隐性乳腺炎的241乳区进行了细菌的分离培养,结果表明引起隐性乳腺炎的最主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌、其它细菌的检出率差异根显著（P〈0．05）。对分离出优势细菌的部分乳样进行了SCC与LDH,NAGase,ALP和ACP几种酶的测定和相关性分析,结果表明：LDH与SCC有显著的相关性（r=0．7936）,并且LDH与NAGase,ALP,ACP都有明显的相关性;NAGase与ACP,LDH有明显的相关性,但与ALP没有相关性;ALP只与ACP和LDH有显著的相关性外,与SCC,NAGase没有相关性;ACP与SCC,LDH,NAGase,ALP都有极显著的相关性。     

止血芳酸治疗奶牛血乳症

由奶牛乳腺部毛细血管损伤所致,挤出的乳汁呈粉红色或混有血丝、凝血块等,称为奶牛血乳症。奶牛血乳症多发生于产后1周以内的奶牛。多年来,笔者采用止血芳酸(氨甲苯酸)注射液治疗奶牛血乳症,均一次性治愈,现介绍如下。产后1周内的奶牛在乳房水肿全部消失之前,挤奶时应小心谨慎操作,当发现血乳时,挤奶后严格消毒乳头及注射用具,用1 0 %止血芳酸1 0mL ,加生理盐水1 0mL等量稀释,经乳头管注入乳池,注入药物后可轻轻捏一下乳头,防止药物溢出。多个乳区同时发生血乳时,同样剂量逐个注入。当乳汁中混有絮状物或凝乳块等炎性产物时,可加入适量抗生…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -