25-羟D3不同添加水平对罗曼父母代种鸡生产性能的影响

25-羟基维生素D3是维生素D3的代谢物，它与维生素D3不同，更容易吸收，很少受肠道中脂肪和胆汁存在与否的影响，是维生素D3的一种活性产物。它能有效的降低蛋鸡的破蛋率、腿病发病率，提高鸡的生产性能，种蛋的受精率、孵化率和健雏率。维生素D3彼家禽或动物采食后，需要在肝脏经羟化作用转变为25-羟基维生素D3，25-羟D3经血液运送到肾脏后，在1-α-羟化酶作用下，转变为1，25-二羟基维生素D3，1，25-二羟基维生素D3为维生素D3的活性形式，可调节钙和磷结合蛋白的合成，继而调节钙和磷自小肠的吸收、运送血液钙和磷的浓度．     

Hy.D对肉鸡生产性能影响的试验报告

<正>维生素D通过调节钙、磷吸收维持动物机体正常功能。养殖生产中,通常采用维生素D3来满足畜禽维生素D的需要。维生素D3吸收入机体后,首先在肝脏中转化成25-羟基钙化醇(25-OH-D3)然后到达肾脏被羟化成激素形式的代谢物1,25-(OH)2-D3实现维生素D的生物学功能。研究认为Hy.D(25-OH-D3)不受肠道胆酸分泌和脂肪的影响,比维生素D3更易吸收;而且可避免维     

维生素D生物学效价研究的一些新进展

关于维生素D生物学效价的评定方法主要分为生物学方法和化学方法,然而至今对其没有统一的结论。研究结果大部分显示维生素D3的效价高于或等于维生素D2的效价,且维生素D3及其代谢产物效价的对比大致为维生素D3≤24,25-二羟基维生素D3[24,25-(OH)2D3]=25,26-二羟基维生素D3[25,26-(OH)2D3]≤25-羟基维生素D3[25-(OH)D3]≤1,25-二羟基维生素D3[1,25-(OH)2D3]。影响维生素D生物学效价的因素有多种,其内在因素主要包括关键酶的活性及其反馈调节机制、活性维生素D的结构与维生素D转运蛋白及维生素D受体的亲和性差异等;外在因素主要有试验动物、评价指标及评价方法、光照、维生素D载体等。本文主要从维生素D生物学效价的评定方法、内在和外在的影响因素方面进行综述,为相关研究提供一定的参考依据。     

Vitamin D deficiency syndromes in swine(Ⅰ)

维生素D是一种脂溶性维生素,由皮肤产生或日粮供应.在被吸收进入血液后,维生素D在肝脏内转化成25-羟基维生素D(25(OH)D)),这是维生素D在血液中最主要的存在形式.25(OH)D)在肾脏中被进一步分解成1,25-二羟基维生素D(1,25-(OH)2D).     

饲喂25羟基维生素D3和维生素D3对不同阶段荷斯坦种公牛冻精品质和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验对比研究25羟基维生素D3(25VD3)和维生素D3对青年和成年荷斯坦种公牛的冻精品质和抗氧化能力及钙、磷、镁代谢和营养物质表观消化率的影响.本试验采用2×2双因素试验设计(不同形式维生素D3和不同阶段种公牛),不同形式维生素D3分别为25VD3和维生素D3,不同阶段种公牛分别为16头平均30月龄成年荷斯坦种公牛...     

25-羟基维生素D3的生物学特性及其在生猪饲粮中的应用研究进展

25-羟基维生素D3是维生素D3在血液循环中的主要形式,被称为活性维生素D3,在生猪饲粮中添加能够显著提高生产性能,改善机体骨骼质量,提高机体免疫力.文章就25-羟基维生素D3的生物学效价,对生猪钙、磷代谢及骨骼形成的影响及其在生猪生产中的研究应用效果进行综述,分析25-羟基维生素D3的营养功能及优势,以期为25-羟基...     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂25-羟基维生素D_3含量的方法研究

本研究旨在建立用高效液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂25-羟基维生素D3含量的分析方法。样品加水超声处理,将25-羟基维生素D3从包埋的基质中释放出来,用甲醇溶解后,提取液经液相色谱分离,在265 nm处检测,用外标法定量25-羟基维生素D3和预25-羟基维生素D3的量。该方法操作简单,结果准确可靠,可用于饲料添加剂25-羟基维生素D3含量的测定。     

猪的维生素D缺乏综合症(1)

维生素D是一种脂溶性维生素,由皮肤产生或日粮供应。在被吸收进入血液后,维生素D在肝脏内转化成25-羟基维生素D(25(OH)D)),这是维生素D在血液中最主要的存在形式。25(OH)D)在肾脏中被进一步分解成1,25-     

维生素D在反刍动物体内的代谢及其与临产母牛的关系

早在60年前人们就已经知道维生素D是善食中的一种必要成分。1968年以来的研究表明维生素D必须在第25位和第1位碳原子上进行羟化,转化为1,25—二羟维生素D才能有力地刺激肠内钙、磷的吸收和骨吸收。由于种种原因,人们对于维生素D在反刍动物体内的代谢还所知不多。反刍动物体内维生素D代谢的复杂性及其调节钙代谢的     

25-羟基胆钙化醇提高蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能试验报告

<正>25-羟基胆钙化醇,又称25-羟基维生素D_3,早年由美国科学家研究开发,于1995年获得美国食品药品管理局(FDA)认证,经美国FDA批准可以在畜禽饲料中使用。我国于2013年农业部公告第2045号《饲料添加剂品种目录》批准允许在饲料中添加使用。维生素D3进入动物机体内后,必须先经肝脏转化为25-羟基维生素D_3,然后经肾脏代谢后转化为1α,25-羟基维生素D_3,才能激化小肠的钙磷转运系统,促进     

Cats discriminate between cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol

A comparison was made of the ability of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol to elevate plasma concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in cats. Cholecalciferol, given as an oral bolus in oil, resulted in a rapid elevation of plasma concentration of cholecalciferol followed by a rapid decline. In contrast, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in plasma increased until day 3 after administration and remained elevated for a further 5 days. When 337 microg of both cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol in oil were given as an oral bolus to 10 cats, the peak plasma concentrations of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol occurred at 8 or 12 h after administration. Peak concentrations of cholecalciferol were over twice those of ergocalciferol (570 +/- 80 vs. 264 +/- 42 nmol/l). The area under the curve 0-169 h for cholecalciferol was also more than twice that for ergocalciferol. When ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol were administered in a parenteral oil-based emulsion, higher concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 were maintained in plasma. When both vitamins were included in the diet in the nutritional range, plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 were 0.68 of those of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Discrimination against ergocalciferol by cats appears to result from differences in affinity of the binding protein for the metabolites of the two forms of vitamin D. These results indicate that cats discriminate against ergocalciferol, and use it with an efficiency of 0.7 of that of cholecalciferol to maintain plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.     

Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on the vitamin D status of ewes and their lambs

Pregnant ewes were injected intramuscularly with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a water miscible vehicle either 10, seven or four weeks before the expected lambing date and the effects on plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were monitored. The concentrations increased quickly and remained high at parturition but at no time were they outside the normal physiological range. The concentrations in the plasma of the newborn lambs were higher than in uninjected controls and were well correlated with the concentrations in their mothers. Dosing pregnant ewes with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a rapidly available form, approximately two months before lambing, provided a safe means of increasing the vitamin D status of the ewe and the newborn lamb by preventing the seasonally low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.     

Relative contributions of diet and sunshine to the overall vitamin D status of the grazing ewe

Circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25OHD2) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) provide, respectively, a measure of the contributions of the diet and sunshine to the overall vitamin D status. These indices were measured in grazing sheep over a 16 month period which included their first pregnancy. Seasonal fluctuations in 25OHD3 concentrations were very marked, demonstrating both the dominance of photobiosynthesis as a source of vitamin D in the summer and also the lack of an effective storage mechanism. The concentration of 25OHD2 was subject to much smaller fluctuations, but when young grass was being consumed it was significantly lower than when mature grass or hay was fed. Supplementation in winter maintained circulating concentrations at a satisfactory level and may be a wise precaution in practice.     

Plasma and milk concentrations of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 following intravenous injection of vitamin D3 or 25-hydroxy vitamin D3.

Plasma levels of vitamin D3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in ewes after administration of a single massive intravenous dose of vitamin D3 (2 X 10(6) IU) or 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (5 mg) were determined at zero, one, two, three, five, ten and 20 days postinjection. In six ewes injected with vitamin D3 conversion of vitamin D3 to 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 resulted in a six-fold increase in the plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 level within one day. Elevated levels were maintained until day 10 but by day 20 a substantial decline in the plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 level had occurred. Peak levels of vitamin D3 were reached one day after injection and then continuously declined until day 20. Administration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 increased plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 to fivefold higher levels than those observed when vitamin D3 was injected, with approximately threefold higher levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 maintained for five days. On day 10 and day 20 ewes which were injected with 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 still maintained plasma levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 which were twice as high as those of ewes injected with vitamin D3. In six ewes injected with vitamin D3, a sharp increase in vitamin D3 level in milk occurred within one day and more than a tenfold elevation of milk vitamin D3 concentrations were maintained for ten days. By 20 days the milk vitamin D3 level had returned to preinjection levels. These observations suggest that indirect supplementation of the suckling ruminant with vitamin D3 may be achieved through maternal injection and subsequent mammary transfer.     

Effect of parenteral vitamin D3 on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in sheep

Vitamin D3 ranging in total amount from 10(5) iu (2.5 mg) to 9 X 10(5) iu (22.5 mg) was given intramuscularly either as a single injection or in three aliquots at three-weekly intervals to housed nonpregnant ewes on a vitamin D deficient diet. The effects on plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), the major metabolite of vitamin D, were monitored. The increase in plasma 25-OHD3 showed a large variation between animals and was related to, but not proportional to, the dose. None of the treatments produced 25-OHD3 concentrations greater than those in grazing sheep in summer. Repeated dosing provided for more efficient use of the injected vitamin D3.     

Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Captive Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)

Vitamin D is an important hormone in vertebrates, and most animals acquire this hormone through their diet and/or exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. To date, no study has determined how chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) acquire vitamin D. The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to UVB radiation had an effect on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in captive chinchillas. Overall, 10 juvenile chinchillas were used for this scientific investigation. Baseline blood samples were collected from the animals while under isoflurane anesthesia to determine their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. The chinchillas were then randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: Group A, 12 hours of UVB exposure per day and Group B, no UVB exposure. At the end of the study (Day 16), a second blood sample was collected from each animal while again under isoflurane anesthesia to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Mean ± standard deviation serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations differed significantly (P = 0.048) between juvenile chinchillas provided supplemental UVB radiation (189.0 ± 102.7 nmol/L) and those not provided supplemental UVB radiation (87.8 ± 34.4 nmol/L). This study found that exposing juvenile chinchillas to UVB radiation significantly increased their circulating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Because vitamin D is an essential hormone in vertebrates, these findings suggest that the provision of UVB radiation to captive chinchillas may be important. Further research to elucidate the importance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and UVB radiation in captive chinchillas is required.     

Providing vitamin D to confined sheep by oral supplementation vs ultraviolet irradiation

Serial vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25 OH D3) concentrations of plasma were measured in confined, shorn sheep that had either been supplemented with vitamin D3 (50 micrograms/d) or exposed daily to ultraviolet irradiation (UVI). In the sheep administered D3 orally, plasma D3 increased continuously until d 35. This was followed by small fluctuations of the plasma D3 concentrations until a plateau was reached after 56 d of supplementation (.94 ng/ml plasma). Plasma 25 OH D3 concentrations increased continuously and plateaued between d 65 to 75 at about 21 ng/ml plasma. In the UVI sheep, plasma D3 and 25 OH D3 concentrations increased continuously for the first 49 d, then plateaued at 2.03 ng D3 and 29.6 ng 25 OH D3/ml. When a plateau was reached in plasma 25 OH D3 concentrations in both treatment groups, a 3H-labeled tracer dose of 25 OH D3 was given i.v., and disappearance of the 3H-labeled 25 OH D3 was followed. The UVI group had a faster decline in specific activities during the first exponential phase but a slower decline during the prolonged terminal elimination phase. These differences are reflected in the intercompartmental transfer rates. Our data indicate that UVI is as effective as oral vitamin D3 supplementation for improving vitamin D status of confined sheep.     

Hypocalcaemia associated with low serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations in two dogs with protein-losing enteropathies

Protein-losing enteropathies were diagnosed in two dogs that were initially presented with diarrhoea and weight loss. Plasma biochemistry in both cases revealed low concentrations of albumin, calcium and ionised calcium. Both dogs had an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentration and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. The first dog was diagnosed with lymphangiectasia on postmortem examination, and the second dog was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic/ plasmacytic enteritis and severe cystic mucoid changes based on endoscopic duodenal biopsies. While a causal effect was not demonstrated, the protein-losing enteropathies may have caused reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin D leading to low plasma concentrations of ionised calcium and secondary hyperparathyroidism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of low ionised calcium concentrations, low 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and high parathyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with protein-losing enteropathies.     

Pathology of experimental vitamin D deficiency in turkeys and the effects of various vitamin D supplements.

One-day-old poults fed a vitamin D3-deficient diet were examined for clinical, biochemical, and morphological changes at 14 days of age. Changes in these parameters were compared at 15.5 and 17 days of age after one of the following vitamin D-replacement therapies was provided: water-soluble vitamin-mineral packs that contained vitamin D3; vitamin D3 in the feed; or vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the feed. The vitamin D3-deficient poults were lame and had significant decreases in weight gain and in longitudinal skeletal growth. None of the therapies alleviated all these changes, but clinical lameness subsided in poults provided 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Calcium concentrations were significantly improved by all therapies. Treatment with vitamin D3 in the feed and water significantly increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in vitamin D-deficient poults. The growth plate zones, with the exception of the mineralized hypertrophied zone, were all increased in length and not modified by treatment. However, the mineralized hypertrophied zones in the 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 group and the group receiving vitamin D3 in the water were comparable to that in the controls on day 15.5.     

Factors affecting the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of beef cow milk.

This paper reports the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of milk from Shorthorn cattle during the five month calf nursing period as well as the effect of prepartum administration of a single intramuscular dose of vitamin D3 or of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on the milk mineral constituents. The colostrum of the group which received 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was found to contain a higher percentage of calcium on the second and third day than the colostrum of control cows or those receiving D3. No differences occurred in colostrum magnesium or phosphorus contents due to prepartum treatment. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were all high in the first day of lactation, but declined until the third day after parturition. Milk calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of individual cows was not uniform throughout the lactation and the variation was different for different cows.