丘陵山地果园全液压遥控式履带动力底盘设计与试验

针对目前丘陵山地果园作业农用底盘整机体积大、行驶作业操作繁琐和通过性差等问题,结合丘陵山地果园开沟、除草和修剪等农艺管理环节的实际需求,设计了一款全液压遥控式履带动力底盘。首先,对动力底盘的整机结构和工作原理进行了阐述;其次,对前置挂载机构、行走系、变幅宽底盘、液压系统、遥控系统等关键部件进行设计和相应的匹配选型;最后,对整机进行了性能试验。试验结果表明：动力底盘在最小幅宽（1220mm）和最大幅宽(1620mm)的直线行驶偏移率分别为2.24％和2.2％,均满足相应国家标准（≤6%）要求。底盘的转向机动性能良好,最小幅宽原地转弯半径为905mm,可适应丘陵山地果园相对狭窄的坡地作业环境。遥控操作上下斜坡、翻越田埂、跨越畦沟等过程平稳,满足丘陵山地果园非结构化地形行走要求。挂载链式开沟器进行开沟作业时,沟深稳定系数为88.5%,沟宽稳定系数为92.5%,满足国家标准（≥85%）要求。整机工作性能满足丘陵果园复杂坡度地形管理作业要求,可为丘陵山地果园田间管理作业的有效实施提供综合应用平台和技术支撑。     

农用植保无人机的推广应用

正一、农用植保无人机的优势1.作业效率高。无人机日作业面积数百亩,非常适合平原地区大面积作业。2.作业质量好。使用无人机喷洒作业时,当药液雾滴从喷洒器喷出时被旋翼的向下气流加速形成气雾流,直接增加了药液雾滴对农作物的穿透性,减少了农药飘失程度,并且药液沉积量和药液覆盖率都优于常规,因而防治效果好。3.环境适应性好。无人机作业适合中小面积的丘陵、山区、坡地等复杂地形的喷雾作业,不受地形     

山地果园植保技术与装备研究进展

我国山区与丘陵的面积占全国国土面积的65%左右。山地果园矮化密植水平低,病虫害诱导率高,喷施化学农药仍然是病虫害防治的主要方法。选择适宜的施药机械方式,不仅可以节省果园生产成本,提高水果品质,也有利于果园的绿色可持续发展。在劳动力不断减少和人工成本不断攀升的趋势下,果园只有大面积采用机械化作业,才能在未来的竞争中生存。为此,研究适用于山地果园农药喷施作业的省力化及自动化装备具有广阔的应用前景。本文重点介绍适用于山地果园植保作业的遥控喷雾、管道恒压喷雾、管道顺序自动喷雾及搭载于运输轨道上的喷雾技术及装备,指出在我国山地果园实现植保机械化进程中,千园千样与果树种植模式不统一是造成植保装备研发投入高、周期长及造价高等问题的主要原因,提出山地果园果树宜机化栽培,研发、推广应用先进适用的装备,是加快山地果园植保机械化的有效途径。     

地面弥雾机与六旋翼植保无人机在芒果冠层中雾滴沉积性能对比

为解决芒果园传统植保作业中农药用量大、施药不均匀、作业效率低等问题,并构建智慧芒果园,本研究对比了地面弥雾机和六旋翼植保无人机两种果园施药机具在芒果冠层中的药液雾滴沉积性能。将芒果冠层分为上中下层,以柠檬黄为示踪剂,使用高清相纸与滤纸采集药液雾滴,通过图像处理等手段分析雾滴沉积分布均匀性。试验结果表明,植保无人机在芒果树上部冠层叶片表面的雾滴覆盖率显著高于地面弥雾机,在其余冠层部位,两种施药机具在叶片表面药液无显著差异覆盖;植保无人机处理组叶片正反面平均覆盖率均为地面弥雾机的1.5~2倍,对叶片背面的防治优于地面弥雾机。地面弥雾机处理组叶片正面雾滴密度显著高于植保无人机,叶片背面无显著差异,植保无人机处理组正反面均未满足低量喷雾20个/cm2的病虫害防治要求。地面弥雾机药液沉积集中在中下冠层（61.1%）,植保无人机集中在上部冠层（43.0%）,冠层内部沉积比例地面弥雾机（48.6%）＞植保无人机（25.5%）,但地面弥雾机在冠层上部沉积能力不足,沉积占比仅为17%。研究表明,相较于植保无人机,地面弥雾机适用于芒果冠层中下部及内部病虫害防治,同时该机具较高的雾滴覆盖密度在喷洒杀菌剂时也有明显优势,植保无人机适用于针对芒果上部冠层如蓟马、炭疽等易发于外部花絮的病虫害防治。     

果园履带式多功能作业机的研制

针对我国果园多分布于丘陵山地等复杂地形和果园作业机具的配套率低的现状,研制了一种果园履带式多功能作业机。为了实现弥雾机、割草机和开沟机等作业装置的快速更换,在作业机后部设计了由液压油缸与挂接板组成的悬挂装置,提高了主机的配套率。在作业机的后方,采用液压马达带动双万向联轴器为作业装置提供动力,实现弥雾、割草和开沟等多种作业。为满足驱动行走与辅助装置工作的要求,设计了相应的液压传动系统。试验表明:该作业车最大爬坡度为28°,横向作业坡度为12°,喷雾作业效率为1.2hm~2/h,除草作业效率为0.6hm~2/h,开沟作业速度为2.8km/h,开沟深度与宽度为300mm×300mm。     

微型自走式电动果园弥雾机的研制与试验

针对当前果园低矮密植模式,传统的大型机具无法适应封闭式作业环境的现状,设计研制了一款微型自走式电动果园弥雾机。该机具基于先进的电动汽车后桥驱动系统,搭载风送式二次弥雾系统,利用远程遥控技术,无需果农进入园地,即可完成药物喷洒作业。样机试验证明:整机传动效率达85%,稳定性为91%,达到了预期设计目的。     

自走式果园风送喷雾机的研制

针对我国果园施药生产现状,研制一种自走式果园风送喷雾机。该机包括底盘、传动系统、液压系统和作业组件;传动系统采用分路传动,并实现各传动装置独立工作;作业组件包括雾化装置、风送装置及控制系统等;同时完成果园喷雾机底盘的抗侧翻设计。试验考核和示范应用结果表明:该机性能稳定、作业顺畅,在喷雾压力1.0MPa、风机转速1 450r/min、行驶速度1.13m/s作业条件下,树冠内部枝叶正、反面平均有61.22%、20.9%的药液附着率,树冠外部枝叶正、反面平均有77.22%、37.17%的药液附着率。     

3WP-200A型智能植保机器人喷枪设计与试验

我国丘陵山区地带占国土面积的10%,丘陵山区地块小,道路狭窄,大型植保机械不方便进入作业。针对上述问题,研制一种适合丘陵山区果园植保作业的3WP-200A型智能植保机器人,设计后置式双摆动喷枪喷洒装置,该装置可实现180°无死角喷洒。在不考虑风力,只考虑空气阻力的条件下,应用物理学及理论力学的基本概念,计算摆动喷枪射程。介绍喷洒装置结构及工作原理,对喷枪进出口径、药液压力损失、枪体直径等参数进行设计,并对喷枪射程进行试验。试验结果表明,工作压力为0.4~0.5 MPa时,药液喷洒最大行距为7~9 m,高度大于6 m,满足设计参数要求。研究结果可为果园植保机械喷洒装置的研发提供理论参考和技术支撑。     

丘陵果园自走式小型靶标跟随喷雾机设计与试验

针对丘陵果园传统大型施药装备入园难、施药劳动强度大、作业效率低及药液浪费严重等问题，根据丘陵果园农艺特点和病虫害防治需求，设计一种丘陵果园自走式小型靶标跟随喷雾机，可配合植保无人机作业，提升果树冠层药液覆盖效果。喷雾机上集成靶标探测追踪系统与自主导航系统，靶标跟随喷雾机构采用双喷头联动式设计，喷雾角度与高度的调节范围根据雾滴运动规律进行确定，实现了果园植保自主作业。果园试验结果表明，对靶喷雾时果树冠层不同高度叶片正面的平均雾滴沉积个数变异系数为34.22%，同一高度不同采样点叶片正面的平均雾滴沉积个数变异系数为34.56%，相比于非对靶喷雾，喷施用水量、地面流失量与冠后飘移流失量分别降低26.70%、84.93%和53.50%，在减少药液浪费的同时，有效提高了果树冠层中下部叶片正面的雾滴分布均匀性。     

机动弥雾喷粉机的使用

机动弥雾喷粉机以１Ｅ４０Ｆ型风冷汽油机为动力 ,是一种体积小、结构紧凑的轻便型植保机械。１．使用要点（１）准备工作使用前对动力机进行一次保养 ,然后加清水进行试喷 ,及时排除堵塞及渗漏故障。药液必须过滤 ,药箱不得加满 ,药箱盖必须盖紧 ,防止药液从过滤网出气口处逸进风机壳或溢出机外 ,造成机械故障和人身事故。（２）喷雾作业背上弥雾机 ,转动摇臂 ,打开进风阀 ,加油门 ,开启药液开关 ,边走边喷 ,作业速度以每１ｍｉｎ前进１５步～１６步为宜 ,每走１步将喷头左右摆动１次 ,喷头与作物间应保持３０ｃｍ～４０ｃｍ的距离 ,以免因…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。