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1.
A. Trapero-Casas J. A. Navas-Cortés R. M. Jiménez-Díaz 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1996,102(3):237-245
The incidence and severity of Ascochyta blight in potted chickpea trap plants exposed for 1-wk periods near infested chickpea debris in Córdoba, Spain, or in chickpea trap crops at least 100 m from infested chickpea debris in several locations in southern Spain were correlated with pseudothecial maturity and ascospore production ofDidymella rabiei from nearby chickpea debris. The period of ascospore availability varied from January to May and depended on rain and maturity of pseudothecia. The airborne concentration of ascospores ofD. rabiei was also monitored in 1988. Ascospores were trapped mostly from the beginning of January to late February; this period coincided with that of maturity of pseudothecia on the chickpea debris. Most ascospores were trapped on rainy days during daylight and 70% were trapped between 12.00 and 18.00 h. Autumn-winter sowings of chickpea were exposed longer to ascospore inoculum than the more traditional spring sowings because the autumn-winter sowings were exposed to the entire period of ascospore production on infested chickpea debris lying on the soil surface. 相似文献
2.
J. A. Navas-Cortés E. Pérez-Artés R. M. Jiménez-Diaz A. Llobell B. W. Bainbridge J. B. Heale 《Phytoparasitica》1998,26(3):199-212
Eleven pathotype groups (A-K), including five not previously reported, ofDidymella rabiei (anamorphAscochyta rabiei), representing isolates of the pathogen from Ascochyta blight-affected chickpeas mainly from India, Pakistan, Spain and the
USA, were characterized using 44 single-spore isolates tested against seven differential chickpea lines. Of 48 isolates tested
for mating type, 58% belonged to MAT 1-1 and 42% to MAT 1-2. Thirty-nineD. rabiei isolates, as well as two isolates ofAscochyta pisi and six isolates of unrelated fungi, were analyzed using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) employing five primers
(P2 at 40°C, and OPA3, OPC1, OPC11 and OPC20 at 35°C). Computer cluster analysis (UPGMA / NTSYS-PC) detected a relatively
low level of polymorphism among all theD. rabiei isolates, although atca 7% dissimilarity,ca 10 RAPD groups [I-X] were demarcated, as well as subclustering within the larger groups. By the same criteria, the maximum
dissimilarity for the whole population ofD. rabiei isolates wasca 13%. No correlation was found between different RAPD groups, pathotype, or mating type ofD. rabiei, although some evidence of clustering based on geographic origin was detected. The use of RAPDs enabled us to identify specific
DNA fragments that may have a potential use as genetic markers in sexual crosses, but none which could be used as virulence
markers. 相似文献
3.
A. K. Basandrai D. Basandrai S. Pande M. Sharma Sanjay K. Thakur H. L. Thakur 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):77-86
Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei, is the most destructive disease in many chickpea growing countries. Disease development varies with the growth stage and
host resistance. Hence, disease development was studied in cvs ICCX 810800 (resistant), ICCV 90201 (moderately resistant),
C 235 (moderately susceptible), ICCV 96029 and Pb 7 (susceptible) under controlled environment (ICRISAT, Patencheru) and field
conditions (Dhaulakuan, Himachal Pradesh) at seedling, post-seedling, vegetative, flowering and podding stages. Under controlled
environment, the incubation period and terminal disease reaction (TDR) did not vary significantly at different growth stages
against virulent isolate AB 4. Cultivars ICCX 810800, ICCV 90201 and C 235 showed a significantly longer incubation period
than the susceptible cv. Pb 7. Cultivar ICCX 810800 showed slow disease progress and the least TDR. Field experiments were
conducted during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons. During 2003–2004, TDR was higher in plants inoculated at podding
and the flowering stage and the lowest disease reaction was recorded in ICCX 810800. A severe epidemic during 2004–2005 was
attributed to the favourable temperature, humidity and well distributed high rainfall. TDR did not differ significantly at
any of the growth stages in susceptible cvs ICCV 96029 and Pb 7. With respect to seeding date and cultivar, the highest yield
was recorded in the early-sown crop (1,276.7 kg ha−1) and in ICCV 90201 (1,799.3 kg ha−1), respectively. The yields were greatly reduced in all the cultivars during 2004–2005 and the highest yield was recorded
in ICCX 810800 (524.7 kg ha−1). Integrated disease management using resistant cultivars, optimum sowing period and foliar application of fungicides will
improve chickpea production. The experiment under controlled environment and field conditions (during the epidemic year) showed
a similar disease development. 相似文献
4.
K. B. Singh M. V. Reddy 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(3):163-167
Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.] is the major foliar disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). In search of better sources of resistance to ascochyta blight, 201 accessions of 8 annual wildCicer species were evaluated in field and greenhouse for 3 years (1988 to 1991) at Tel Hadya, Syria. One accession each ofC. judaicum Boiss (ILWC 165) andC. pinnatifidum Jaub. & Spach. (ILWC 159) were consistently rated resistant in both field and greenhouse evaluations. Another three accessions ofC. judaicum (ILWC 61, ILWC 154, ILWC 199) and six accessions ofC. pinnatifidum (ILWC 78, ILWC 88, ILWC 155, ILWC 160, ILWC 162, ILWC 203) were resistant or moderately resistant. The blight-resistant accessions ofC. judaicum originated from Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey; and those ofC. pinnatifidum from Syria and Turkey. None of the accessions ofC. bijugum, C. chorassanicum, C. cuneatum, C. echinospermum, C. reticulatum andC. yamashitae were resistant to blight. 相似文献
5.
R. B. E. Kimber E. S. Scott M. D. Ramsey 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(2):175-184
Ascochyta blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), caused by the fungus Didymella rabiei, has the potential to cause 100% crop loss in severe epiphytotics. Management of this disease often involves reducing sources
of inoculum. The influence of sowing depth, host resistance, seed infection level and soil temperature on disease transmission
was investigated in a series of glasshouse and growth room trials using seed artificially inoculated with D. rabiei. A positive correlation (R2=0.9992) was observed between rate of seed infection and the incidence of disease on seedlings. Disease transmission to seedlings
was not significantly influenced by sowing depth (1, 3 and 6 cm) in separate trials on two cultivars. Susceptibility of the
host showed no obvious influence on the frequency of disease transmission in two trials conducted using four cultivars ranging
from highly susceptible to moderately susceptible/moderately resistant. Trials conducted in controlled conditions showed that
there was no obvious relationship between soil temperature (5, 9, 14 and 19 °C) and the incidence of disease on seedlings. 相似文献
6.
M. Iruela P. Castro J. Rubio J. I. Cubero C. Jacinto T. Millán J. Gil 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):29-37
Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei and fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. ciceris are the two most serious diseases of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) or genes for ascochyta blight resistance and a cluster of resistance genes for several fusarium
wilt races (foc1, foc3, foc4 and foc5) located on LG2 of the chickpea map have been reported independently. In order to validate these results and study the linkage
relationship between the loci that confer resistance to blight and wilt, an intraspecific chickpea recombinant inbred lines
(RIL) population that segregates for resistance to both diseases was studied. A new LG2 was established using sequence tagged
microsatellite sites (STMS) markers selected from other chickpea maps. Resistance to race 5 of F. oxysporum (foc5) was inherited as a single gene and mapped to LG2, flanked by the STMS markers TA110 (6.5 cM apart) and TA59 (8.9 cM apart).
A QTL for resistance to ascochyta blight (QTLAR3) was also detected on LG2 using evaluation data obtained separately in two cropping seasons. This genomic region, where QTLAR3 is located, was highly saturated with STMS markers. STMS TA194 appeared tightly linked to QTLAR3 and was flanked by the STMS markers TR58 and TS82 (6.5 cM apart). The genetic distance between foc5 and QTLAR3 peak was around 24 cM including six markers within this interval. The markers linked to both loci could facilitate the pyramiding
of resistance genes for both diseases through MAS. 相似文献
7.
Forty-eight chickpea germplasm lines, including 22 differentials used in previous studies, were characterized for disease phenotypes following inoculation with six isolates of Didymella (anamorph Ascochyta ) rabiei , representing a wide spectrum of pathogenic variation. Representative isolates were also directly compared with six previously identified races on eight chickpea genotypes. Many of the chickpea differentials reacted similarly to inoculation with each isolate of D. rabiei , and several previously identified races caused similar levels of disease on the differentials. This indicates that the number of differentials can be reduced significantly without sacrificing accuracy in describing pathogenic variation of D. rabiei on chickpea. Pathogenic variation among samples of US isolates allowed classification of the isolates into two pathotypes. The distribution of disease phenotypes of the 48 germplasm lines was bimodal after inoculation with pathotype I isolates, whereas the distribution of disease phenotypes was continuous after inoculation with pathotype II isolates. Such distinct distribution patterns suggest that chickpea plants employ different resistance mechanisms to each pathotype and that the two pathotypes may have different genetic mechanisms controlling pathogenicity. The advantages of using the two-pathotype system in assaying pathogenicity of the pathogen and in studying resistance mechanisms of the host are discussed. Three chickpea accessions, PI 559361, PI 559363 and W6 22589, showed a high level of resistance to both pathotypes, and can be employed as resistance sources in chickpea breeding programmes for resistance to ascochyta blight. 相似文献
8.
为挖掘获得新的抗性基因,培育鹰嘴豆Cicer arietinum抗壳二孢叶枯病(病原菌为Ascochyta rabiei)新品种,以项目组前期获得的102个差异表达的新基因为基础,随机选取29个基因进行同源性分析,以鹰嘴豆Actin(EU529707)和Ef-1α(AJ004960)作为参考基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测这29个基因在宿主植物鹰嘴豆抗性品种系选03中的表达规律。结果显示,基于同源性分析结果可将29个基因大致分成4类,涉及信号传导机制、细胞运输、转录和细胞拯救、防御、毒性;功能分析结果显示,功能未知的基因数目最多,达到了11个,其中多数为鹰嘴豆未定性基因。这29个基因在A. rabiei胁迫下都发生了不同程度的差异表达,表达差异时间点集中在胁迫后72 h,并在96 h恢复至正常表达水平。其中解毒相关基因474在72 h时相对表达水平最高,是对照处理0 h的19.773倍,抗氧化修复相关基因1137的相对表达水平最低,约为对照处理0 h的1/3。筛选获得的差异表达基因中,表达上调的基因有10个,表达下调的基因有16个,其余3个基因的表达差异不明显。上调表达基因可能与鹰嘴豆应对A. rabiei侵染的应答机制有关,其中与免疫应激相关的蛋白基因如谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、咖啡酰辅酶A、泛素蛋白基因等可能直接参与了鹰嘴豆应对A. rabiei的免疫识别和防御。 相似文献
9.
When chickpea shoots were placed in solanapyrone A, the compound could not be recovered from the plant and symptoms developed. These consisted of loss of turgor, shrivelling and breakage of stems and flame-shaped, chlorotic zones in leaflets. In similar experiments with solanapyrone B, only 9.4% (22 μ g) of the compound taken up was recovered and stems remained turgid but their leaflets became twisted and chlorotic and some abscized.Cells isolated from leaflets of 12 chickpea cultivars differed by up to five-fold in their sensitivity to solanapyrone A and this compound was 2.6–12.6 times more toxic than solanapyrone B, depending on cultivar.Glutathione reacted with solanapyrone A in vitro reducing its toxicity in a cell assay and forming a conjugate. Measurement of reduced glutathione concentration and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity among cultivars showed that the differences of their means were highly significant and both were negatively and significantly correlated with their sensitivity to solanapyrone A. Treatment of shoots with solanapyrone A enhanced total, reduced and oxidized glutathione content as well as GST activity 1.26-, 1.23-, 1.50- and 1.94-fold, respectively. Similarly, treatment of shoots with the safener, dichlormid, also raised total, oxidized and reduced glutathione levels and GST activity 1.42-, 1.07-, 1.43-, 1.42-fold, respectively. Cells isolated from shoots treated with dichlormid at 150 and 300 μ g per shoot were 2.45 and 2.66 times less sensitive to solanapyrone A, with LD50values of 71.5 and 77.8 μ g ml−1, respectively, as compared to 29.2 μ g ml−1for controls. 相似文献
10.
F. F. Jamil N. Sarwar M. Sarwar J. A. Khan J. Geistlinger G. Kahl 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2000,57(6):243
Pathogenic and genetic diversity in Ascochyta rabiei populations in Pakistan were evaluated. Biological pathotyping of 130 A. rabiei isolates (obtained from hierarchically collected samples) was conducted on a set of three chickpea differentials, i.e. ILC 1929 (susceptible), ILC 482 (tolerant) and ILC 3279 (resistant), under controlled conditions. Disease severity data were recorded 12 days after inoculation. Statistical analysis grouped the isolates into three pathotype classes. Four isolates belonged to pathotype I (least aggressive), 79 isolates to pathotype II (medium aggressive) and 47 isolates to pathotype-III (highly aggressive).Genetic analysis was performed using RAPDs and oligonucleotide fingerprinting, where Hinf I-digested DNA was hybridized to the32P-endlabeled oligonucleotide probes (CAA)5, (GAA)5, (GA)8, (CA)8and (GATA)4. Dendrograms produced by cluster analysis discriminated 46 genotypes in the A. rabiei population of Pakistan. Genetic distances and relatedness between isolates were calculated. At a genetic distance of 0.3, genotypes were divided into six distinct genotype groups A, B, C, D, E and F containing 16, 11, 2, 5, 5 and 7 isolates, respectively. Most of the genotypes were area specific or predominated in certain areas but did not belong to a distinct pathotype, while most of the aggressive isolates (pathotype III) occurred in Northern Punjab and in the North Western Frontier Province. 相似文献
11.
H. Ozkilinc O. Frenkel S. Abbo R. Eshed A. Sherman D. Shtienberg R. Ophir C. Can 《Plant pathology》2010,59(3):492-503
The Fertile Crescent is the centre of domestication of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and also the place of origin of its pathogens. Agrosystems provide different environments to natural eco‐systems, thus imposing different types of selection on pathogens. Here, the genetic structure and in vitro temperature growth response of the chickpea pathogen Didymella rabiei from domesticated chickpea (59 isolates from Turkey and 31 from Israel) and wild Cicer spp. (three isolates from Turkish C. pinnatifidum and 35 from Israeli C. judaicum) were studied. Six sequence‐tagged microsatellite site (STMS) primer pairs were used to determine the genetic structure of the 128 D. rabiei isolates. Turkish isolates exhibited the highest genetic diversity (H = 0·69). Turkish and Israeli D. rabiei from domesticated chickpea were genetically closer to each other than isolates from the wild Cicer spp. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 54% of the genetic variation resided between isolates from wild and domesticated origins. EF1‐α sequences distinguished between D. rabiei isolates from domesticated and wild Cicer spp. by four polymorphic sites. Nevertheless, a certain degree of mixing between isolates from wild and domesticated origin was demonstrated using the Bayesian algorithm as well as with principal coordinates analysis. Isolates sampled from domesticated chickpea from both countries were better adapted to temperatures typical of Levantine spring and had a significantly larger colony area at 25°C than at 15°C (typical Levantine winter temperature). These observations were in accordance to the heritability values of the temperature growth response. 相似文献
12.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
13.
F. Dusunceli K. Meyveci L. Cetin M. Avci D. Surek S. Albustan Z. Mert K. Akan M. Karacam R. N. Strange 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(4):449-456
In order to determine the most appropriate dates for planting chickpea in central Anatolia, Turkey, six cultivars were planted
at three sites that differed in disease pressure. In two of the sites, disease pressure from Ascochyta rabiei was promoted by spreading infected chickpea debris on the soil surface at the time of planting and, at one of these, sprinkle
irrigation was applied. In the third site, where conditions were dryer, no artificial inoculum was provided. Plants from seeds
sown in early March had the most disease and in the sprinkle irrigated plots the disease severity ranged from 7.8 on the most
susceptible cv. Canitez to 3.3 on the least susceptible Gokce as scored on the 1–9 scale where 1 = no disease and 9 represents
a plant killed by the fungus. There was an inverse relationship between disease severity and yield, production from blight
resistant cultivars of around 2,000 kg ha−1 being more than twice that of susceptible ones. Delaying planting for 3–5 weeks reduced the severity of ascochyta blight
but also reduced the yields in four of the six cultivars. In contrast, reduction in disease severity by delayed sowing resulted
in yield increases for the susceptible cvs Canitez and Local, although yield level was not as much as those of the less susceptible
cvs sown early. Delay of 6–9 weeks almost eliminated ascochyta blight but yields of all cultivars were seriously compromised
by drought stress. In consequence, chickpea farmers are recommended to use resistant or tolerant cultivars and sow early in
March. For less resistant cultivars, sowing in early April is recommended. Further delay is not recommended unless irrigation
is provided and fungicide spraying is recommended where signs of infection are present under conditions conducive to the disease. 相似文献
14.
Caroline Onfroy Alain Baranger Bernard Tivoli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):13-27
The expression of partial resistance in pea to ascochyta blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) was studied in a detached stipule assay by quantifying two resistance components (fleck coalescence and lesion expansion)
using the method of point inoculation of stipules. Factors determining optimal conditions for the observation of partial resistance
are spore concentration, the age of the fungal culture prior to spore harvest and the pathogenicity of the isolate used for
testing. Partial resistance was not expressed when spore concentration was high or when the selected isolate was aggressive.
Furthermore, assessments of components of partial resistance were highly correlated with disease severity in a seedling test.
A screening protocol was developed based on inoculations of detached stipules to study partial resistance in pea. To simplify
the rating process, a more comprehensive disease rating scale which took into account fleck coalescence and lesion expansion
was tested by screening a large number of genotypes. 相似文献
15.
D. Shtienberg D. Oppenheim Z. Herzog Miriam Zilberstaine G. Kritzman 《Phytoparasitica》2000,28(4):361-374
The pear production area in Israel is 1500 ha, most of which(ca 1200 ha) is located in the northern part of the country. Fire blight (caused by the bacteriumErwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslowet al.) was first observed in Israel in that region (in 1985) and the disease has prevailed there since then. In a comprehensive
survey conducted in Israel in 1996–1999, data were collected and observations were made yearly in one-third to one-half of
the pear production area. The aim was to document the prevalence and intensity of fire blight in commercial orchards and to
use the data to evaluate the efficacy of management measures employed for its suppression. Regionwise, a severe fire blight
epidemic developed in 1996, moderate epidemics developed in 1998 and 1999, and a mild epidemic developed in 1997. The intensity
of fire blight in the preceding season in a specific orchard was more influential on current season severity in a season with
a mild epidemic than in a season with a moderate epidemic. Analysis of disease onset records and weather data revealed that
only a few (1– 3) infection episodes occurred in individual orchards each year. Comparison of fire blight intensity in orchard-plots
treated before green tip with copper hydroxide with nontreated plots revealed that the treatment had no effect on disease
intensity during bloom. The efficacy of bactericide sprays applied during bloom was not related to the number of sprays applied
but to the timing of spraying. Adequate control was achieved in orchard-plots sprayed soon before or after the occurrence
of infection episodes.
Contribution no. 508/00 from the Inst. of Plant Protection, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel. 相似文献
16.
Ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia: identification, pathogenicity and mating type 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The aetiology of blight of chickpea in South Australia was studied following sporadic disease outbreaks over several years that had been tentatively identified as Phoma blight. Nine fungal isolates from diseased chickpeas were tested for pathogenicity in the glasshouse, of which two caused symptoms resembling those of Ascochyta blight. The two aggressive isolates were identified as Ascochyta rabiei based on morphological characteristics of cultures and RAPD analysis. This was further confirmed by successful mating to international standard isolates, which showed that the two Australian isolates were MAT1-1. These isolates are accessioned as DAR 71767 and DAR 71768, New South Wales Agriculture, Australia. This is the first time that A. rabiei has been positively identified in commercial chickpeas in the southern hemisphere. The pathogen was found (in 1992) in only one of 59 seed samples harvested throughout Australia between 1992 and 1996 and tested using International Seed Testing Association methods. The teleomorph has not been found in Australia and results to date suggest that only one mating type is present. This suggests that quarantine restrictions on imported chickpea seed should be retained to prevent the introduction of the opposite mating type. 相似文献
17.
Henk J. Schouten 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(1):21-32
Since 1984 when a new Ministerial Regulation on fire blight came into force, there have been 20 protected regions in the Netherlands, where nurseries of rosaceous plants, and pear and apple orchards are extra protected against fire blight. This policy is also necessary to meet the requirements of the European Community (EC) on fire blight. Two of the measures in the protected regions are the prohibition of flowering of the native hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna andC. laevigata), and destruction of blighted plants. In the unprotected regions, flowering is allowed, and destruction of blighted plants is limited to a zone of 500 metres around orchards.For three years, the effectiveness of preventing flowering of hawthorn in protecting pear orchards against fire blight infection was studied in the field. Five test areas of about 3 km × 3 km were chosen with hawthorns and pear orchards. Two of these areas were in protected regions and three in unprotected regions. The more than 50 000 hawthorns in the areas were grouped into 1125 sites of hawthorn. The 126 orchards larger than 0.2 ha contained about 180 000 trees.During the three years light to moderate epidemics of fire blight were observed in the regions. Fire blight occurred in 2.3% of the non-flowering sites and 19.8% of the flowering (or fruiting) sites at least once in 1987, 1988 or 1989. The prohibition of flowering for hawthorn in protected areas was rather well implemented, so that in protected areas a smaller proportion of sites of hawthorns had fire blight (4.1%) than in unprotected areas (14%). Moreover, there were fewer sites per square kilometre in the protected areas (13) than in the unprotected areas (26).In protected areas, 53% and in unprotected areas 59% of the pear orchards had fire blight during 1987, 1988 or 1989. The difference was not significant. The first reason for the ineffectiveness of the preventing of flowering prevention in hawthorn to control fire blight in pear orchards was the inadequate hygiene of the pear orchards in both types of region. If it be assumed that a new focus is most probably initiated by the nearest existing focus, the second reason was that fire blight hardly spread from hawthorn to pear in the period of this study. Spread of fire blight within pear orchards and between pear orchards occurred frequently. 相似文献
18.
为实现对田间土壤中禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum的定量检测,本研究构建了土壤含菌量与玉米苗枯病病情指数的回归模型。基于禾谷镰孢甾醇14α-去甲基化酶基因CYP51C序列,设计特异性引物HQ1-F/HQ1-R,利用引物建立实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)体系,选取4个玉米自交系品种进行室内苗枯病接种试验,调查其病情指数,利用RT-qPCR体系检测土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量,并对病情指数和土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量进行回归。结果表明,仅禾谷镰孢扩增出目的条带并且可从多种病原菌土壤中检测出。RT-qPCR的熔解曲线具有单一吸收峰,扩增曲线的循环阈值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,扩增效率为104.7%,标准曲线为y=-3.2137x+34.9560(R~2=0.9968),最低可检测到1 pg/μL的DNA。随着土壤禾谷镰孢接菌量的增加,单位土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量呈线性增加,即y=13.603x-85.370(R~2=0.9998)。4个玉米品种的病情指数与土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量的回归曲线分别为y=0.0789x+22.0590(R~2=0.7949)、y=0.0304x+7.8686(R~2=0.9579)、y=0.0458x+23.7540(R~2=0.5420)、y=0.0471x+32.0760(R~2=0.6753)。 相似文献
19.
I. M. Haigh P. Jenkinson M. C. Hare 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,124(1):65-73
Greenhouse experiments were conducted in order to determine the impact of seed-borne Microdochium nivale var. nivale and var. majus inoculum, and seed treatment with a carboxin+thiram mixture, on the development of seedling blight, and on subsequent stem
colonisation and growth of winter wheat (cv. Cadenza). Experiments were conducted at temperatures favourable (3°C) and unfavourable
(22°C) to M. nivale. Seed-borne inoculum resulted in seedling blight symptom development when plants were grown at 3°C, but not when plants were
grown at 22°C. For seedlings grown at 3°C, plants arising from heavily blighted seedlings developed more severe symptoms of
stem colonisation, when compared with those arising from seedlings from carboxin+thiram treated seeds. In addition, the vigour
of such plants (assessed by determining the number of tillers and ears per plant, stem length, green leaf area, dry weight
and yield) was also significantly lower than for plants arising from carboxin+thiram treated seeds. Microdochium nivale var. majus and var. nivale appeared to have little effect on plant vigour from seedlings grown at 22°C. This is the first recorded incidence of seedling
blight affecting subsequent plant growth. Microdochium nivale var. majus and var. nivale stem colonisation increased from growth stage (GS) 40–49 to harvest in plants raised from seedlings grown at both temperatures.
Microdochium nivale var. majus and var. nivale were isolated from the second node at GS 40–49 and the third node at harvest of plants from seedlings grown at 3°C. For plants
from seedlings raised at 22°C, M. nivale var. majus and var. nivale were isolated from the first node at GS 40–49 and the second node at harvest. Carboxin+thiram seed treatment decreased the
extent and severity of stem colonisation on plants from seedlings grown at 22°C. 相似文献
20.
Toyozo Sato Tadaoki Inaba Mitsutaka Mori Ken Watanabe Keisuke Tomioka Etsuji Hamaya 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2005,71(2):127-132
Based on inoculation experiments and morphological studies on the pathogenic isolates of Plectosporium spp., Microdochium blight (Hakuhan-byo in Japanese) of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) occurring in Japan was reconfirmed to be caused by Plectosporium tabacinum, and seedling blight (Kabugare-byo in Japanese) of ranunculus (Ranunculus asiaticus L.) was demonstrated to be caused by P. tabacinum. Both diseases are renamed Plectosporium blight in this article. Some isolates of the fungus appeared to have host specificity, whereas the others had either weak or no pathogenicity to pumpkin and ranunculus. 相似文献