Experimental Studies to Evaluate Larval Survival of the Fire Shrimp, Lysmata debelius, to the Juvenile Stage

Many coral reefs are threatened because of anthropogenic impacts such as destructive fishing methods for marine ornamentals. The marine ornamental industry is currently almost completely dependent upon wild collections. The development of commercially feasible methods to culture ornamental species could help to reduce the need for wild‐collected specimens and reduce pressure on coral reefs. Advances in larval rearing and nutrition would help overcome the bottlenecks that impede the commercial production of many marine ornamental species. This article focuses on research for improving the production of the fire shrimp, Lysmata debelius. Experiments were performed with larval fire shrimp to evaluate (1) the importance of essential fatty acid enrichment of live prey (rotifers and Artemia) and (2) feeding penaeid shrimp muscle tissue to improve survival to metamorphosis. We also provide the fatty acid composition of Day‐1 posthatch fire shrimp larvae. The enrichment of live prey with docosahexaenoic acid did not improve larval growth, survival, or time to metamorphosis, but larvae fed live prey together with pureed penaeid shrimp muscle had survival rates of 9.8 ± 1.2%. The data and protocols developed in this study provide a foundation and baseline for future fire shrimp larval studies.     

Growth and reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a biosecure recirculating aquaculture system versus a flow-through pond

Over the past decade, viral pathogens have caused mass mortalities of farmed shrimp throughout the major shrimp farming regions of the world. In addition, the global shrimp farming industry has been criticized for negatively impacting coastal environments. These issues have raised concerns about the sustainability of traditional shrimp farming practices, and have prompted farmers and researchers to develop biosecure technologies that promote a sustainable industry. Current technologies include the use of specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp that are grown to market size in recirculating systems that rely on pathogen exclusion. Inherent in this approach is the need to produce SPF broodstock under biosecure conditions. However, there is a paucity of information on broodstock growth and reproductive performance when they are reared in recirculating systems. The present investigation compares shrimp growth and reproductive performance in two trials where shrimp were cultured from market size (20 g) to broodstock size (40–60 g) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) versus a flow-through earthen pond (EP). In trial 1, mean growth rates of males and females in the RAS were 0.83 and 1.33 g/week, respectively. In the EP, males and females grew 1.07 and 1.48 g/week, respectively. In trial 2, mean growth rates of males and females in the RAS were 0.90 and 1.53 g/week, respectively, whereas in the EP, males and females grew and 1.24 and 1.78 g/week. Slower growth rates in the RAS may be attributed to the lack of natural productivity, which provides supplemental nutrition to the shrimp. In addition to growth rates, reproductive performance of broodstock reared in the RAS was compared with historical reproductive performance of broodstock reared in the EP. Data on spawning success and production of viable nauplii revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) between broodstock shrimp reared in these two systems. These results indicate that broodstock shrimp can be cultured in a biosecure RAS while maintaining good growth and high survival. In addition, reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a RAS is not compromised when compared with broodstock shrimp reared in a conventional, flow-through pond.     

养殖对虾新品种培育技术研究进展

本文介绍了国内外有关养殖对虾遗传改良研究的现状，并对选择育种、杂交育种、多倍体育种、人工雌核发育和转基因育种等手段研究进展进行了详细分析。提出利用现代生物学的新技术、新方法改造传统养殖业，将传统的育种研究技术与现代生物学技术相结合，加快培育优质、抗逆对虾养殖新品种是从根本上解决困扰对虾养殖业发展的重要研究方向。     

Regulatory Status of Therapeutants for Penaeid Shrimp Culture in the United States

The lack of approved drugs and chemicals needed to manage disease and pests in culture systems is the major constraint facing the penaeid shrimp culture industry in the United States. The industry needs the timely approval of the therapeutants for disease control for cost effectiveness and public safety. The approval process for the needed chemotherapeutants (drugs, parasiticides, disinfectants, and water quality agents) is administered by the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both FDA and EPA have procedures for registration of compounds for minor use whereby needed approvals may be obtained at far less cost than is typical for uses in major agricultural industries.
Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country.     

Application of Marine Foodfish Techniques in Marine Ornamental Aquaculture: Reproduction and Larval First Feeding

The long-term sustainability of the marine ornamental industry is being threatened by environmental pressures that are severely degrading the health of coral reef ecosystems. There is now a compelling need to practice resource conservation through the development of 'reef friendly' aquaculture technologies as an alternative to wild collection practices and to restore degraded wild populations. The commercial culture of marine ornamental finfish is very much in its infancy, but advances can be made more rapidly using insights from years of research and development with marine foodfish species. Many of the bottlenecks and constraints to developing marine ornamental fish culture are those now being addressed with the more challenging species of foodfish being attempted. The two key bottlenecks that currently limit expansion of the marine ornamental industry are the control of captive maturation and spawning and the identification of appropriate first-feed items for marine ornamental fish larvae. This paper highlights basic principles and recent achievements in marine foodfish culture that might be applicable to rapid development of controlled reproduction and propagation techniques for marine ornamental finfish.     

Biosecurity in Shrimp Farming: Pathogen Exclusion through Use of SPF Stock and Routine Surveillance

Biosecurity, as it is being applied to shrimp aquaculture, may be defined as the practice of exclusion of specific pathogens from cultured aquatic stocks in brood stock facilities, hatcheries, and farms, or from entire regions or countries for the purpose of disease prevention. To make a biosecurity program a functional concept in shrimp aquaculture, the relevant risks should be identified and the appropriate biosecurity measures put into practice to mitigate those risks. Examples of biosecurity measures put into place for this purpose may include such basics as site selection when the intent is to locate a new shrimp culture facility in an area where certain diseases are not enzootic. Standard facilitylfarm operating procedures can be adapted to minimize the risks of disease introduction and spread within a facility through such concepts as pretreatment of all source water, and reduced or “zero” water exchange. Stocking shrimp culture facilities with domesticated shrimp stocks that are free of specific diseases (“Specific Pathogen Free” or SPF) and or with stocks resistant to specific disease agents (SPR) is perhaps the most important single component of a biosecurity program. The example set by the development of domesticated SPF stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei has helped to make biosecure shrimp culture feasible. The development of these and other SPF stocks, and the diagnostic methods to develop and monitor them for specific diseases and disease causing agents, have been milestones in the development of the international shrimp farming industry in recent years, and it has contributed to the species rivaliig Penaeus monodon as the dominant farmed shrimp species. The regular monitoring (surveillance) of shrimp stocks in biosecure culture facilities is a necessary component of a biosecurity plan, as is having in place a contingency plan for disease containment and eradication should a breach occur in the physical and managerial components of a biosecure facility and a targeted disease occur.     

对虾细胞培养的研究现状

对虾的细胞培养，是研究对虾不同学科和领域的重要工具之一，至今，国内外已有不关于对虾细胞培养的研究报道，本文综述了不同作者对不同对虾细胞原代培养的结果，比较了其培养方法和培养条件的异同；描述了研究尝试多种方法对原代细胞的传代培养，其中一些方法对对虾细胞系的建立起到了积极的作用，介绍了利用细胞培养技术在对虾不同领域的应用状况，尤其是对对虾病毒性疾病的研究方面应用较多。     

Biosecure Shrimp Feeds and Feeding Practices: Guidelines for Future Development

For the purposes of this paper, biosecure shrimp feeds and on‐farm feeding strategies refer to the “feed, whether live, fresh, or formulated, and the management of the feed on the farm, should not be an entry point of potential pathogens to the shrimp and/or to the culture system.” The paper reviews the different feeds commonly used for the production of farmed shrimp and discusses their potential risks from a disease perspective, including the use of live hatchery and nursery feeds, the use of live and/or fresh food organisms for the production of broodstock, and the use of dry formulated shrimp feeds for shrimp growout operations. In addition, the paper discusses the critical role played by feed‐processing techniques for the pasteurization and destruction of pathogens within shrimp feeds and the need for nutritionists to formulate feeds for optimal nutrition and health, and not just for optimal growth. The importance of the development and implementation of good on‐farm feed management practices by farmers is discussed, including the prohibition of the top‐dressing of pelleted feeds on farm by farmers with unapproved feed additives such as antibiotics. Finally, the paper discusses the responsibilities of farmers, feed manufacturers, and traders regarding the development and use of recommended biosecure shrimp feeds and feeding practices.     

Selective breeding for the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops, Rafinesque ×M. saxatilis, Walbaum) industry: status and perspectives

The hybrid striped bass (HSB) farming industry has considerable potential for growth into domestic retail markets, but expansion of this industry is limited by high production costs that dictate high prices for HSB. It is widely recognized within the industry that selective breeding of an improved HSB will be required to increase production efficiency and reduce market prices. A National Program of Genetic Improvement and Selective Breeding for the HSB Industry has been initiated and some progress has been made toward domestication of the parent species of the hybrid. However, uncertainty remains as to which breeding procedures will most rapidly yield sustainable genetic gains in key production traits. This paper consolidates and reviews general information on the biology of temperate basses (genus Morone) relevant to selective breeding of improved HSB. The topics covered include control of reproduction, geographic distribution of stocks and population genetic variation. This is followed by a brief review of the current application of selective breeding techniques, including those based on molecular markers. Finally, we discuss potential avenues for genetic improvement of HSB in a selective breeding program.     

Growth Response of Penaeus setiferus to Four Commercial Feeds Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Shrimp farmers have access to and have evaluated a diverse number of shrimp species; however, due to culture and market considerations three penaeid species ( Penaeus monodon, P. orientalis and P. vunnamei ) account for 80% of the world production (Weidner and Rosenbeny 1992). Although culture techniques for these species have been extensively studied and are relatively well established, they are not native to U.S. coastal waters and hence possess problems associated with the use of exotic species. Three native species P. aztecus . brown shrimp; P. duorarum , pink shrimp; and P. setiferus , white shrimp, support commercial fisheries along the Gulf states (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council 1981). The commercial culture of these species would avoid the inherent problems associated with the culture of exotic species and allow shrimp farmers in the Caribbean basin to more effectively expand operations.     

A future vision for disease control in shrimp aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest‐growing animal production sector, and shrimp production already exceeds that of the capture fishery. Viruses and bacteria account for the majority of disease losses for shrimp farmers. Viral pandemics in the mid 1990s and, more recently, a bacterial pandemic from 2009 to 2015 have led to the conclusion that future, sustainable shrimp aquaculture will depend on the development of more efficient, biosecure production facilities that cultivate specific pathogen‐free (SPF) shrimp, genetically improved for growth and disease tolerance or resistance. Major requirements for development, maintenance, and use of SPF stocks in aquaculture are effective pathogen surveillance and disease prevention methods. When protective measures fail and diseases occur in production ponds, there are currently only a few approved and practical therapeutic methods available for use with bacterial pathogens and none so far for viral pathogens. To improve existing methods of prevention and therapy and to develop new ones, research is being carried out on the nature of shrimp–pathogen interactions. Promising results have been obtained at the laboratory level for possible applications involving the use of immunostimulants for “immune priming” or “trained immunity” of RNA interference and of endogenous viral elements. Some of these promising new directions are discussed.     

A single-step multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of white spot syndrome virus and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus in penaeid shrimp

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) are the major viral pathogens of penaeid shrimp worldwide (Lightner & Redman 1998). Litopenaeus vannamei was introduced into China from the Americas, and quickly became widely cultured. Following its introduction, both IHHNV and WSSV have become important pathogens of cultured penaeid shrimp and have had a huge impact on the culture industry in China in recent years.     

对虾环保型饲料在养殖上的应用

文章探讨了无公害健康养殖与环保饲料营养的关系以及环保饲料的应用,对环保饲料的营养饲料源、添加剂的质量要求、研制环保饲料的重要性,对食品安全和养殖安全的关系,以及环保饲料在无公害健康养殖的应用技术进行分析。     

凡纳滨对虾分子育种研究进展

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是我国重要的水产养殖品种, 由于受到种质资源限制, 养殖中出现生长

速度慢、存活率低以及抗病抗逆差等问题。针对凡纳滨对虾养殖产业存在的问题, 我国研究人员积极开展育种工

作, 并取得了一定进展。近年来, 水产动物遗传改良技术发展迅速, 现代分子育种技术的引入为凡纳滨对虾育种带

来了革命性变革。本文综述了凡纳滨对虾分子育种技术研究概况, 包括种质资源研究、基因组研究、分子标记挖

掘与辅助育种、基因组选择以及基因编辑等研究与应用, 并对凡纳滨对虾分子育种技术未来发展趋势进行了展望,

以期为利用现代分子育种技术培育凡纳滨对虾新品种提供参考。     

适合中国对虾群体遗传多样性和系统进化分析的DNA分子标记技术

中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）是我国海水养殖业中最具代表性的一项产业,优良种质和抗病力已成为对虾养殖业中迫切需要解决的问题。在遗传育种中若能筛选到与抗病、生长等数量性状紧密连锁的遗传标记,将为开展标记辅助育种工作和实现良种化奠定基础。对虾种质资源以及种群遗传学已成为研究热点,种群保护也已提到议事日程。这些研究工作的开展将为对虾良种选育提供理论依据,相信随着研究工作的继续深入,人们会更好、更有效地利用对虾资源。本文对目前已经在对虾遗传多样性和系统进化研究中进行应用的DNA标记技术方法进行分析总结,拟对今后其他物种开展相关工作提供借鉴。     

Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and stable isotope dynamics in clear‐water recirculating aquaculture systems versus biofloc systems

Closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) offer advantages over traditional culture methods including enhanced biosecurity, the possibility of indoor, inland culture of marine species year‐round and potential marketing opportunities for fresh, never‐frozen seafood. Questions still remain regarding what type of aquaculture system may be best suited for the closed‐system culture of marine shrimp. In this study, shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were grown in clear‐water RAS and in biofloc‐based systems. Comparisons were made between the system types with respect to water quality, shrimp production and stable isotope dynamics used to determine the biofloc contribution to shrimp nutrition. Ammonia and nitrite concentrations were higher, and shrimp survival was lower in the biofloc systems. Although stable isotope levels indicated that biofloc material may have contributed 28% of the carbon and 59% of the nitrogen in shrimp tissues, this did not correspond with improved shrimp production. Overall, the water column microbial communities in biofloc systems may be more difficult to manage than clear‐water RAS which have external filters to control water quality. Biofloc does seem to offer some nutritional contributions, but exactly how to take advantage of that and ensure improved production remains unclear.     

遗传改良对世界水产养殖业发展的推动作用

随着全球水产品养殖产量快速增长，水产养殖业在近二十年间正快速替代捕捞业，成为满足人类对优质蛋白需求极具潜力的生产活动。世界水产品消费量近几十年来快速增长，水产品在人类食物系统中具有越来越重要的地位。遗传改良作为发展水产养殖业的关键环节而备受关注，长期以来，以选择育种和杂交育种为主要的育种方法，以生长速度、成活率等经济性状为主要改良的目标性状，对世界水产养殖业的发展发挥了基础性、先导性和战略性作用。随着人们对优质蛋白需求的不断增加以及“大食物观”概念的广泛普及，将水产品打造为更加高效的食物生产系统是大势所趋。但纵观全球，水产养殖业存在遗传改良种类不多、覆盖面不广、改良性状滞后于产业发展需求等问题，需要加强水产育种技术创新和品种培育，培育更多的遗传改良种，推进水产养殖业高质量发展。本文基于已有研究结果，结合渔业各类统计数据，对世界水产养殖业发展概况、重要养殖种遗传改良情况、水产育种技术应用、目标性状改良以及部分主要人工改良种产量数据进行整理概述，总结发展状况，分析存在问题，以期为水产种业研究以及产业高质量发展提供参考。     

对虾发光病生物防治技术的初步研究

本文探讨了应用哈维氏弧菌噬菌体对致病菌哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)的特异性噬菌作用防治对虾发光病的必要性和可行性.实验表明:从对虾育苗场分离的对虾发光病致病菌哈维氏弧菌对46种抗菌药物的敏感性逐年减弱,1993年尚有28种敏感药物,其中中度以上敏感的有12种;而到了2003年敏感药物则只剩下9种,中度敏感的仅为头孢三嗪和壮观霉素2种,在养殖生产中常用的几种药物几乎都变为不敏感.在试验水体中添加该噬菌体可使哈维氏弧菌的数量减少2～3个数量级,可以相对减少对虾发光病的发生和虾苗的死亡.实验还显示试验虾苗的死亡与噬菌体的效价高低无关,而与加入的噬菌体上清液的有机质含量有关.     

Optimizing multi-stage shrimp production systems

Multi-stage penaeid shrimp grow-out systems have considerable advantage over conventional single-stage grow-out systems. A multi-stage shrimp grow-out system has more than one production stage wherein the shrimp stocking density changes as the shrimp grow in size and are moved from one production stage to the next. The shrimp stocking density (shrimp/m²) is at its highest when the shrimp post larvae enter the first production stage and is reduced each time the shrimp are transferred to subsequent stages. The use of multi-stage instead of single-stage production systems has been considered by numerous authors. This paper presents a methodology by which to select the optimum number of stages for a production system and, using available data, demonstrates that optimum efficiency can be achieved, in most cases, by using a two-stage production system consisting of a prolonged nursery stage followed by a grow-out stage.