Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in southern California

Since 1998, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), has emerged as a major insect pest of many horticultural crops in coastal California. Control of this pest has been heavily dependent upon chemical insecticides. Objectives of this study were to determine the status of the greenhouse whitefly susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Oxnard/Ventura, a year-round intensive horticultural production area of southern California. For bioassay tests, adult whiteflies were collected from commercial strawberry crops, and immatures were directly developed from eggs laid by these adults. LD(50) values of soil-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran were respectively 8.7, 3.2 and 4.9 times higher for the adults, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.5 times higher for the first-instar nymphs and 89.4, 390 and 10.4 times higher for the third-instar nymphs than their top label rates. LC(50) values of foliar-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were respectively 6.1, 6.0 and 1.7 times higher for the adults and 3.8, 8.7 and 4.4 times higher for the second-instar nymphs than their top label rates. For the adults, LC(90) values of endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were 2.2, 1.2, 1.9, 2.3 and 4.9 times lower than their respective top label rates. Chlorpyrifos was not very effective against the adults, as indicated by its LC(90) being 120% higher than its top label rate. The present results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.     

7种药剂对温室白粉虱不同虫态的防治效果

为筛选防治温室白粉虱的有效药剂,采用室内和田间药效方法测定了7种杀虫剂在推荐剂量下对温室白粉虱卵、若虫和成虫的防治效果。结果表明:22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油单用或22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和25%烯啶虫胺可溶性粉剂混用对卵和若虫的防效高达85%以上。10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂、22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂对成虫的速效性和持效性最好,防效均高达94%以上。因此,推荐在温室白粉虱发生初期选择氟啶虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素单用或螺虫乙酯和烯啶虫胺混用进行防治,世代重叠严重时可根据对不同虫态的防治效果选择几种药剂混用。     

Incidence and characterisation of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and pymetrozine in the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), also known as the greenhouse whitefly, is a serious pest of protected vegetable and ornamental crops in most temperate regions of the world. Neonicotinoid insecticides are used widely to control this species, although resistance has been reported and may be becoming widespread. RESULTS: Mortality rates of UK and European strains of T. vaporariorum to a range of neonicotinoids and pymetrozine, a compound with a different mode of action, were calculated, and significant resistance was found in some of those strains. A strong association was found between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine, and reciprocal selection experiments confirmed this finding. Expression of resistance to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and pymetrozine was age specific, and resistance in nymphs did not compromise recommended application rates. CONCLUSION: This study indicates strong parallels in the phenotypic characteristics of neonicotinoid resistance in T. vaporariorum and the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, suggesting possible parallels in the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同类型杀虫剂对温室白粉虱若虫的毒力研究

利用一龄若虫浸渍法测定了不同类型杀虫剂对温室白粉虱四季青种群的毒力,发现白粉虱对噻嗪酮、阿维菌素极其敏感,对吡虫啉和联苯菊酯次之,而对马拉硫磷和ＤＤＶＰ不敏感。     

在黏虫板控制状态下温室白粉虱空间分布调查初报

在利用黏虫板控制虫情的条件下,通过系统调查,初步明确了在冬、春季温室白粉虱具有向温室后部集中和趋向植株上部的特性,为该虫科学监测和防治提供了依据。     

氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱高效的农药复配组合,本试验选择9种杀虫单剂对田间采集的温室白粉虱进行了毒力测定,并利用共毒因子和共毒系数对氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配组合的联合毒力进行评价,同时对筛选出的药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明：杀虫单剂毒力测定中,LC₅₀最低的为鱼藤酮,最高的为螺虫乙酯,48 h LC₅₀分别为0.43μg/mL和78.59μg/mL;毒力大小顺序为鱼藤酮>氟啶虫胺腈>除虫菊素>苦参·印楝素>d-柠檬烯>氟吡呋喃酮>啶虫脒>高效氯氰菊酯>螺虫乙酯。共毒系数大于120的复配组合为氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1、氟吡呋喃酮与苦参·印楝素1∶2和1∶5,共毒系数分别为268.31、247.80和241.46,LC₅₀分别为5.76、4.51μg/mL和4.34μg/mL。氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1复配增效作用明显,为最佳配比。田间药效试验表明,10 d后,17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂与1%苦参·印楝素乳油、5%d-柠檬烯可溶液剂复配对温室白粉虱的防效达到83.5%～83...     

浆角蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的应用研究

温室白粉虱是温室蔬菜的重要害虫,不仅由于取食造成这些植物的直接危害,而且还传播一些植物病毒病的病原.近年来,农民在温室中大量使用化学药剂来防治温室白粉虱,结果造成农药残留严重超标.本文采用生物防治的方法,对浆角蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的效果进行了研究与探讨.     

辣椒碱与3种药剂对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum具有增效作用的农药复配组合,室内采用玻璃管饲喂法测定了辣椒碱与吡虫啉、溴氰虫酰胺、苦参碱复配对温室白粉虱初羽化成虫的联合毒力,并以共毒因子法与共毒系数法对各复配组合的联合毒力进行评价.试验结果表明,共毒因子大于20的配比共6组,进一步细化配比后筛选...     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

新疆两种粉虱的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶的比较研究

应用电泳分析方法 ,对乌鲁木齐地区所发生的温室白粉虱和烟粉虱进行了酯酶同工酶、过氧化物同工酶的比较研究。结果表明 :两种粉虱的酶谱有明显的种间差异。温室白粉虱的酯酶酶谱可分 2组区带 ;过氧化物酶酶谱可分 5组区带。烟粉虱的酯酶酶谱可分 5组区带 ;过氧化物酶酶谱可分 4组区带     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

丽蚜小蜂对雪莲果和烟草繁育温室白粉虱的适应性

雪莲果和烟草均属于大叶型植物,是繁育温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood的理想寄主植物。为了明确雪莲果作为中间寄主植物大量繁育丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan的可行性,在人工气候室条件下,比较研究了丽蚜小蜂在雪莲果和烟草繁育温室白粉虱上的寄生率、羽化率和发育历期。研究结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对雪莲果和烟草繁育的温室白粉虱3龄若虫寄生率最高,分别为84.2%和80.3%,且对雪莲果繁育的温室白粉虱1和2龄若虫寄生率均显著高于烟草;丽蚜小蜂寄生两种寄主植物繁育的温室白粉虱羽化率除1龄外差异均不显著,其中寄生雪莲果和烟草繁育3龄粉虱若虫的羽化率最高,分别为94.7%和93.8%;丽蚜小蜂寄生雪莲果繁育1～4龄若虫发育历期分别为21.4、15.5、13.7和13.3 d,且寄生雪莲果各龄粉虱若虫发育历期除1龄外均短于烟草。综合来看,与烟草相比,丽蚜小蜂对雪莲果繁育的温室白粉虱表现出更好的适应性,特别是对3龄若虫表现出最好的发育适合度,这为进一步开发利用雪莲果为中间寄主植物大量繁育丽蚜小蜂提供了理论依据。     

New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK

A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.     

Delphastus catalinae and Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as biological control agents of the greenhouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Predation efficacy and compatibility of the predatory lady beetles Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake and Delphastus catalinae (Horn) against the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) were studied in laboratory on glabrous fuchsia (Fuchsia hybrida Voss cv Lena Corolla) and pubescent poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd ex Klotzch cv Dark Red Annette Hegg). On glabrous plants (fuchsia), fourth-instar and adults of C maculata were the most efficient, both against whitefly eggs and pupae. On pubescent plants (poinsettia), the larger stages of C maculata were negatively affected and less efficient than adults of D catalinae. The presence of plant structure did not affect the voracity of either predator species. Finally, the simultaneous use of both predator species generated inter-specific competition. These results provide recommendations for biological control of whitefly in horticultural greenhouses.     

Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is one of the most important pests on cotton around the world. Laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against B. tabaci on cotton. RESULTS: Under laboratory conditions, the two treatments caused whitefly adult mortality, reduced oviposition and increased mortality of nymphs at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after germination (DAG). The longer the adults fed on plants from treated seeds, the higher the mortality. The two treatments did not have any effect on eggs. The efficacy of the treated seeds against B. tabaci gradually decreased from 10 to 40 DAG, being the lowest at 40 DAG. In laboratory experiments, the efficacies between the two treatments were similar. In greenhouse experiments, the two treatments were equally effective with lower numbers of whiteflies than untreated controls. With both treatments the concentrations of the active ingredient were gradually reduced with aging of the plants and from the bottom to the top leaves of the plants. Numbers of live whiteflies were well correlated with the dosage of active ingredients. Under field conditions, the seeds treated with both insecticides exhibited similar efficacy against B. tabaci for up to ～2 months. CONCLUSION: Cotton seeds treated with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were effective against B. tabaci for up to 45 days under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, and up to ～2 months under field conditions. Use of imidacloprid‐ and thiamethoxam‐treated seeds can be an important alternative for management of whiteflies on cotton. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Response of a red clone of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid in the laboratory and greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Pest resurgence following a pesticide application may occur owing to a stimulatory (hormetic) response to sublethal insecticide concentrations. The objective of the present study was to examine the potential for a greenhouse‐derived red clone of Myzus persicae to exhibit resurgence owing to a hormetic response following a systemic imidacloprid treatment in a bell pepper greenhouse. RESULTS: No differences in mortality and fecundity were observed among apterous adults exposed to sublethal imidacloprid concentrations on excised pepper leaves fed aqueous solutions of imidacloprid. Survival of first‐generation progeny was negatively affected by imidacloprid exposure, yet surviving progeny exhibited no differences in development rates or fecundity from progeny of adults unexposed to imidacloprid. Aphid mortality declined most rapidly in clip cages on pepper leaves at the top of the pepper canopy as compared with leaves present at the middle or bottom of the pepper canopy. CONCLUSION: Imidacloprid decays rapidly in mature pepper plants, resulting in sublethal concentrations in the upper canopy in as little as 4 weeks. Sublethal insecticide concentrations have been implicated in the resurgence of pest populations; however, exposure to sublethal doses of imidacloprid are unlikely to result in pesticide‐induced resurgence of the M. persicae aphid clone examined in this study. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的取食和寄生选择

许多粉虱寄生蜂雌蜂对粉虱若虫的攻击方式不仅是寄生,而且还能取食。本文以海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati作为测试寄生蜂,Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱作为寄主,在非选择和双向选择条件下调查了寄生蜂对寄主的取食和寄生选择性。研究结果表明,非选择试验条件下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂48 h内取食1～4龄烟粉虱和温室白粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.7、6.4、6.7、5.0头和4.4、3.7、2.8、2.3头,寄生1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为22.1、27.5、25.4、16.5头,但不能寄生各龄期温室白粉虱若虫;而在选择试验条件下,寄生蜂取食1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为同龄期温室白粉虱若虫数量的1.8、2.6、2.5、1.5倍。说明寄生蜂的取食寄主能力明显受寄主种类和龄期的影响。海氏桨角蚜小蜂更适合用来防治烟粉虱,但不适于防治温室白粉虱。     

SCAR分子标记鉴别烟粉虱和温室白粉虱

在简单重复序列PCR的基础上建立了烟粉虱和白粉虱两个物种DNA特异性片段的SCAR标记。验证表明,新建立的烟粉虱SCAR标记能特异性扩增不同地理种群的烟粉虱而不能扩增温室白粉虱;相反新建立的温室白粉虱SCAR标记则能特异性地扩增不同地理种群的温室白粉虱而不能扩增烟粉虱种群。两种SCAR标记能够快速、准确地鉴定烟粉虱和温室白粉虱。