Bulk chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the ocean

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest reservoir of reduced carbon in the oceans. The nature of DOM is poorly understood, in part, because it has been difficult to isolate sufficient amounts of representative material for analysis. Tangential-flow ultrafiltration was shown to recover milligram amounts of >1000 daltons of DOM from seawater collected at three depths in the North Pacific Ocean. These isolates represented 22 to 33 percent of the total DOM and included essentially all colloidal material. The elemental, carbohydrate, and carbon-type (by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance) compositions of the isolates indicated that the relative abundance of polysaccharides was high ( approximately 50 percent) in surface water and decreased to approximately 25 percent in deeper samples. Polysaccharides thus appear to be more abundant and reactive components of seawater DOM than has been recognized.     

Meteorites: optical activity in organic matter

A low- amplitude, positive, Cotton effect, centered at about 340 millimicrons, has been observed in organic extracts of samples from ordinary (noncarbonaceous) chondrites. Ancillary evidence renders it likely that this optical activity derived from contamination by biologic materials on Earth.     

Two chemically distinct pools of organic nitrogen accumulate in the ocean

The chemical dynamics of marine dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), a reservoir featuring surface accumulations even in areas where nitrogen limits productivity, have yet to be resolved. We exploited differences in the acid lability of amide bonds within high-molecular-weight (HMW) DON to show that vertical DON profiles result in part from the presence of two chemically distinct pools of amide. Half of HMWDON in surface waters is present as N-acetyl amino polysaccharides. In contrast, nearly all deep-sea HMWDON, and therefore, most HMWDON, is present in amides that resist both chemical hydrolysis and biological degradation.     

Composition of soil organic matter lipids

It is shown that the lipid fraction of soil organic matter consists of molecular fragments of aliphatic, O,N-alkyl, aromatic, and carboxyl groups, chlorophyll and/or chlorophyll-like pigments. The ¹³C-NMR data show that an increase in the degree of hydromorphism leads to an increase in the proportion of unsaturated components (-C=C-; -Ar). The paramagnetic activity of lipids is assessed. It is established that unpaired electrons are present only in the structure of the lipid fraction of organogenic horizons.     

有机无机复混肥中有机质含量准确测定方法研究

由于有机无机复混肥组成成份的多元化,其有机质含量的定量分析对于常规灼烧法而言,分析测定值与理论值偏差太大,其结果已无实际使用价值."灼烧校正法"和"溶解残渣灼烧法"能较好地解决有机无机复混肥中其他组成成份对测定结果的干扰,且不改变原有常规测定方法的基本原理和操作步骤,简便易行.其测定结果值与理论实际值之间的统计相关系数分别为0.9999和0.9851,准确度较高,相对误差较小.可以作为企业质检和技术监督抽检单位的参考测定方法.     

Copper and the role of isopods in degradation of organic matter

On an artificial substrate of filter paper, Porcellio scaber cannot extract copper from leaf litter. If one increases the copper content of the food by soaking the leaves in solutions of CuSO(4) or in organic extracts, assimilation of copper becomes possible, but only at concentrations higher than 1 microgram of copper per milligram of ash. This is too high a level for primary vegetable matter to be considered a plausible source of copper for isopods. I present evidence that in fecal material the critical level at which assimilation of copper becomes feasible is lower than in primary organic material by nearly an order of magnitude, and that isopods are obliged to switch to coprophagy in order to allow accumulation of copper in their bodies.     

Carbon isotopic studies of organic matter in precambrian rocks

Reduced carbon in early Precambrian cherts of the Fig Tree and upper and middle Onverwacht groups of South Africa is isotopically similar (the average value of delta(13)C(PDB) is -28.7 per mil) to photosynthetically produced organic matter of younger geological age. Reduced carbon in lower Onverwacht cherts (Theespruit formation) is anomalously heavy (the average value of delta(13)C(PDB) is -16.5 per mil). This discontinuity may reflect a major event in biological evolution.     

蔗田土壤有机质平衡预测

[目的]进行蔗田土壤有机质平衡预测,为甘蔗生产中合理使用甘蔗残体、糖厂滤泥和酒精废液,提高土壤肥力及甘蔗产量提供依据.[方法]采用尼龙网袋将有机物料与土混合埋于新植蔗行间,埋置后1年后取样测定有机物料碳的残留量,确定土壤有机物料腐殖化系数,并根据Jenny数学模型公式Ct=A/K-(A/K-C0)e-kt,对蔗田土壤有机质平衡进行预测.[结果]蔗叶、蔗根、蔗头、滤泥、酒精废液腐殖化系数分别为0.39、0.46、0.20、0.15与0.07;要保持蔗田土壤有机质平衡在21.19 g/kg,每年需向土壤施入稳定有机质2004.0 kg/ha,即需要蔗根4356.5 kg/ha(干重),5138.5 kg/ha蔗叶(干重)、10020.0 kg/ha蔗头(干重)、13360.0 kg/ha滤泥(干重)、28628.6 kg/ha酒精发酵液(固形物);要稳步提高土壤有机质含量,培肥土壤时间越长,每年投入的有机质量越少,反之则越多.[结论]循环利用甘蔗糖业中的蔗叶、糖厂滤泥、糖厂酒精废液等有机物料,可以促进土壤肥力的提高.     

Calcium carbonate concretions formed by the decomposition of organic matter

Bacterial decomposition of butterfish and smelts in small sealed jars containing seawater and other solutions, for periods ranging from 65 to 205 days, results in a large increase in concentrations of dissolved bicarbonate, carbonate, and ammonia (plus volatile amines). Accompanying this is a rise in pH and the precipitation of Ca(++) ion from solution. The Ca(++) is not precipitated as CaCO(3) but instead as a mixture of calcium fatty acid salts or soaps with from 14 to 18 carbon atoms. This can be explained by the thermodynamic instability of CaCO(3) relative to Ca soaps in the presence of excess free fatty acid. It is suggested that some ancient CaCO(3) concretions, especially those enclosing fossils of soft-bodied organisms, may have formed rapidly after death in the form of natural Ca soap (adipocere) which was later converted to CaCO(3).     

南岳森林土壤有机质的研究

研究了南岳森林土壤有机质的含量和分布，以及影响土壤有机质含量的因素，并建立了相关数学模型。     

Interstellar chemistry recorded in organic matter from primitive meteorites

Organic matter in extraterrestrial materials has isotopic anomalies in hydrogen and nitrogen that suggest an origin in the presolar molecular cloud or perhaps in the protoplanetary disk. Interplanetary dust particles are generally regarded as the most primitive solar system matter available, in part because until recently they exhibited the most extreme isotope anomalies. However, we show that hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic compositions in carbonaceous chondrite organic matter reach and even exceed those found in interplanetary dust particles. Hence, both meteorites (originating from the asteroid belt) and interplanetary dust particles (possibly from comets) preserve primitive organics that were a component of the original building blocks of the solar system.     

Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria

Most of the oceanic reservoir of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is of marine origin and is resistant to microbial oxidation, but little is known about the mechanisms of its formation. In a laboratory study, natural assemblages of marine bacteria rapidly (in <48 hours) utilized labile compounds (glucose, glutamate) and produced refractory DOM that persisted for more than a year. Only 10 to 15% of the bacterially derived DOM was identified as hydrolyzable amino acids and sugars, a feature consistent with marine DOM. These results suggest that microbial processes alter the molecular structure of DOM, making it resistant to further degradation and thereby preserving fixed carbon in the ocean.     

土壤轻组有机质研究进展

土壤有机质在碳和氮循环及维持土壤生产力等方面具有重要作用,利用密度分组技术可将土壤有机质分成轻组和重组.轻组密度一般<2.0 g.cm-3,通常用密度浮选法分离得到,早期分离轻组的重液是有机溶剂,目前多用水溶性无机盐,结合密度和颗粒大小的分离技术在近年来得到迅速发展.轻组主要由可识别的不同分解阶段的植物残体组成,还包括孢子、种子、动物残体、微生物的残骸以及一些吸附在碎屑上的矿质颗粒.土壤轻组仅占土壤质量的一小部分,但轻组的碳含量一般显著高于全土.轻组物质的碳氮比高,周转速度快,是易变有机碳的良好指标.土壤轻组一般具有明显的季节变化,并大部分聚集在土壤表层,随土层深度的增加而下降.土壤轻组主要受残留物输入的时间、数量、组成以及环境因素的影响,同时轻组对耕作经营措施、作物轮作制度、土地利用、施肥等变化的响应非常敏感.密度分组与颗粒大小分组技术的结合是今后研究轻组的主要技术手段,土地利用和经营管理的变化对土壤轻组数量和性质的时空动态影响是未来的主要研究方向.     

水溶性有机质对茶园土壤氟形态的影响

采用元素分析与傅里叶变换红外光谱相结合的方法分析了腐熟鸡粪中水溶性有机质(dissolved organicmatter,DOM)的结构及组成,通过溶液连续提取-电位分析法分析茶园土壤中氟的形态及含量。结果表明,腐熟鸡粪DOM中C、O、H和N元素含量占元素总量的93%,其中C和O的含量大于H和N,C/H和C/N较大,C、H饱和度低,含有较多羧基、醛基、酮基等不饱和度高的物质。水溶态和有效态氟含量随外源DOM添加量的增加而降低,呈负相关关系;而土壤铁锰结合态氟、有机结合态氟含量则随外源DOM添加量的增加而升高,呈正相关关系。外源DOM的加入可降低茶园土壤水溶态和有效态氟含量,提高了铁锰结合态氟、有机结合态氟含量,降低氟的生物可利用性。     

Copper porphyrins in deep-sea sediments: a possible indicator of oxidized terrestrial organic matter

Copper porphyrins have been isolated from deep-sea sediments collected during six legs of the Deep Sea Drilling Project-International Program of Ocean Drilling. These pigments are present in depositional areas receiving high inputs of terrestrially derived oxidized organic matter. Such areas include the Black Sea, the Bay of Biscay, the Blake-Bahama Basin, and slumped Miocene deposits off Cape Bojador on the west coast of Africa.     

盐渍化改造区土壤有机质变化与培肥系统研究

本文以曲周试验区为例,研究了盐渍土改造区土壤有机质演化的阶段性特征及系统培肥措施.盐生植被归还条件下,土壤有机质含量小于5 g*kg-1,近乎贫瘠.随着化肥用量的增加,作物生物产量增加,以根茬归还土壤,从而使土壤有机质含量提高到8～9 g*kg-1;加大秸秆还田量,土壤有机质含量可提高并维持在10～12 g*kg-1.20世纪90年代以后,随着高产作物品种的出现、生产条件的改善、物质投入的增加,作物产量明显提高,无论是以根茬还是秸秆还田都会增加还田量,使土壤有机质含量超过10 g*kg-1,有的达到了12.50 g*kg-1;农牧结合,以优质的有机物质归还土壤,使土壤有机质含量持续提高到15 g*kg-1以上.土壤培肥措施要适应土壤有机质在盐渍化改造区条件下的积累和演化的阶段性和农业-农村发展的阶段性.     

Dissolved organic matter and heterotrophic microneuston in the surface microlayers of the north atlantic

Dissolved organic carbon, carbohydrates, and adenosine triphosphate in the size fractions 0.2 to 3 micrometers and 3 to 1000 micrometers are significantly enriched in the upper 150-micrometer surface layer compared to subsurface water, mean enrichment factors being 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.1, respectively. When calculated as a 0.1-micrometer microlayer of wet surfactants, the mean concentration of organic matter was 2.9 grams per liter, of which carbohydrates accounted for 28 percent. The data for plant pigments and particulate adenosine triphosphate indicated that bacterioneuston was enriched at seven of nine stations while phagotrophic protists were enriched at five stations. Instances of enrichment and inhibition were verified by cultural data for bacteria and amoebas. The observations indicate that the surface microlayers are largely heterotrophic microcosms, which can be as rich as laboratory cultures, and that an appreciable part of the dissolved organic carbon is carbohydrate of phytoplankton origin, released and brought to the surface by migrating and excreting phagotrophic protists.     

三江平原耕地土壤有机质时空分布特征——以富锦市为例

以2013年三江平原富锦市实地调查和采样数据,1981年国家第二次土壤普查数据和各种辅助图件为基础,运用地统计学、统计学和GIS技术等研究方法,分析三江平原富锦市农田耕层土壤有机质(SOM)空间分布特征,探讨其32年间SOM变化的规律。结果表明,2013年富锦市SOM含量平均值为42.1 g/kg,较1981年下降了18.6%;在空间上呈现出较为明显的东南高西北低的分布格局,属于中等强度空间相关,受结构性因子和随机因子的共同作用。按照国家第二次土壤普查时富锦市SOM分级标准,1981-2013年有85.9%的农田耕层SOM发生不同程度的变化,其中有50.5%面积得到了提升,有35.4%面积有所下降。