Present Situation and Trend of Urban Storm Water Model Development

Since the early 1970s, hundreds of urban storm water models have been developed to plan, design and operate the drainage system, in order to build the system more appropriately, reduce the flood in urban areas and make the storm water controllable. In this paper, the concepts and theory of urban storm water models are expounded and the main characters of three representative urban storm water models are described and the state and trend of their development in China are introduced.     

Characterization of Stormwater Runoff Pollution in Mountain City

Taking indicators the case of an university campus runoff quality in Main Urban Area of Chongqing, three kinds of stormwater runoff quality were monitored, where indicators included pH, suspended Solids(TSS), chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus(TP), and so on. The results show that the average concentration of stormwater runoff pollutants exceed the fifth level of the environmental quality standards for China except TP, SS concentration of runoff can reach 1 730 mg/L, COD and NH3-N concentration of runoff can reach 76.25 mg/L and 3.67 mg/L; First flush takes effect evidently, and SS、COD、NH3-N first flush concentrations of concrete road surface were 2330mg/L, 106.4mg/L, 5.64mg/L. First flush concentrations were equivalent to 2-4 times of Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs),and the highest concentration value of pollutants appeared when runoff produced 10~15 minutes later。Comparison on runoff quality of three different rainfall intensity, higher intensity was positively correlated with TSS, COD, NH3-N, and TP concentrations,among which rainfall intensity taked greatest effect on runoff pollutants concentration of large slope road.     

南方山地茶园小流域径流演变规律

以分析南方山地茶园小流域降雨对径流的变化规律,为南方小流域水资源可持续高效利用提供理论依据。本研究在福建省安溪县山地茶园小流域的出口设置卡口站,连续3 年（2014—2016 年）对该区域降雨量、径流以及对卡口站中泥沙量进行监测,且对泥沙颗粒组分进行分析。结果表明：该区域受气温影响,降雨多集中在7、8 月,径流受到降雨及气候影响,导致径流的补给年内分配差异较大。随着土壤由湿润到水分饱和,入渗量逐渐减小,径流量增大,雨水对地表的冲刷能力增强,径流量由小变大使得大颗粒泥沙被冲刷。另外,在卡口站入口处的颗粒分布从上层到下层呈增大的趋势。该区域降水逐年递增,径流量主要受到气候的变化,随降水量增大而增大。随着人类活动的增大,对该区域径流量也有一定的影响。     

A Study on the Model of Surface Storm-Water Runoff at Urban Gully

On the assumption that the runoff on the catchment of each gully flows into the gully itself, in this paper, a model of surface storm-water runoff at urban gully is presented, which includes runoff sub-model and concentration sub-model.The runoff sub-model describes the rainfall event with instantaneous rainfall intensity, the runoff-generated event with runoff coefficient of integrative area and the runoff converged event with the principle of equal time of flowage.The concentration sub-model shows that the pollutant concentration event only changes with the runoff event at the gully.In this paper, the concrete form of the model for two gully inlets in Shapingba District of Chongqing is given.The model is calibrated with the data from the synchronized measurements of water quantity and quality at the two gully inlets obtained from July to September 2000.The relative error is calculated by comparing the model predictions with the field-measured results.     

Correlation Analysis of Digital City and Urban Sustainable Development

Digital city and its sustainable development is the new vision on city civilization in the 21st century, which will greatly change the life conception, style and level of the people. The relationship of Digital City and sustainable development will affect the orientation and speed of worldwide economic development. The concepts and the relationship of Digital City and sustainable development are analyzed and their harmony and collision are studied in this paper. It suggests that Digital City is an important component of Digital Earth and a result of new technology revolution as well as the inherent necessity to the implementation of sustainable development. Digital City and sustainable development will be vested with new connotations with the development of the city.     

Calculating Annual Pollution Load in Urban Runoff

Sampling and monitoring of surface runoff in Bengbu urban area were carried out during rainy seasons in 2009, and 40 rainfall samples from 7 sampling sites were analyzed. Discharge processes of runoff pollutants during rain events and relationships of the processes with rainfall characters were discussed. Then some aspects were analyzed, such as city surface pollutants, land style and system of drains, etc. Finally annual total quantity of runoff pollution from Bengbu urban area was calculated based the method.     

Urban Environmental and Urban Ecological Problems in the Sustainable Development of Chongqing City and Its Countermeasures

The main urban environmental and urban ecological problems existing in the sustainable development of Chongqing city were introduced in this paper. Furthermore, the causes and features of these problems were analyzed. At last, some countermeasures, which would provide some scientific bases for accelerating the urban sustainable development of Chongqing city, were suggested.     

Medium and Small sized City Park Development from the Perspective of City Earthquake Disaster

以磨盘柿为试材,采用0.50μL·L^-1及1.0μL·L^-1浓度1-MCP处理后观察冷藏条件下的贮藏效果。结果表明,1-MCP处理可明显地抑制柿果实硬度、膜相对透性、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性单宁含量以及丙二醛含量的变化,控制果实的软化及生理病害的发生,有效地延缓果实后熟与衰老进程。试验结果还发现,0.50μL·L^-1-MCP处理对柿果实褐变有较好的抑制作用。     

Application and Development of Vertical Greening in Urban Landscaping

Major contents, application value and material selection of urban vertical greening were elaborated, current situation and problems of vertical greening in foreign and domestic cities discussed, application prospects of vertical greening in urban landscaping were analyzed against the background of ecological civilization.     

Application of Uncertain Model in Urban River Quality Simulation

Owing to the fluctuation of water quality in urban river which polluted by drainage along river, one-dimension uncertain water quality model embeded neural network is established. Genetic algorithms and a modified fitness function are used to optimize parameters of the uncertain model. Examples illustrate that the uncertain model has higher prediction accuracy with the average accuracy over 80% than the certain model, and is more sensitive to the fluctuation of pollutants discharged into the river. The uncertain model has a significant advantage of prediction and could better adapt to the changing urban water environment, especially at points close to the pollution sources.     

基于ELES模型的天水市城镇居民消费结构分析

为了对比分析天水市城镇居民的基本需求支出、边际消费倾向、消费结构现状及变化特征,以2004—2010年甘肃省和天水市城镇居民消费结构为依据,利用Eviews软件,采用ELES模型对甘肃省和天水市城镇居民各项消费结构及其变动趋势进行动态分析。结果表明：天水市城镇居民消费结构处于从生存型向发展型和享受型过度的阶段。受收入水平的影响,在该地区城镇居民消费结构中,食品支出仍然居于最重要的层次,但随着经济的增长,人们开始更多的注重休闲娱乐以及养身、出行的方便及舒适、通讯的方便快捷、居住环境的好坏及子女受教育层次等一系列问题,此类消费具有较大市场及空间。提示天水市城镇居民消费结构不合理,主要用于满足基本生活需求,但旅游、文教娱乐、交通通讯及其他消费等构成部分消费潜力大。     

Forestation and Thermal Environment of Mountain City

对我国柿饼加工技术中,包括加工工艺、贮藏工艺、脱涩与返涩技术、柿霜、柿饼加工机械以及相应控制技术与原理等方面的研究现状进行综述,同时也介绍了最新研究进展.     

Status Quo and Development Prospects of Vertical Greening in Urban Districts of Chongqing City

On the basis of investigating vertical greening in urban districts of Chongqing City, major problems were analyzed, dominant greening patterns were summarized, and major plant species suitable for the vertical greening of urban districts in Chongqing City were given. On this basis, key technologies and development prospects of the vertical greening were explored.     

平和县琯溪蜜柚山地果园径流氮磷含量变化

为了解决平和县琯溪蜜柚过度种植,化肥、农药滥用导致环境污染的问题。通过实地调查与室内分析相结合的方法,调查了平和县琯溪蜜柚不同施肥状况山地果园径流氮磷含量情况。结果表明:(1)一年间果园径流磷含量(总磷和可溶磷含量)和氮含量(总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮、氨态氮含量)都有逐渐降低的态势,分别大于不同试验区汇水含量(山塘水、沟水、溪水和九龙江水);(2)径流N/P都大于6.5,果园径流磷含量为富营养化限制因素;果园径流硝态氮含量低于饮用水限制含量(10 mg/L);(3)试验区汇水全年总磷含量分别为0.403、0.280、0.503、0.417 mg/L,基本大于Ⅲ类水质要求(0.3 mg/L),全年氨氮含量分别为0.14、0.20、0.44、0.10 mg/L,达到Ⅱ类水质要求,总氮含量分别为3.77、3.49、3.89、3.38 mg/L,都大于Ⅴ类水质要求2.0 mg/L。果园径流总体上都达不到地表水环境质量标准要求,直接排放会产生水体富营养化。     

Reduction of Urban Green Space on Stormwater Runoff Pollutant

In order to explore the effectiveness and feasibility of urban green space on regulating urban rainfall-runoff pollution, the simulated test of soil column was adopted to study the effects of vegetation cover, runoff pollution concentration, soil depth and groundwater, and hydraulic loading rate and residence time on reducing the pollutants by green space. The results indicate that green space has a good and stable ability to reduce three stormwater runoff pollution concentrations, which COD are 68, 137 and 550 mg/L, TN are 3.01, 7.51 and 30.06 mg/L, TP are 0.29, 0.69 and 2.73 mg/L, and NH+4 are 0.44, 1.61 and 2.19 mg/L respectively, with 3.5, 3.0 and 2.5 cm/h hydraulic loading rate respectively and continuous inflow 1h. The pollution reduction rates of COD, TN, TP and NH+4 by green space reach to 41.52%, 78.96% and 84.68%, 50.21%, 70.23% and 60.91%, 73.18%, 95.88% and 94.99%, and 62.72%, 55.16% and 69.98% respectively. Restricted by the soil reaeration capacity and hydraulic retention time, the effect of vegetation cover on pollution reduction rates of COD and TN is not significant. With the rainfall-runoff pollution concentration increased, the pollutant reduction rate of green space shows a gradually increasing trend. The reduction of green space on the stormwater runoff pollution mainly occurs in the soil depth of 35~65 cm. The reduction rate of each pollutant for the low, medium and high pollution concentration level decrease with the hydraulic loading rate increased.     

PI模型在乌兰察布市土壤生产力评价中的适用性研究

为了给乌兰察布市土壤生产力评价提供一种简单、实用、客观的评价方法,在PI模型及后人修正的PI模型(MPI)的基础上,结合研究区土壤特点,对PI模型进行了修正(MPI-Ⅱ),主要修改了MPI模型中有机质指标的计算方法,并增加了碳酸钙指标。利用MPI模型和MPI-Ⅱ模型,评价了43个土种的土壤生产力,并与研究区第2次土壤普查中综合评价法的评价值进行了比较。结果表明：（1）MPI-Ⅱ模型的评价值与综合评价法的评价值之间的相关性(R2=0.589,P<0.01)比MPI模型与综合评价法之间的相关性(R2=0.305, P<0.01)高,MPI-Ⅱ的评价值可能更接近研究区的实际情况;（2）总体而言,MPI-Ⅱ模型的评价值与综合评价法的评价值较一致,但有5种土壤的评价值差异较大,可能是综合评价法的主观性较强所致。因此,MPI-Ⅱ模型对研究区的土壤生产力评价可能有较好的适用性。     

山区小流域不同海拔和坡位土壤养分分布及相关性分析

通过对河北省易县观坐岭小流域不同海拔和坡位土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾测定分析,得出了该小流域土壤在不同海拔和坡位的肥力状况。结果表明：随海拔降低,土壤有机质和速效氮含量有增加趋势,增幅分别为40%和35%;土壤速效磷和速效钾的变化比较复杂,主要与土壤母质有关。不同坡位土壤养分表现出向下汇集的趋势,下坡位土壤养分含量高于上坡位和中坡位养分含量,但有机质变化趋势相反,是人为活动的影响结果。相关分析结果表明,海拔与土壤有机质、速效氮和速效钾呈显著负相关,与速效磷不相关;各养分含量间,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾之间分别呈相关关系,速效磷与速效氮相关显著,与速效钾无相关性。在不同坡位上,土壤养分间的差异不显著。     

基于PSR模型的兰州都市农业生态安全动态评价

为评估发展都市农业对区域生态环境的影响,调控农业生态系统结构与功能健康运转,对都市农业生态安全动态进行分析,基于PSR模型建立由4个层次24个指标构成的评价体系,分析1989—2009年兰州都市农业生态安全动态变化过程及影响因素,实现典型生态脆弱区都市农业综合生态安全的系统识别与预警。结果表明：1989年兰州都市农业生态安全为较不安全（II级）水平,1999年为临界安全（III级）,2009年为较安全（IV级）。20年间综合安全指数增长46.7%,生态安全呈逐渐改善趋势。1989—2009年响应安全指数动态度最大为31.50%。对兰州都市农业综合生态安全有显著影响的指标为：第一产业产值、社会消费品零售总额、人均耕地面积、第二产业产值和农民纯收入。1989—2009年兰州都市农业生态安全格局变化,主要由耕地面积的转移引起。该实证研究为动态评价生态脆弱区都市农业生态安全等级,构建生态安全格局及预警体系提供了有效途径,生态安全动态分析可为监测和改善都市农业可持续发展提供依据。