用植物性蛋白质饲料代替动物性蛋白质饲料饲养肉用仔鸡

捷克对15—50日龄Slovgal肉用仔鸡进行饲养试验,研究日粮中植物性蛋白质代替动物性蛋白质(鱼粉、肉骨粉)的可能性。用仅含26%大豆油饼粉和20毫克/公斤维生素B_(12)的植物性蛋白质饲料时,当对照组为100%时,与对照组相比肉用仔鸡增重有些下降,为96%、饲料转化率比对照组高6.1%,为106%;当在植物性蛋白质日粮中添加0.1%DL—蛋氨酸和L—赖氨酸时,肉用仔鸡的体重和饲料转化率与对照组相比,分别     

肉用仔鸡饲料配合蛋白胨饲喂效果

本试验的目的是用西昌生物蛋白胨厂生产的蛋白胨,以及秘鲁鱼粉和蚕蛹等蛋白质饲料,对商品肉用仔鸡进行对比饲养试验。观察这几种蛋白质饲料对肉用仔鸡饲养效果的影响。以探讨蛋白胨能否代替秘鲁鱼粉或部分蚕蛹作为肉用仔鸡的蛋白质饲料。     

肉用仔鸡的非传统饲料

近年来,许多国家积极探索廉价的非传统饲料,其生物学价值应不低于昂贵的动物性和植物性蛋白质饲料。对于肉用仔鸡,这些大有前途的植物性蛋白质饲料首先是饲用蚕豆、豌豆、羽扇豆和菜籽油粕。     

添加螺旋藻能提高肉用仔鸡的肉色

在摸索饲料中添加螺旋藻(spirulina platensis)对肉用仔鸡生长和肉色影响的同时,还探讨了肉的黄色度与玉米黄质(zeaxanthin)含量的关系。试验选用21日龄肉用仔鸡,采用等蛋白质和等能量饲料,     

肉用仔鸡饲料营养特点

饲料是发展养鸡生产的物质基础,肉用仔鸡生长迅速,所需的各种营养成分较多,要求每千克饲料中含有较高的能量、蛋白质等营养物质。为用较少的饲料获得较快的生长速度,往往需要应用油脂、鱼粉等能量、蛋白质含量高的饲料。了解和掌握各种饲料的性质、营养价值,不同饲料配方的对比,其组成中所含营养物质是否适用肉用仔鸡,再配合肉用仔鸡日粮合理利用饲料资源,以便产生较大的经济效益。     

肉用仔鸡饲粮中添加赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的效果

(一) 在商品肉用仔鸡饲粮中,蛋白质和能量成分的成本约占饲料总成本的90％左右。因此在不降低肉用仔鸡生长性能的情况下,降低饲料蛋白质水平可增加经济效益。美国国家研究委员会(NRC,1977)推荐6～9周龄肉用仔鸡饲料的最低蛋白质水平为18％,蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的需要量分别为     

肉用仔鸡 日粮添加动物蛋白粉的饲喂效果

本试验探讨肉用仔鸡在舍内集约化饲养条件下,在日粮中添加动物蛋白粉替代鱼粉,对肉用仔鸡生长,料重比及经济效益的影响,以供开发动物蛋白粉作饲料资源时参考。试验所用动物蛋白粉以动物内脏干物质,经消毒、净化、脱臭、脱脂等工艺精心处理而成,蛋白质含量55%左右,脂肪6%左右,钙     

干禽粪中氨基酸的实用价值

荷兰农业大学畜牧系养禽专家用羽毛粉、家禽副产品粉、肉粉、黄豆粉及干禽粪饲喂肉用仔鸡,进行对比试验,以确定这些蛋白质饲料中氨基酸的实用价值。据测定,上述饲料中蛋白质的含量分别为83.04、63.65、     

直接浸出桐仁粕脱毒作饲料的研究

直接浸出桐仁粕脱毒作饲料的研究湖南吉首大学段友构，朱苗力，仇明华，刘家欣，黄诚桐籽饼粕是桐籽制油后的主要副产物，蛋白质含量高。分析测定桐柏蛋白氨基酸组成，发现其人体必需氨基酸含量和动物必需氨基酸含量比菜籽饼粕、棉籽饼粕、茶籽饼粕都高。近几年来国内对制...     

棉、菜籽饼粕作肉用仔鸡蛋白质饲料研究

随着畜禽饲养业的逐步发展,饲料来源与需求的矛盾日趋突出,其中蛋白质饲料的缺乏更是国内外饲养业和饲料工业中带普遍性的问题。众所周知,肉用仔鸡具有生长发育快、饲料报酬高的特点。但另一方面人们也注意到肉用仔鸡需要摄入高能量高蛋白营养平衡的饲料。湖北省武汉地区历来以豆饼和鱼粉作为肉用仔鸡蛋白质饲料的主要来源,但本地区豆饼大多靠北方调入,鱼粉仰赖国外进口,来源有限,成本高昂,使肉鸡生产     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.