赤眼蜂寄生对亚洲玉米螟卵内蛋白质变化的影响

采用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法比较了玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生对亚洲玉米螟卵内蛋白质变化的影响。结果发现,寄生发生48h后,蛋白质谱带出现明显差异。被寄生和未被寄生卵内含有的97kD蛋白质在60h后明显减少,而前者含有的90kD蛋白质在寄生发生60h时含量明显增加;此外,被寄生和未被寄生卵电泳后均出现约50和44kD蛋白质条带,但在寄生发生84h后,这两条蛋白质带明显变浅,且未被寄生卵的改变更明显。同一时期被寄生和未被寄生卵间约有50%蛋白质条带出现在相同位置,而72、96h的寄生和未被寄生卵间约有30%。被寄生和未被寄生卵之间,同一时期的蛋白质条带数一般相差4条左右,但寄生发生6h后相差的条带数多达9条,这一时期出现与寄生和抗寄生有关的特异性蛋白质的可能性较大。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂两性生殖品系与孤雌产雌品系生物学特性的比较

于不同温度与不同相对湿度组合条件下,比较了两性生殖品系及人工转染含沃尔巴克氏体的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化率、寿命、繁殖力等生物学特性,以及高温和滞育贮藏对其生殖行为的影响.结果表明,在20℃与RH45%、78%、92%,以及25℃与RH45%、92%的组合下两性生殖品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化率高于孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;在20℃与RH45%及30℃与RH92%的组合下两性生殖品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的寿命高于孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;其余温湿度组合下羽化率、寿命和繁殖力二者均无显著差异.高温和滞育贮藏均会使已获及沃尔巴克氏体的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂在第二代中出现少量雄性个体,但继续培养仍会恢复为完全孤雌产雌生殖.     

Maternal influence on diapause induction: an approach to improve long-term storage of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma chilonis</Emphasis>

We have investigated the role of the thermo-photoperiodic condition of maternal generation in diapause induction of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) lab strain. To test the maternal effect, two lines of T. chilonis lab strain were generated by rearing them for one generation at: (1) 15 °C with L:D-12:12 (¹⁵F-1₁₂) and (2) 15 °C with L:D-20:4 (¹⁵F-1₂₀). The laboratory strain reared at 15 °C with L:D-12:12 for 65 generations (¹⁵F-65₁₂) was used as the control (acclimatized strain) due to its proven diapausing capacity. The ¹⁵F-1₂₀ line failed to undergo diapause, though healthy pre-pupae were formed at the pre-storage condition (at 10 °C with L:D- 8:16 and RH-60-70%). However, ¹⁵F-1₁₂ line could successfully complete all the phases of diapause and was comparable with the control batch. Considering 50% adult emergence and minimum 3 days of longevity, 125 days of storage could be achieved. From our current study, we conclude that diapause can be induced in T. chilonis lab strain by providing appropriate thermo-photoperiod to their maternal generation (for a single generation) followed by suitable diapause inducing and terminating protocols.     

棉铃虫卵龄和密度对松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生效能的影响

为进一步优化赤眼蜂田间释放技术,提高松毛虫赤眼蜂对棉铃虫的田间防治效果,本文开展了棉龄虫卵龄和密度对松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生效能影响的研究。结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂对棉铃虫1～2日龄卵偏好性明显高于0～1日龄和2～3日龄卵。不同“蜂-卵”比结果表明,随着“蜂-卵”比值增加,赤眼蜂单蜂寄生效能逐渐下降,从14.33粒/蜂降至0.73粒/蜂,而棉铃虫卵被寄生率逐渐上升,从17.92%上升至73.33%。综合两者的关系,发现在“蜂-卵”比为1∶20时,两者出现了交汇,此时,赤眼蜂单蜂寄生效能约7.50粒/蜂,棉铃虫卵被寄生率约为37%。基于此,得出松毛虫赤眼蜂对棉铃虫的田间防治应综合“蜂-卵”比、田间棉铃虫种群密度及落卵量等指标来确定田间释放赤眼蜂数量,以达到棉铃虫田间最佳防治效果。     

诱导始期、温度和历期对松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导及解除滞育的影响

为实现赤眼蜂滞育技术在工厂化生产中的应用,在实验室条件下测定了诱导始期(卵期,幼虫前期、中期、后期,预蛹初期)、温度(8、10、12和14℃)及诱导历期(10、20、30和40 d)对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi滞育诱导的作用,并对其解除滞育的条件进行了探索。结果表明:松毛虫赤眼蜂从卵期到预蛹初期均可被诱导滞育,以幼虫中期诱导效果最佳。12℃为诱导松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育的最适温度,12℃下诱导滞育20 d,松毛虫赤眼蜂即可进入稳定的滞育状态,滞育率达97.4%。赤眼蜂滞育后,需经过一段时间的低温后才能完成滞育发育。滞育松毛虫赤眼蜂在3℃条件下储藏70 d,解除滞育率达95.9%,3℃条件下经历各储存时间的滞育解除率均高于0℃。     

Effects of R gene‐mediated resistance in Brassica napus (oilseed rape) on asexual and sexual sporulation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot)

The phenotype of the R gene‐mediated resistance derived from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cv. Imola against the light leaf spot plant pathogen, Pyrenopeziza brassicae, was characterized. Using a doubled haploid B. napus mapping population that segregated for resistance against P. brassicae, development of visual symptoms was characterized and symptomless growth was followed using quantitative PCR and scanning electron microscopy on leaves of resistant/susceptible lines inoculated with suspensions of P. brassicae conidia. Initially, in controlled‐environment experiments, growth of P. brassicae was unaffected; then from 8 days post‐inoculation (dpi) some epidermal cells collapsed (‘black flecking’) in green living tissue of cv. Imola and from 13 to 36 dpi there was no increase in the amount of P. brassicae DNA and no asexual sporulation (acervuli/pustules). By contrast, during this period there was a 300‐fold increase in P. brassicae DNA and extensive asexual sporulation in leaves of the susceptible cv. Apex. However, when leaf tissue senesced, the amount of P. brassicae DNA increased rapidly in the resistant but not in the susceptible cultivar and sexual sporulation (apothecia) was abundant on senescent tissues of both. These results were consistent with observations from both controlled condition and field experiments with lines from the mapping population that segregated for this resistance. Analysis of results of both controlled‐environment and field experiments suggested that the resistance was mediated by a single R gene located on chromosome A1.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂产雌和产雄生殖行为

室内观察并比较了浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌和产雄生殖行为。根据观察结果,将两种生殖过程划分为四个阶段：（1）体外用触角检测寄主,（2）产卵器检测寄主体内环境,（3）排卵及（4）拔出产卵器。产雌和产雄生殖行为在寄主体内检测时的身体摆动、产卵时蜂相对静止程度、产卵器拔出动作和在寄主表面穿刺次数等方面均存在差异。在产雌和产雄生殖行为中,蜂对寄主的检测时间不存在显著差异（分别为14.84 s、15.50 s）,而寄主的体内检测时间（分别为190.23 s、482.55 s）,在两者间存在显著差异。产雌寄生时,雌蜂是否出现＂静止＂及产卵器是否抽动拔出可以作为产卵的判断标准,但对产雄寄生,则无法通过行为动作来进行判断。     

二化螟性信息素对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生能力及田间寄生效果的影响

性信息素可用于田间诱集雄虫,干扰雌、雄虫的交配从而抑制害虫种群,但田间应用性信息素对昆虫的寄生性天敌是否产生影响,能否和卵寄生蜂协同利用,尚不明确。本文在室内测定了二化螟性信息素混合物对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生能力的影响,在田间定点挂放寄主卵并释放稻螟赤眼蜂,比较了有无二化螟性诱剂诱芯存在时寄主卵被寄生的情况。结果发现二化螟性信息素混合物影响稻螟赤眼蜂的寄生。当混合物浓度从0.01μg/μL升高到10μg/μL时,供试米蛾卵被寄生率从50.29%下降到1.71%,均显著低于对照的62.14%。寄生发生后,赤眼蜂子代的雌性比不受性信息素浓度的影响,子代雌性比在45.9%~87.0%,与对照77.8%无显著差异。田间挂放二化螟性信息素诱芯影响了释放的稻螟赤眼蜂对二化螟卵的寄生率。远离诱芯位置的卵块的被寄生率高于距离诱芯近的卵块,但挂放诱芯吸引了自然界中的松毛虫赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂。以上结果显示二化螟性信息素影响了稻螟赤眼蜂的寄生,但不同种赤眼蜂对二化螟诱芯的反应不同。     

光周期和温度对苹果蠹蛾滞育诱导的影响

为探讨光周期和温度对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella滞育诱导的影响,通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期、温度诱导条件及滞育的敏感光照虫期进行了研究。结果表明:20℃时,光照时间短于12 h,苹果蠹蛾的滞育率可达到100%;25℃时,光周期为L 8∶D 16时滞育率最高,为98.3%;30℃时,光照时间少于10 h,苹果蠹蛾的滞育率可达85%以上。在20、25和30℃条件下,幼虫滞育的临界日长分别为14.21、13.68和13.73 h。苹果蠹蛾对光照反应有2个最敏感时期,即幼虫初孵化阶段和预蛹期阶段,卵期对光照反应不敏感。表明苹果蠹蛾是一种典型的短日照滞育型种类,光周期、温度及其交互作用均对其滞育诱导具有重要影响,其中光周期占主导作用,温度随着光周期起作用,低温对滞育诱导有很好的促进作用。     

食料对大猿叶虫山东种群滞育和生物学特性的影响

在25℃、LD12︰12条件下,大猿叶虫山东种群取食九种不同食料植物,以精半黄小白菜喂养的大猿叶虫山东种群滞育率最低,与其他八种食料有显著差异,而这八种食料之间无显著差异。大猿叶虫山东种群取食九种不同食料植物,蛹重没有显著差异,而幼虫发育历期、雌虫寿命、每雌总产卵量、平均产卵量均有显著差异。     

中国西北地区近43年气候变化及其对农业生产的影响

选取西北地区171个地面测站1961～2003年历年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、降水量,≥0℃、≥10℃积温和<0℃负积温等指标,分析近43年气候变化特征.月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、≥0℃、≥10℃积温,1987～2003年比1961～1986年的平均值明显增高(多),尤以最低气温增幅最大,冬季升温幅度大于夏季,西北地区气候变暖主要来自于最低气温的贡献;<0℃负积温明显减少;降水量西部增多、东部减少,分界线与黄河走向基本一致.西北地区西部呈暖湿变化趋势,东部呈暖干变化趋势,喜温作物面积扩大,越冬作物种植区北界向北扩展.     

Assessment of methoxyfenozide exposure on the sexual attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., in small orchard blocks

BACKGROUND: The sexual attractiveness of female and the responsiveness of male codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide were investigated in small orchard block experiments. The main purpose of the study was to determine whether the reported sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide affecting moth behavior also occur under field conditions. RESULTS: Data from the first experiment showed that in some trials untreated females were significantly more attractive to wild males than methoxyfenozide-treated females. The second experiment revealed that some released methoxyfenozide-treated males were not as responsive to calling females as untreated males, and that some untreated females were more attractive to males than methoxyfenozide-treated females. The third experiment revealed that wild males exposed to treated tree surfaces were significantly less responsive to traps than were wild males exposed to untreated trees. However, there were no significant differences in mean recaptures of released males between the untreated and treated orchard blocks. CONCLUSION: Exposure of adult C. pomonella to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces resulted in a negative impact on male responsiveness to calling females and synthetic pheromone lures. However, the level of impact on the sexual attractiveness of treated females did not appear to be as explicit.     

河西走廊东部地面温度的变化特征及影响因子分析

利用河西走廊东部4个气象站近50 a地面0 cm温度及年气温、蒸发、降水、相对湿度和风速等观测资料,运用线性趋势系数法系统分析了河西走廊东部近50 a地面温度的空间分布、时间变化趋势及极值变化等特征,采用多元线性回归中的标准化回归系数分析了影响地面温度的气象因子。结果表明：受天气系统、地形地貌以及海拔高度等影响,河西走廊东部地面温度低海拔平原区大于高海拔山区。各地年、年代地面温度呈很显著上升趋势,年地面温度的时间序列存在着6～9 a的准周期变化;月地面温度变化比较一致;各地各季节地面温度也呈上升趋势,春、夏季上升率大于秋、冬季;各地年极端最高和最低地面温度也均呈上升趋势,极端最低地面温度的上升率大于极端最高地面温度的上升率,因此冬季增温对年地面温度升高贡献大于夏季。河西走廊东部地面温度的主要影响因子是最低气温和平均气温,其次是降水、平均风速和相对湿度,最高气温的影响较弱,蒸发的影响最弱。地面温度与平均、最高、最低气温呈正相关,与降水、相对湿度以及平均风速呈负相关,与蒸发无相关性。影响各地地面温度的主要因子有所不同。     

黄土丘陵沙棘人工林地水分及养分规律研究

为探讨黄土丘陵区不同龄沙棘生长对生态环境的影响,测定安塞站实验区4～15年不同龄沙棘林土壤水分和养分变化特征.结果表明,沙棘林地土壤含水量在根系微弱利用层(0～20 cm)和根系利用层(20～300cm)范围内,随着沙棘林龄增加,土壤含水率随土层深度的增加呈下降的趋势.4～15龄沙棘平均碱解N积累量为28.0 g/kg,8龄沙棘碱解N、速效P分别为28.0和1.72 g/kg;12龄碱解N、速效P分别为29.2和1.18 g/kg.随着沙棘林龄增加,速效P积累量呈下降趋势,而碱解N呈增加的趋势,最大值15龄沙棘积累量为30.2 g/kg.实验区域内土壤呈碱性,pH值在8.0～8.6之闻交化.随沙棘树龄的增长,其土壤pH值呈上升趋势.     

温湿度对枯草芽胞杆菌B36菌株可湿性粉剂防治番茄灰霉病效果的影响

本文研究了温湿度对枯草芽胞杆菌B36菌株可湿性粉剂防治番茄灰霉病效果的影响。结果表明：枯草芽胞杆菌B36菌株可湿性粉剂在相对湿度90%时,对番茄灰霉病保护和治疗效果最高,分别达82.9%和61.63%;在相对湿度100%时,对番茄灰霉病保护和治疗效果最差,分别达32.87%和31.63%。当相对湿度为90%,温度在30 ℃∥20 ℃条件下,对番茄灰霉病的保护和治疗效果分别为82.48%和63.01%;温度在25 ℃∥15 ℃条件下,对番茄灰霉病的保护和治疗效果分别为45.06%和23.85%。表明湿度及温度对枯草芽胞杆菌B36菌株可湿性粉剂防治番茄灰霉病的效果具有较大影响。     

卵和蛹短时高温对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵和蛹经短时高温处理对其生长发育的影响,将草地贪夜蛾卵和蛹在34、38、42、46℃高温下分别处理2、4、6 h后,测定短时高温下草地贪夜蛾卵的孵化率、不同虫态的发育历期、蛹的羽化率和雌成虫及其子代的繁殖力等指标。结果表明:随着温度升高和高温持续时间延长卵的孵化率逐渐降低,卵在38℃及以上处理6 h或高温46℃处理2 h以上孵化率显著降低;46℃处理6 h的孵化率最低为12.21%,幼虫不能成活;在42℃处理4 h以上和46℃处理2 h以上卵的发育历期延长,与对照差异显著,幼虫的发育历期显著短于对照,蛹的发育历期与对照比无显著差异;38℃处理6 h、42℃处理6 h成虫的产卵量显著低于对照。短时高温处理蛹后,雌蛹和雄蛹在46℃处理2～6 h后羽化率分别为0～15.00%和0～6.75%,均显著低于对照,雌蛹在42、46℃下的羽化率高于雄蛹,蛹在38℃处理6 h和42℃处理2 h以上后羽化的成虫产卵量较低,为121.25～186.75粒。表明高温38℃以上持续6 h或42℃以上持续2 h以上草地贪夜蛾种群生长会受到抑制。     

温度诱导对星豹蛛热激蛋白hsp70和hsp90基因表达的影响

为探讨温度诱导对星豹蛛的应激反应,运用实时定量PCR法测定了不同温度对星豹蛛热激蛋白hsp70和hsp90基因表达量的影响。结果表明:经过17、20、23、26℃诱导后,星豹蛛hsp70和hsp90基因表达量与对照组差异不显著,当高于26℃时,随着温度的升高表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,且在38℃时最高,分别为对照组的716.46和10.44倍,差异显著;低于17℃时,表达量随着温度的降低呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中-1℃时最高,分别为对照组的334.53和9.38倍,差异显著;-1~41℃范围内,在相同诱导温度处理下,星豹蛛hsp70基因表达量显著高于hsp90基因。表明当星豹蛛受到温度高于26℃或低于17℃的刺激后,体内hsp70和hsp90基因表达量均增加,且hsp70基因表达量高于hsp90基因。说明热激蛋白只有在极端高温和低温的条件下才充分表达,从而对机体产生保护作用,且这种保护只在一定温度范围内起作用。