白僵菌及其伴生菌发酵液对线虫的毒力研究

采用发酵液浸没法,以4种线虫作为靶标,对6株白僵菌、7株伴生菌菌株进行了杀线虫活性筛选,以期获得新的、高效的杀线虫生防菌资源。其中:处理24 h对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫及大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera glycines 2龄幼虫校正死亡率均达80%以上的菌株仅有白僵菌Snef2598及伴生菌Snef5;供试菌株对水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoides besseyi的毒力均较低,其中仅有1株白僵菌校正死亡率达到40%以上。处理48 h对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫校正死亡率达90%以上的菌株有白僵菌4株和伴生菌5株;对大豆胞囊线虫2龄幼虫校正死亡率超过90%的菌株有白僵菌3株和伴生菌1株;供试菌株对水稻干尖线虫毒力均较低,校正死亡率达60%以上的菌株有白僵菌3株和伴生菌2株;几乎所有供试菌株,对小杆线虫Caenorhabditis sp.的毒力均很高,处理24 h及48 h的校正死亡率均达97%以上,且被杀死的小杆线虫体壁以及虫体内部物质均被不同程度地消解。研究表明,球孢白僵菌菌株Snef2598及其伴生菌菌株Snef5对4种靶标线虫的毒力均较好,具有进一步研究的价值。     

Toxicity of fungal endophyte secondary metabolites to plant parasitic nematodes and soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi

Fungi isolated from the cortical tissue of surface sterilized tomato roots collected from field plots produced secondary metabolites in nutrition broth that were highly toxic toMeloidogyne incognita. Especially strains ofFusarium oxysporum were highly active with 13 of 15 strains producing culture filtrates toxic to nematodes. The mechanism of action of the toxic metabolites produced by the non-pathogenicF. oxysporum strain 162 with proven biological control ofM. incognita in pot experiments was investigated. These metabolites reducedM. incognita mobility within 10 min of exposure. After 60 min, 98% of juveniles were inactivated. Juveniles were initially inactivated within a few minutes of exposure, but with exposure of 5 h 50% of the juveniles were dead and 24 h exposure resulted in 100% mortality. In a bioassay with lettuce seedlings metabolite concentrations > 100 mg/l reduced the number ofM. incognita juveniles on the roots comparing to the water control. TheF. oxysporum toxins were highly effective towards sedentary parasites and less effective towards migratory endoparasites. Nonparasitic nematodes were not influenced at all. Metabolites of strain 162 also reduced significantly the growth ofPhytophthora cactorum, Pythium ultimum andRhizoctonia solani in vitro. Secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi on plant-parasitic nematodes and soil-borne fungi should be considered for control of plant parasitic nematodes and plant pathogenic fungi. The results also show the need for proper selection of target nematodes inin vitro bioassays.     

Biological control potential of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes against the Mediterranean fruit fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceratitis capitata</Emphasis>

The entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema weiseri, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae and two strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, isolated from Turkish soils, were evaluated against larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata in plastic cups under laboratory conditions with sandy loam soil and 10% moisture level. At a rate of 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm², the last instar larvae of C. capitata were susceptible to the entomopathogenic nematodes: the S. feltiae 09-31 strain recovered from Aydin provided 78% mortality, whereas S. weiseri and S. carpocapsae killed 50% and 56% of the larvae, respectively. Both strains of H. bacteriophora species caused less than 50% mortality. Except for S. feltiae, the majority of infected medflies died as prepupae or pupae within the puparia. More than 90% larval mortality was recorded at 200 and 400 IJs/cm² for S. feltiae. None of the nematode isolates infected the medfly pupae within the puparia. In pot experiments containing soil, S. feltiae caused 96% and 97% mortality at 100 and 200 IJs/cm², respectively. In pot experiments with grass present, more than 94% mortality was obtained in the presence of grass roots.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Col.: Curculionidae)

Ten Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for their pathogenicity to R. ferrugineus in both the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory, most nematodes were pathogenic to the pest larvae, pupae and adults. Larvae and adults were more susceptible to nematode infection (mostly 100% mortality) than pupae enclosed in their cocoons. In the field however, the highest insect larval mortality was 66.67% and most of nematodes failed in controlling the pest. Such failure could be due to hot weather, the tunnelling behaviour of the pest larvae and the too much sap in the infested sites in the trunks of palm trees.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Col.: Curculionidae)

Ten Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for their pathogenicity to R. ferrugineus in both the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory, most nematodes were pathogenic to the pest larvae, pupae and adults. Larvae and adults were more susceptible to nematode infection (mostly 100% mortality) than pupae enclosed in their cocoons. In the field however, the highest insect larval mortality was 66.67% and most of nematodes failed in controlling the pest. Such failure could be due to hot weather, the tunnelling behaviour of the pest larvae and the too much sap in the infested sites in the trunks of palm trees.     

Compounds inhibitory to nematophagous fungi produced by Bacillus sp. strain H6 isolated from fungistatic soil

Soil fungistasis can cause inconsistent control by nematophagous fungi of plant-pathogenic nematodes in field situations. Recent studies have shown that production of fungistatic compounds by bacteria was the principal explanation for soil fungistasis. The culture filtrate of Bacillus sp. strain H6, a strain representative of the dominant colony types isolated from fungistatic soils, showed strong inhibitory activity against nematophagous fungi by inducing unusual swelling in the conidia and the germ tubes of nematophagous fungi, thereby preventing the fungi from proliferating. This inhibitory mechanism is novel in comparison with other known mechanisms. Antifungal activity of the culture filtrate of strain H6 was maximal after culture in Luria Bertani (LB) broth (pH 7.0) at 36°C for 36 h. The inhibitory effect of the compounds produced by Bacillus sp. strain H6 was not significantly influenced by pH, and the inhibitory compounds in the culture filtrate were thermostable. After being partially purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel plates, characterization by colour reactions and positive fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry indicated that the inhibitory compounds showed similarity to iturin A group compounds.     

Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi and a nematode against the soil-dwelling stages of the crane fly Tipula paludosa

BACKGROUND: Larvae of the crane fly Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) are economically important pests of grasslands, nurseries and organically grown crops. This study was conducted to evaluate several entomopathogenic fungal strains, the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the organophosphate insecticide Dursban WG (75% chlorpyrifos) against larval stages of T. paludosa under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. RESULTS: Metarhizium robertsii strain V1005 was the most virulent, causing 100% larval mortality 4 weeks post-inoculation. Eight other M. robertsii strains and M. brunneum (ARSEF 3297) caused mortality ranging between 0 and 60%, whereas strains of Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea and Lecanicillium longisporum were non-pathogenic to T. paludosa. In greenhouse tests, medium (2 × 10¹⁴ conidia ha⁻¹) and high (2 × 10¹⁶ conidia ha⁻¹) concentrations of V1005 gave higher larval mortalities (90 and 100%) than lower (2 × 10¹³ conidia ha⁻¹) concentrations (52 and 78%) at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment respectively. Dursban WG gave 100% larval mortality 4 weeks after treatment; H. bacteriophora UWS1 caused 28 and 65% mortality 4 and 8 weeks after treatment respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that M. robertsii V1005 has considerable potential for the control of T. paludosa, thereby reducing the use of chemical insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of antagonistic fungi,plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone and in combination on the reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis> and growth of tomato

Antagonistic fungi (Aspergillus niger CA and Penicillium chrysogenum CA1), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Burkholderia cepacia 4684 and Bacillus subtilis 7612) and AM fungi (Glomus intraradices KA and Gigaspora margarita AA) were assessed alone and in combination for their effects on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glasshouse experiments. Application of antagonistic fungus, PGPR, or AM fungus alone or in combination significantly increased the length and shoot dry mass of plants both with and without nematodes. The increase in shoot dry mass caused by Gl. intraradices KA in plants without nematodes was greater than that caused by PGPR or antagonistic fungi. Similarly, the increase in shoot dry mass caused by Bu. cepacia 4684 in plants with nematodes was greater than that caused by P. chrysogenum CA1. Application of Bu. cepacia 4684 caused a 36.1% increase in shoot dry mass of nematode-inoculated plants followed by Ba. subtilis 7612 (32.4%), A. niger CA (31.7%), Gl. intraradices KA (30.9%), Gi. margarita AA (29.9%) and P. chrysogenum CA1 (28.8%). Use of Bu. cepacia 4684 with A. niger CA caused a highest (65.7%) increase in shoot dry mass in nematode-inoculated plants followed by Ba. subtilis 7612 plus A. niger CA (60.9%). Burkholderia cepacia 4684 greatly reduced (39%) galling and nematode multiplication, and the reduction was even greater (73%) when applied with A. niger CA. Antagonistic fungi had no significant effect on root colonization caused by AM fungi. Applying Bu. cepacia 4684 with A. niger CA may be useful in the biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato.     

Comparative efficacy of indigenous heterorhabditid nematodes from north western Himalaya and Heterorhabditis indica (Poinar,Karunakar & David) against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

The efficacy of three Heterorhabditis spp of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from north western Himalaya, India was studied against the larvae of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), under the laboratory conditions. The larvae were exposed to 10, 20, 30 and 40 infective juveniles (IJs) of each nematode species for different time periods and they were found to be susceptible to all the EPNs tested. However, the susceptibility of larvae to nematode infection varied according to the concentrations of IJs and their exposure periods. The efficacy of these indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes was also compared against commercially available entomopathogenic nematode, H. indica. Appreciably good performance was achieved by H. bacteriophora (HRJ), which showed 73.3% mortality of insect larvae in 96 h exposure time against third instar larvae, while H. indica produced 80.0% mortality. However it was noticed that with the advancement of larval stage its mortality rate reduced and vice versa with the exposure period. All tested EPNs were also found to reproduce within the host and maximum production of IJs was recorded in H. bacteriophora (26.0 ± 3.76 × 10³ IJs/larva) at the concentration of 40 IJs/larva.     

Prospects for the use of biological control agents against Anoplophora in Europe

This review summarises the literature on the biological control of Anoplophora spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and discusses its potential for use in Europe. Entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria brongniartii Petch (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) has already been developed into a commercial product in Japan, and fungal infection results in high mortality rates. Parasitic nematodes: Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser have potential for use as biopesticides as an alternative to chemical treatments. Parasitoids: a parasitoid of Anoplophora chinensis Forster, Aprostocetus anoplophorae Delvare (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was discovered in Italy in 2002 and has been shown to be capable of parasitising up to 72% of A. chinensis eggs; some native European parasitoid species (e.g. Spathius erythrocephalus) also have potential to be used as biological control agents. Predators: two woodpecker (Piciformis: Picidae) species that are native to Europe, Dendrocopos major Beicki and Picus canus Gmelin, have been shown to be effective at controlling Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky in Chinese forests. The removal and destruction of infested and potentially infested trees is the main eradication strategy for Anoplophora spp. in Europe, but biological control agents could be used in the future to complement other management strategies, especially in locations where eradication is no longer possible. © 2014 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Native entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from Turkey and their effectiveness on pine processionary moth,Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams

Two native entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from soil samples in Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey and characterized based on 28S rDNA region. BLASTN homology and phylogenetic analysis of SK17 and SK-71 isolates indicated 98% and 99% identity to Steinernema affine and Steinernema feltiae, respectively. The results were constructed by neighbour-joining and bootstrap tree methods. Efficacy of S. affine (SK-17 strain) and S. feltiae (SK-71 strain) was tested against the larvae of pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams, and remarkable mortality rates were obtained. Both strains caused complete mortality upon application of 500 IJs in foliar tests. However, the same strains caused 30% and 33% mortality at 80 IJs/cm² in soil applications. It was concluded that these native strains could be considered as potential biocontrol agents for reducing the damage caused by T. wilkinsoni larvae.     

昆虫病原线虫与黑色粘板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治

为探索昆虫病原线虫与色板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的综合防治技术,采用培养皿滤纸法比较7品系昆虫病原线虫对韭蛆3龄幼虫的致病力,盆栽法研究斯氏线虫属3品系线虫的保苗和防治效果;并通过温室和田间试验比较10种颜色粘板和3个粘板高度对迟眼蕈蚊成虫的诱集效果,研究线虫与黑色粘板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果。结果表明:SF-SN品系线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫致病力最高,LD50为60.0条/头,施用线虫剂量为200、400条/头时,其保苗和防治效果高低依次为SF-SN、All、NC116,其中施用SF-SN品系5 d,保苗效果达62.74%,防治效果达60.26%;黑色粘板诱集效果极显著高于其它色板,且下部(色板下缘离地面1 cm处)诱集成虫量最多,与中部(15 cm)、上部(30 cm)之间差异极显著。研究表明,SF-SN品系线虫主要用于防治幼虫,黑色粘板主要诱杀成虫,二者配合使用防治效果可达97.60%,能够极大地降低虫口基数。     

丛枝菌根真菌和甜菜夜蛾的相互作用

为探索丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌与植食性昆虫的相互作用,将摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae BEG167,Fm)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices BEG141,Gi)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme Berch,Gv)3种AM真菌以及甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua分别接种至花生和番茄上,通过测定AM真菌的侵染定殖和甜菜夜蛾的生长发育指标分析AM真菌与甜菜夜蛾的相互作用。结果显示,甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生植株后,Fm、Gv和Gi的侵染率和泡囊数均有增加,侵染率分别是未取食的1.15、1.10和1.11倍,而Fm的泡囊数增加最显著,是未取食的1.27倍。在菌根番茄植株上,Fm和Gv的侵染率显著增加,分别是未取食的1.24倍和1.94倍,Fm、Gv和Gi的泡囊数均显著增加,分别是未取食的1.50、1.98和1.42倍。甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生和菌根番茄植株后,幼虫存活率下降,幼虫历期和蛹期明显延长;Fm对其影响最显著,甜菜夜蛾在花生上的存活率、幼虫历期和蛹期分别为26.67%、26.78 d和10.67 d,在番茄上分别为35.52%、24.33 d和10.39 d,与取食非菌根植株处理差异显著。表明甜菜夜蛾能在一定程度上促进AM真菌的侵染和定殖,而AM真菌能抑制甜菜夜蛾的生长和发育,但其影响因AM真菌种类而不同。     

Laboratory evaluation of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes for control of the beetleMaladera matrida

The potential use of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes against the beetleMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was determined under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Infective juveniles (IJ’s) of the nematodeHeterorhabditis sp., Hp88 strain, mixed with soil at a concentration as low as 50 IJ’s/cm³ soil, resulted in 86% control. No increase in control was obtained with higher nematode concentrations. Soil surface application of the nematodes at concentrations of 160 and 640 IJ’s/cm² was sufficient to obtain 87% and 86% mortality, respectively, even at a depth of 40 cm below the soil surface. TheHeterorhabditis sp. Hp88 strain was found to be the most pathogenic to the beetle grubs at 25°C. Lower control levels of 30-47% were achieved byHeterorhabditis sp. HL81 strain,S. feltiae ‘All’ strain and 5.bibionis CR strain. The nematodeHeterorhabditis sp. BS strain did not have any effect on insect mortality. However, at a temperature of 16°C, the HL81 strain ofHeterorhabditis sp. was the most effective. Grubs 3-5 wk old were found to be the most susceptible developmental stage of infection ofHeterorhabditis sp. Hp88 strain. Pupae, which were exposed to the nematodes in the same experimental regime, were not affected. The results obtained in the present study suggest thatM. matrida is an attractive candidate for biological control by entomoparasitic nematodes.     

Pathogens of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgarian forests

The occurrence and prevalence of bark beetle pathogens in forest stands in Bulgaria were investigated in 944 specimens belonging to 21 bark beetle species. Protozoa, microsporidia, fungi and nematodes occurred in 19 of all investigated species. The infections were found in the gut (nematodes, gregarines, microsporidia), gonads (microsporidia) and hemolymph (nematodes) of the infected insects. Protozoan species (Gregarina typographi, Gregarina spp.) were detected in eight bark beetle species. Morphometric data about G. typographi and Gregarina spp. are presented. The prevalence of the gregarines varied between 1.4% and 64.2%. Microsporidia of the genera Nosema and Chytridiopsis were revealed in three bark beetle species. The prevalence of microsporidia ranged between 1.5% and 11.8%. This is the first report of a microsporidium in Taphrorychus villifrons and of gregarines in T. villifrons, Pityogenes bistridentatus, P. conjunctus, and Orthotomicus erosus. The fungus Beauveria bassiana was found in 3.4% of Hylurgops palliatus specimens. Nematodes (in gut and haemolymph) were revealed in 19 bark beetle species and their prevalence varied between 10% and 98.5%.     

Entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae) as control agents forParahypopta caestrum, a pest in the culture ofAsparagus officinalis

The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)Steinernema feltiae (under the trade name Entonem) andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora (under the trade name Larvanem) were evaluated as potential control agents ofParahypopta caestrum, the major pest of the asparagus crop in Greece. In laboratory experiments the two nematodes provided equal insect suppression, but significant differences were found in the time it took them to kill the larvae.S. feltiae caused high levels of mortality within 24 h and the highest level at 48 h. In contrast,H. bacteriophora required 96 h to achieve the highest level of mortality. In field experiments, the nematodes provided equal insect suppression as compared with the insecticide cadusaphos and the mixture teflubenzuron +Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki. No significant differences were found in the effectiveness of the insecticides used, but there were significant differences between the control and treatments. The findings showed thatS. feltiae andH. bacteriophora could be used to control the insectP. caestrum in asparagus culture. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2007.     

北京地区春玉米螟害产量损失估计方法及防治指标的商榷

根据1962—1964年北京地区12块春播玉米地心叶期卵和卵虫(第一代)成活率資料,并参考国内对螟害与玉米产量損失关系的研究成果,提出了春玉米上因玉米螟为害而造成的产量損夫估計方法和药剂防治的参考指标。心叶期卵的平均成活率及其标准誤为57.4±2.9％,卵块的脫落是死亡的主要原因。幼虫期的平均成活率及其标准誤为5.64±0.89％。这两个平均成活率的变異系数都比较小,相关分析表明,百株着卵量与成长幼虫数是相关的。故可职利用卵和幼虫的平均成活率由着卵密度来估計成长幼虫密度。心叶期卵和幼虫的合計平均成活率及其标准誤为3.4±0.51％。在95％可靠性时的置信区間为3.4±1.173％,卵块的平均粒数为31.7粒。若职单株平均一虫所造成的产量損失率为5％計,可用丁式来估計产量損失: 产量損失％=[(心叶期百株累計卵块数×31.7)×(0.034±0.012)]×0.05 在經济核算士,作者初步認为职損失率1.5％作为防治标准比較合适。以此推算,欲达到这一損失率,心叶期百株累計卵块应为28块(用平均成活率計算)至21块(用成活率上界計算)。一般可定为24块。根据心叶期百株累計卵块数与累計着卵株百分率或百株高峯卵块数之間存在的相关,百株累計24块卵,相当于累計着卵株率28％,或百株高峯卵块6块。在实践上就可以用它們作为心叶期的防治指标。     

Evaluation of the combination of 1,3-dichloropropene and dazomet as an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production in China

BACKGROUND: The combination of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and dazomet (DZ) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for soil disinfection. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries. Combination treatments of 1,3‐D + DZ were evaluated in a laboratory study and in two commercial cucumber fields. RESULTS: Laboratory studies found that nearly all of the tested combinations of 1,3‐D and DZ displayed positive synergistic activity on root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), two major soilborne fungi (Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.) and the seeds of two major weed species (Digitaria sanguinalis and Abutilon theophrasti). Field trials revealed that the combination of 1,3‐D and DZ (at 10 + 25 g m^?2) successfully suppressed Meloidogyne spp. root galling, sharply reduced Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. and maintained high cucumber yields. The combination treatment of 1,3‐D + DZ was more effective than 1,3‐D or DZ alone and provided results similar to methyl bromide with respect to pest control, plant mortality, plant height, yield and income. All of the treatments were significantly better than the non‐treated control. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the tested combination of 1,3‐D and DZ offers an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biological control in Hungary: present situation and possibilities1

Biological control has already achieved certain results in Hungary, especially against soil-borne fungi and glasshouse pests. Nevertheless, experience has shown that locally found biological agents, however effective, could not be developed into registered, ready-for-sale plant protection products because of the lack of companies willing to invest. Biological control in Hungary is therefore limited to the conservation of natural antagonistic flora and fauna and to the application of imported biopesticides and bioagents, which are subject in Hungary to a registration procedure similar to that for chemical plant protection products. Current work includes the development of an anti-nematode product from a local strain of Arthrobotrys oligospora, application techniques for a local mirid Dicyphus hyalinipennis against insect pests, studies with native and imported strains of the nematodes Steinernema and Heterorhabditis against soil-borne insect pests, and introduction techniques for the chrysomelid Zygogramma sutularis against the weed Ambrosia elatior.     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.