松褐天牛的天敌及其对寄主的控制能力研究

根据国内外的研究和作者的研究结果,总结和记述了传播松材线虫的媒介昆虫松褐天牛的天敌种类及其控害情况。共有9 7种天敌,其中天敌昆虫4 7种,病原微生物1 7种,捕食性鸟类3 3种。同时对主要天敌种类病原微生物、肿腿蜂、斑头陡盾茧蜂、花绒寄甲、天牛斑叩甲和捕食性鸟类对松褐天牛的控制能力进行了阐述。     

Development of and future prospects for pyrethroid chemistry

The pyrethroid group of insecticides consists of natural pyrethrins derived from pyrethrum flowers and synthetic derivatives which are similar in chemical structure to the natural compounds. Pyrethroids have been considered to be ideal insecticides because of their rapid knock-down effect against insects in a minimal dose and low mammalian toxicity. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of cold storage on the performance of entomophagous insects: an overview

Mass rearing for commercial production of high quality beneficial insects is considered as an important tool for biological control programmes worldwide, especially those based on augmentative releases. Low temperature storage is a valuable method for increasing the shelf life of entomophagous insects. Insect predators and parasitoids are used extensively in biological control programmes and, because of this, studies on cold storage started over 90 years ago. The ability to store reared biocontrol agents at low temperatures for certain duration provides an opportunity to accumulate or stockpile sufficient number of entomophagous insects for field release at proper weather conditions and make them available during high demand periods to the concerned farmers. Cold stored natural enemies can be synchronously released in the fields during critical stages of pest outbreaks. Cold storage also helps to keep viable stock of natural enemies when not needed and to minimize laboratory operations by prolonging their survival and delaying eclosion. Cold storage tolerance is highly plastic trait influenced by a range of biotic and abiotic factors experienced before, during and after cold exposure. These factors ultimately affect the development, longevity, fecundity, parasitization, sex-ratio and other fitness parameters along with morphology, behaviour and physiology of entomophagous insects. For the successful implementation of a cold storage project, knowledge of these diverse factors that cause storage and post-storage effects is essential. The potential of cold storage protocols in improving mass rearing and commercial production of bioagents is thus reviewed to access the strategies, innovations, techniques, devices and wisdom involved in the process of cold storage of entomophagous insects worldwide.     

Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The toxicities of three enzyme inhibitors and their synergistic effects on four insecticides were studied by using the dry film method on field populations of 18 species of insects collected in Jianxin and Shanjie, China, from 2003 to 2005. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. In general, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed low toxicities to six herbivorous pest insects, four ladybirds and eight parasitoids. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. The tolerance to the insecticides in 11 pest insects and natural enemies was mainly associated with the tolerance to PB. PB showed the highest synergism on methamidophos, fenvalerate, fipronil and avermectin in nine species of pest insects and natural enemies. In general, TPP and DEM showed significant synergisms to these four insecticides in four parasitoid species. However, in contrast to their effects on the parasitoids, the synergistic effects of TPP and DEM on the four insecticides by TPP and DEM against four pest insects and one ladybird varied depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitor. Activity of AChE, CarE or GST could be strongly inhibited, in vivo, by PB, TPP or DEM, depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitors. From the results obtained in this study, mixed-function oxidase (MFO) was thought to play the most critical role in insect tolerances to the tested insecticides in the field. Low competition existed in the evolution of insecticide resistance in the field populations of parasitoids, as compared with herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds. Possible causes of the high synergistic effects of PB on the four classes of insecticides, based on multiattack on the activity of CarE, GST or AChE in the insect species, are also discussed.     

秦椒田天敌的调查及利用

研究表明:秦椒田天敌有70佘种,主要14种。以蜘蛛、瓢虫、寄生性天敌、食虫蝽为天敌优势类群。各类群天敌在椒田的发生季节和数量不同,主要受地区差异、栽培方式、椒田化学农药使用量的影响。秦椒田天敌种群数量与害虫发生密度成正相关(γ=0.43～0.79),对秦椒田害虫有很强的控制作用。采用麦椒间套、挖窝诱蛛、插种玉米、花生以及合理使用化学农药,对保护椒田天敌效果显著。     

Review: Date palm arthropod pests and their management in Israel

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the distribution, natural history, economic importance and management of 16 major species of date palm pests in Israel. Another 15, rarely occurring, pest species are also identified. Research on the date palm pests in Israel was initiated against a background of severe outbreaks of scale insects in the late 1950s. These outbreaks were caused mainly by unrestrained use of organophosphates. This situation led to the gradual development of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, which was implemented first against scale insects and later against fruit pests. The IMP approach resulted in successful control of the scale insects, up to the present, whereas agrotechnical and crop management procedures, including covering the fruit bunches with plastic nets and early harvesting of several date cultivars, were successfully applied to achieve efficient control of the fruit moths. In addition, the use of chemical compounds in date plantations was drastically reduced and restricted to heavy foci of pest infestation. In time, microbial control, mainly application ofBacillus thuringiensis products against the lesser date moth, and the use of pheromone traps for monitoring and controlling red palm weevil, enabled further reductions in the use of synthetic insecticides. The overall change in pest management also significantly improved the preservation of natural enemies of the pests in the plantations. Whereas in the 1950s the major problems were caused by the parlatoria date scale and the green scale, in the early 2000s the key pests in date plantations in Israel are the lesser date moth and sap beetles in most of the date-growing areas, and spider mites which are restricted to the Arava Valley. Future management of the first two of these pests should rely on an improved monitoring system and integration of pheromone application for reduction of the population and damage. Efforst should be made to prevent the red palm weevil, which currently is a potential pest, from becoming an actual key pest in date plantations.     

Accumulation of malathion residues in grain stored on malathion-treated wood surfaces

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine whether insecticides applied to storage structures are able to move past a single layer of grain kernels to give adequate control of stored-grain insects. The extent of uptake of insecticides was assessed on three layers of wheat in contact with wood surfaces treated with malathion 836 g litre^?1 e.c. at 1–0 g a.i. m^?2 using chemical and biological methods at predetermined time intervals. There was a progressive uptake of malathion beyond the layer directly in contact with the treated surfaces and the uptake depended on the duration of storage. After 8 weeks a sufficient amount of malathion accumulated on the top layer of grain kernels to cause 100% mortality of adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).     

棉蚜自然天敌种群数量动态和控制蚜害的研究

调查了德州地区棉蚜主要天敌(瓢虫、草蛉、食虫蝽和蜘蛛类)5—8月份的种群数量动态。棉蚜天敌在不防治棉田内,虽能建立稳定的种群,但不能有效地控制蚜害;在化防田内由于喷药频繁,被杀伤严重,控制蚜害作用较小;在综防田内,基本上能建立自然种群,结合其它防治措施对控制蚜害的作用较明显,经济效益显著。     

3种杀虫剂对中稻田白背飞虱及捕食性天敌群落的影响

采用室内毒力测定、田间试验和系统调查方法研究了3种杀虫剂对中稻田白背飞虱及捕食性天敌群落的影响,旨在提高水稻白背飞虱的化学防治效率,减少农药对环境的污染,保护天敌对害虫的自然控制作用,为水稻白背飞虱的综合治理提供依据。研究结果表明,阿维菌素、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱3种杀虫剂对白背飞虱3龄若虫均有较高的室内毒力,LC50分别为0.339 1、0.896 0和4.714 7mg/L,说明安徽省桐城市白背飞虱种群对这3种药剂尚未产生较高的抗药性。阿维菌素对白背飞虱的田间防治效果较差,毒死蜱药后3d即达到较好的防治效果,但持效期较短。吡蚜酮对白背飞虱有很好的防治效果,药后7d和14d的防效分别达到90.94%和89.94%,且对捕食性天敌群落影响较小,有助于保护和加强天敌的自然控制作用,是防治中稻田白背飞虱较理想的药剂。     

Impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on natural enemies in greenhouse and interiorscape environments

The neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and clothianidin are commonly used in greenhouses and/or interiorscapes (plant interiorscapes and conservatories) to manage a wide range of plant‐feeding insects such as aphids, mealybugs and whiteflies. However, these systemic insecticides may also be harmful to natural enemies, including predators and parasitoids. Predatory insects and mites may be adversely affected by neonicotinoid systemic insecticides when they: (1) feed on pollen, nectar or plant tissue contaminated with the active ingredient; (2) consume the active ingredient of neonicotinoid insecticides while ingesting plant fluids; (3) feed on hosts (prey) that have consumed leaves contaminated with the active ingredient. Parasitoids may be affected negatively by neonicotinoid insecticides because foliar, drench or granular applications may decrease host population levels so that there are not enough hosts to attack and thus sustain parasitoid populations. Furthermore, host quality may be unacceptable for egg laying by parasitoid females. In addition, female parasitoids that host feed may inadvertently ingest a lethal concentration of the active ingredient or a sublethal dose that inhibits foraging or egg laying. There are, however, issues that require further consideration, such as: the types of plant and flower that accumulate active ingredients, and the concentrations in which they are accumulated; the influence of flower age on the level of exposure of natural enemies to the active ingredient; the effect of neonicotinoid metabolites produced within the plant. As such, the application of neonicotinoid insecticides in conjunction with natural enemies in protected culture and interiorscape environments needs further investigation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

转基因抗虫植物对天敌昆虫的影响

迄今对16种捕食性和7种寄生性天敌昆虫个体进行的毒性测定表明，转基因植物对天敌昆虫没有直接毒性；取食了转基因植物的猎物对大部分捕食性天敌昆虫个体无毒副作用。取食了转基因植物的寄主害虫如表现亚致死反应，则对寄生蜂个体无毒副作用，甚至对寄生蜂与抗虫作物间有增效作用；如寄主表现致死反应，则对寄生蜂个体有明显毒副作用。转Bt基因棉花，玉米和马铃薯田中主要广谱捕食性天敌种群数量等于或显著高于常规田，生测中对普通草蛉的副作用并未使其大田种群受到不良的影响；寄生性天敌昆虫种群数量除在个别Bt棉田中明显减少外，在其他Bt作物田中均等于或高于常见田，除个别棉田外，未发现Bt作物田中天敌群落受到不良影响，部分研究发现Bt作物田中某些非靶标刺吸口器害虫上升为主要害虫，数量明显高于常规田，建议采用“三层次检测体系”评价转基因作物对天敌昆虫的影响。     

不同防治对策对柑桔糠片蚧种群的影响

1984—1987年在湖南桔园进行了综防对策、化防对策和自控(不采取任何人为的防治措施)等处理对柑桔主要害虫——糠片蚧种群影响的比较研究。综防区采用综合措施,刷洗主干,释放部分天敌,剪去蚧虫为害严重的枝条,冬季和夏季分别施用一次松脂合剂和矿油乳剂;化防区按常规每年喷药5—6次;结果表明:综防区全年虫口密度与化防区相近,两者均显著低于自控区;综防区糠片蚧蚜小蜂等寄生性天敌未受到明显的损害,捕食性蓟马、钝绥螨等捕食性天敌明显多于自控区;其它非生物致死因子对幼蚧的作用大于化防区,果实出口率自1986年起亦较化防区显著上升。自控区糠片蚧未得到控制,果实出口率较化防区降低13.3%—29.8%。化防区各种天敌的作用均显著下降,农药残留亦高。除自控区和化防区柑桔全爪螨为害较重外,其它害虫在各区的为害均处于较低的水平。文章还评价了在三种处理区致死因子对糠片蚧种群趋势指数的作用。     

小菜蛾的天敌类群及其利用现状

本文介绍了小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的天类群包括寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌和病原微生物、原虫、线虫等共约97种，并对利用天敌进行生物防治的现状作了概述。     

我国天敌昆虫与生防微生物资源引种三十年成就与展望

本文汇总了30年来由中国农业科学院植物保护研究所(原生物防治研究所)引进的天敌昆虫及生防微生物资源,系统介绍了引进生防资源的种类、数量、来源国家、引种单位和应用情况,并对未来资源引种提出建议。30年来,累计引进境外天敌昆虫及生防微生物资源至少89种、232批次,提供给国内至少21家教学、科研及生产单位。据统计,引进境外天敌昆虫至少69种、212批次,包括茧蜂、瓢虫、草蛉、赤眼蜂、蚜茧蜂、蚜小蜂、跳小蜂、姬小蜂、绒茧蜂、捕食蝽、捕食螨、古巴蝇、食蚜瘿蚊、防杂草象甲、防杂草实蝇等;引进境外生防微生物资源至少20种、20批次,包括耳霉、疫霉、白僵菌、绿僵菌、轮枝菌、虫霉菌、多角体病毒、生防线虫等。这些引进资源的一部分,如广赤眼蜂、甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂、丽蚜小蜂、桨角蚜小蜂、半闭弯尾姬蜂、小黑瓢虫、孟氏隐唇瓢虫、黄瓜新小绥螨、智利小植绥螨等已在我国商业化生产,广泛应用于农作物、蔬菜、水果、茶叶、林业的病虫害防控,部分天敌昆虫已成功定殖,成为国际生物防治资源引进与利用的成功案例。显著提升了我国生物防治科研、教学和生产水平,促进了我国生物防治事业的进步。在"转方式、调结构"的新型农业生产形势下,发展生物防治,加强生物防治资源引进与利用,具有重要的科学和生产意义。     

花生-玉米间作种植模式对蓟马类害虫的控制效果

为明确花生-玉米间作种植模式对蓟马类害虫的控制效果,通过3年田间试验系统调查花生单作、玉米单作和花生-玉米间作3种种植模式下蓟马及其主要捕食性天敌东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri的种群数量动态特征及不同种植模式下东亚小花蝽和蓟马的益害比。结果显示,花生-玉米间作种植模式下东亚小花蝽种群密度显著高于花生单作种植模式,花生-玉米间作种植模式下82.94%以上的东亚小花蝽来源于玉米斑块;与2种单作种植模式相比,花生-玉米间作种植模式未显著减少蓟马的种群密度;东亚小花蝽种群密度与蓟马种群密度呈显著线性关系;花生-玉米间作种植模式下东亚小花蝽与蓟马的益害比均显著低于其他2种单作种植模式。表明花生-玉米间作种植模式在局域农田小范围空间尺度下能显著提高捕食性天敌的种群密度,但并不能显著减少蓟马类害虫种群数量。     

木霉几丁质酶及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用

 木霉(Trichoderma spp.)作为重要的植病生防因子(biocontrol agents)一直受到普遍关注。木霉菌株产生的包括几丁质酶在内的细胞壁降解酶,在木霉重寄生中起重要作用。本文论述木霉几丁质酶的种类、诱导产生、理化特性及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用,并对木霉几丁质酶及其基因的生防应用进行讨论。     

助迁、保护捕食性天敌控制桔全爪螨

报道了生防园和常规化学防治园中桔全爪螨及其主要天敌的种群数量动态。在春季助迁尼氏钝绥螨补充自然天敌数量的不足，结合其他天敌的作用，使试验期间生防园中桔全爪螨种群数量得到控制。而在常规化学防治园中，桔全爪螨密度大大高于生防园     

Procedures and policies in the USA regarding precautions in the introduction of classical biological control agents

Classical biological control, the introduction of exotic natural enemies to control non-indigenous insect pests and weeds, has been practised in the USA for over 100 years. To date, there have been no fully documented, substantial negative results, and many important insect pests and weeds have been successfully controlled. Over the past decade, concern about the safety of biocontrol agents has increased in line with concern for general health of the natural, native biota. This concern has focused primarily on endangered, threatened, and listed species of plants, but is broadening to include most other organisms. Scientists, administrators and others involved in the process have long recognized the need to ensure that natural enemies of weeds do not attack commercially or horticulturally important plants and to ensure that natural enemies of insects do not attack beneficial species. Procedures for testing the host specificity of the natural enemies of weeds in their area of origin, before shipment to the country of release, have been developed to quite high levels of reliability but there is need for further improvements. Further host-specificity testing is often required in quarantine in the USA. The rigour of this system is helped by the fact that all applications for permission to introduce biocontrol agents are examined by an Inter-agency Technical Advisory Committee for Biological Control of Weeds (TAGBCW) before import permits are issued by the relevant authority (USDA APHIS/PPQ). TAGBCW review includes study of research plans and of lists of host plants for testing host specificity; it also analyses and offers advice on potential conflicts of interest. A ‘TAGBCW’ could be recommended for the European Union. With regard to natural enemies of insect pests, there is relatively little need for host-range testing of most parasitoids because these are generally co-evolved and intimately related organisms that are restricted to one or a few host species. Concern about the potential impact of oligophagous predators on non-target organisms has increased recently and is a developing field of research. Some operating procedures that involve safety are discussed. The import permit system in the USA is presented, and two suggestions for changes in European permit procedures are suggested. Past regulatory procedures for classical biological control in the USA are described, and the current situation is presented.     

浙江茶树黑刺粉虱的发生危害及天敌的研究

本文报道了浙江省茶树害虫黑刺粉虱天敌的调查结果，共发现天敌昆虫27种，其中捕食性天敌19种，寄生性天敌8种；捕食性蜘蛛9种；寄生性真菌7种。     

不同害虫管理措施梨园的天敌群落多样性

通过田间试验和系统调查,研究了北京地区不同害虫管理措施梨园的天敌群落结构。调查发现了主要天敌6目,18科,25种,树冠捕食性天敌多,而地表寄生性天敌多。梨园捕食和寄生性天敌种类分别为76%和24%。整个生育期喷施农药3次的试验梨园树冠优势捕食性天敌数量显著大于喷药次数超过8次的常规梨园,试验梨园地表寄生性天敌数量略大于或显著大于常规梨园。试验梨园中天敌总个体数是常规梨园1倍以上,化学药剂施用次数与梨园天敌个体数量呈负相关。分析显示,试验梨园树冠天敌群落多样性指数和均匀性指数显著大于常规梨园,而天敌群落丰富度和优势度指数没有明显差异。研究结果对提倡生物防治、减少化学农药的使用以保护梨园天敌提供了部分实践依据。