江西新余蜜桔园土壤和叶片养分现状分析

2017年11月在新余市选37个代表性新余蜜桔园对土壤养分和叶片营养元素含量进行了测定。结果表明,27.0%的果园土壤偏酸,35.1%的果园土壤有机质含量低于适宜值。土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量不足的果园比例分别为54%、94.6%和67.6%。所有果园的土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量均不足。土壤有效铁、有效锰和有效铜含量超标的果园比例分别为100%、48.6%和48.7%。叶片氮含量偏低的果园比例为32.4%,超标果园比例为43.2%;叶片磷和钾含量以偏低为主,果园比例分别为62.2%和75.7%;叶片钙含量偏低的果园有16.2%;叶片镁含量偏低和适量的比例均为43.2%;叶片铁和锰含量偏高的果园比例分别为54.1%和43.2%;叶片铜含量普遍适量;叶片锌含量偏低和缺乏的果园比例均为40.5%。除磷、镁和铜外,其他元素含量在土壤和叶片中显著或极显著正相关。新余蜜桔生产管理过程中,需重视提高土壤pH值和有机质含量,补充磷、钾、镁和锌营养,控制铁和锰营养。     

河北省成龄苹果园营养现状及指导施肥研究

试验对河北省元帅、金冠、国光不同产量水平的成龄果园分别进行了研究，连续两年的试验结果表明，高、中、低产果园土壤养分状况存有明显差异，无论是表土还是底土，高产园有机质含量显著高于中、低产园，高产园表土有机质为０８４％，而中、低产园分别为０６７％和０４０％；此外，高产园土壤碱解氮、有效态Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ和Ｂ元素均显著高于中、低产园，而Ｃａ、Ｍｇ二元素无显著差异。就树体自身营养状况而言，综合不同品种的表现认为，中、低产园其叶Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｚｎ和Ｋ水平，极显著或显著地低于高产园；而高产园叶素含量与标准值相比，其Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ和Ｂ含量仍显偏低。因此，我省高产苹果园欲实现稳产和优质，在施肥中应优先补给这四种元素，中低产果园若提高产量和品质，尚需在提高树体Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ、Ｂ水平的基础上，追加Ｎ、Ｍｎ和Ｃｕ元素。综合各项研究结果分析认为，河北省成龄苹果园在今后施肥上，应重点考虑增加Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ和Ｂ四种元素的施入量，以保证树体的良好营养状况和元素平衡。     

奉新猕猴桃叶片营养及果实品质的测定与分析

以采自江西省猕猴桃主产区奉新县的15个"金魁"猕猴桃果园的叶片和果实为试材,测定并分析了叶片营养和果实品质的分布情况。结果表明:供试果园叶片氮含量均表现不足,磷含量充足,46.67%果园叶片钾含量不足;大部分果园叶片钙含量偏低,镁含量总体上充足;锰含量总体过剩,硼含量均表现不足;53.33%的果园叶片氯含量过高。果实品质方面,33.33%的果园平均单果重量小于80.00g,80%的果园果实硬度较低,53.33%的果园可溶性固形物含量偏低,可滴定酸含量偏高,品质偏差;73.33%的果园维生素C含量在100.00~150.00mg/100g。     

地方柑橘良种（贡柑）新建果园土壤和树体养分分布特征

测定、分析广东省肇庆地区五和镇新建贡柑果园土壤养分、树体矿质元素含量及分布特征和相关性。结果表明：供试果园土壤pH值偏低,有机质含量中等偏低,土壤缺乏交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硼等元素。叶片中矿质元素含量与土壤养分之间有一定的相关性,春梢和秋梢叶片中不同矿质元素含量分布规律不同,并受土壤相关元素丰缺度、矿质元素在树体内的分配与再分配特性等因素的影响。     

旱原地区苹果叶营养水平研究

通过叶营养普查和不同肥料配方对比，研究了黄土高原无灌溉条件下果树叶营养水平。查明了该区苹果树中普遍表现出Ｐ偏低、Ｋ较缺乏、Ｎ适中、Ｃａ与Ｍｇ偏高的趋势；施肥能明显影响叶中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量；施Ｎ、Ｐ能显著地曾加产量，在试验条件下，施肥量增加，产量递增。     

果树缺铁黄化叶片矿质元素含量变化的研究

以苹果、梨、桃为试材，按叶片缺铁黄化程度不同分级采样并分析叶片矿质元素含量变化。结果表明：随着果树黄化叶片的加剧，叶片全量Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｂ含量显著增加，Ｃａ、Ｍｎ含量明显降低，Ｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ有一定的变化，但趋势不太明显；随叶片失绿程度的加重，Ｃａ／Ｋ、Ｍｎ／Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ／Ｍｎ、Ｂ／Ｍｎ变化也极为明显。分别用叶片矿质元素含量及元素间比值与叶绿素含量进行相关分析表明，矿质元素以Ｂ、Ｐ与叶绿素关系最密切，Ｍｎ、Ｎ、Ｃａ次之；元素间以Ｃａ／Ｋ、Ｂ／Ｍｎ与叶绿素相关性最好，Ｍｎ／Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ／Ｍｎ、Ｐ／Ｚｎ次之。     

枣树叶片中矿质元素年变化动态及施肥对生产和结果的影响

枣树叶片中矿质元素年变化动态是：生长季初期，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ和Ｍｇ迅速下降，Ｃａ和Ｍｎ逐渐上升；中期这８种元素变化幅度较小；后期Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ和Ｍｇ又下降，而Ｃａ和Ｍｎ依然上升。盛花期和果实速长期期叶中矿质元素含量相对较低，施肥促使枣树抽生较多的健壮枣头，提高产量和果实中矿质元素含量。枣树的营养诊断应在花期采取叶样。     

重庆江津W·默科特杂柑和红肉脐橙叶片营养元素丰缺状况

在重庆市江津区选择有代表性的22个W·默科特杂柑园和5个红肉脐橙园为采样园,2016—2020年连续5年于9—10月采集叶片样品对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu和B元素的含量进行了分析,并参照《柑桔营养诊断配方施肥技术规程》(DB 50/T 487—2012)中的柑桔叶营养诊断指标对各元素丰缺状况进行评价。结果表明,不同年份间同一品种叶片各元素含量的差异较大。叶片P、K、Ca含量较为丰富;N含量多数年份为偏低到适宜范围;S含量多数年份为适宜到偏高;Mg、Mn和B含量多数年份为适宜;Zn全部极缺;Fe和Cu含量年际波动大,表现为极缺、适宜或偏高。两个品种间比较,仅K、Mg和B含量差异较大,其中,W·默科特杂柑叶片的K、B含量低于红肉脐橙,Mg含量高于红肉脐橙。江津柑桔园需要增施有机肥,适当补充氮肥和镁肥,部分果园需要补充铁肥和铜肥,所有果园应补充锌肥。     

不同砧木对先锋橙矿质营养元素含量的影响

在田间试验条件下，观察了１２种砧木的先锋橙矿质营养元素含量。在观察的１１种营养元素中，不同砧木间除Ｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｏ元素含量无显著差异外，其它元素均达显著或显著差异。其中微量元素的变幅大于大量元素。植株营养状况以宜昌橙类（除Ｋ）、枳类（除Ｆｅ）和桔类砧木植株的养分含量较高，果实含酸量高的砧木植株养分含量偏低。耐碱砧木主要表现在Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ及Ｋ、Ｃｕ元素含量的差异。     

沙田柚叶绿素荧光特性及其与叶片矿质元素含量的关系

利用植物体内叶绿素荧光测定技术，分析了不同生长环境中沙田柚叶绿素ａ的荧光参数。结果表明，矿质营养水平较高的果园，树体Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ和ΦＰＳⅡ高，表明具有较高的光能转换效率和ＰＳⅡ电子传递效率，万以Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ为显著。Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ与Ｎ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ含量成极显著正相关，与Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ含量成显著正相关，支叶片的Ｋ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ呈较无果短枝低，前者的Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ和ΦＰＳⅡ亦较后者低。退化树和下沉树相和质元素含量和荧光参数均     

Vegetative Growth,Productivity, Berry Quality Attributes and Leaf Macronutrients Content of Currants as Affected by Species and Cultivars

Bush vigor, berry physical traits and chemical composition, seasonal changes of leaf macronutrients content and leaf mineral status at mid-summer (120 DAFB, Days After Full Bloom) were evaluated in black, red and white currants and their cultivars which are grown on heavy soil, and with reduced cultural practices, except pruning, fertilization with cattle manure and weed control with herbicide, under western Serbian conditions. Results indicated that black currant had lower bush size, yield, bunch weight and number of berries per bunch, but had significantly higher berry weight as compared to red and white currants. Red and white currants had similar bush size, yield and bunch weight. Berries of black currant contained much higher levels of soluble solids content, acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics and flavonoids content than both red and white currants, whereas ripening index was similar. Leaf of black currants had lower macronutrients content, except leaf Mg, as compared with others. Very high excesses of all leaf macronutrients content, except in some cases for leaf N and Mg, were observed in currants in mid summer, i.?e. at 120 DAFB. Black currant showed the best balanced nutritional values, whereas red currant showed a wider imbalance in nutritional values. Beside currant species, strong effect of cultivar per se was found on the most of evaluated features. Generally, black currant cv. ‘Eva’, red currant cv. ‘Slovakia’, somewhat ‘Detvan’, and white currant cv. ‘Primus’ had higher bush size, better berry physico-chemical attributes and higher leaf macronutrients content than others. Finally, ‘Eva’, ‘Tatran’ and ‘Meridian’ showed the best balanced nutritional values at 120 DAFB.     

环渤海湾地区主要梨园树体矿质营养元素状况研究

 以叶片矿质营养元素含量作为树体营养诊断的依据,对环渤海湾地区有代表性的203个梨园树体矿质营养状况及相应土壤养分状况进行了研究,结果表明：（1）该地区81% ~ 97%的梨园叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量处于适宜状态,26% ~ 40%的梨园叶片N、K、Zn含量偏低。（2）除Mg、Zn外,不同梨树品种间叶片中矿质营养含量差异明显。与其它品种相比,苹果梨N、P含量较高,而K含量偏低;莱阳茌梨N含量较低,而P、K含量较高;砀山酥梨N、P、K含量均偏低。（3）初步筛选出N/P、Mg/P、Zn/P、K/Mg、Ca/Mg、Zn/Mg作为该地区梨园营养诊断与施肥建议综合法的营养诊断参数,低产梨园各元素需肥顺序大致为Mg > P > Ca > K > Zn > N > Fe。（4）土壤pH与梨树叶片中Ca、Mg含量呈极显著正相关,与Zn呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质含量与梨树叶片中N、Mg含量呈极显著正相关;叶片N、K、Ca、Mg、Zn含量与其所对应的土壤有效态养分均呈极显著或显著正相关。     

苹果叶营养元素含量的影响因素分析

 通过采样分析及肥料定位试验, 研究了采样时期、品种、砧木、产量、施肥等因素对苹果叶营养元素含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果叶营养元素含量的季节性变化明显; 富士、秦冠、红星、金冠、嘎拉等5个苹果品种间的叶N、P、Ca、B、Mn、Zn含量存在显著差异; M9、M26、M7、MM106矮化中间砧(新疆野苹果基砧) 和新疆野苹果乔化砧上, 苹果品种间叶营养元素含量存在差异, M9的K、Fe高而其余元素含量偏低, M26的Mg、Mn、Zn高而K、Fe低, M7的N、P、Cu、Fe、Zn较高, MM106的N、Mn高而K低, 乔化砧的Fe高而Cu、Zn低; 不同产量水平果园间叶营养元素含量不同, 高产果园较低产园N、Mg、Zn元素含量高而P、K含量低; 施肥提高叶K含量效果明显, N次之, P效果缓慢。     

红壤甜橙园土壤和叶片营养元素相关性分析

 于2010 年和2011 年在江西省安远县和寻乌县这两大赣南甜橙生产县,共采集181 个红壤枳 砧甜橙园的土壤样品和叶片样品,进行营养元素含量测定,并对土壤和叶片相应营养元素含量进行相关 性分析,为评价测土配方施肥是否适宜红壤甜橙园提供依据。结果表明：土壤碱解氮、交换性钙、交换 性镁、有效铁和有效锌的丰缺状况在甜橙叶片对应营养元素丰缺水平上能得到一定程度的反映;土壤有 效钾、有效磷、有效铜和有效硼的状况则难以在甜橙叶片对应营养元素丰缺水平上得到反映。相关性分 析结果显示,只有2010 年安远县甜橙园土壤有效Zn 含量与叶片Zn 含量呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,其余 土壤有效营养元素含量与叶片对应营养元素含量之间均无显著相关性。表明测土配方施肥不适宜红壤甜 橙园,建议实行以叶片营养诊断为主、土壤诊断为辅的配方施肥策略。     

The effect of fruiting status on nutrient composition of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) during the flowering and fruiting season

Summary

The pattern of leaf composition was investigated in three litchi orchards (cvs Bengal and Tai So) in subtropical Australia (Lat 27°S). Leaves were sampled from fruiting and non-fruiting branches from flowering to fruit harvest. The response to fruiting varied with the nutrient and the orchard. The major effect of fruiting was to reduce leaf K in two of the orchards. Leaf N, P, Zn and Na were lower in fruiting branches in a third of the orchards, while leaf Ca, Mg, Mn and B levels were higher. The levels of these nutrients in the other two orchards, and those of Cu and Fe, were not significantly affected by fruiting status. Strong seasonal effects from flowering to harvest on the leaf contents of most nutrients followed the typical pattern as leaves aged. Most nutrients were more stable during flowering to just after fruit set. The levels of most nutrients were similar in both leaf and fruit. The major exceptions were K which was about twice as high in the fruit and B which was five times higher in the leaves. The uptake of all nutrients continued throughout fruit growth in proportion to the accumulation of fruit dry weight and reached a maximum rate during the final period of aril (flesh) development. The relative order for final content in the fruit was: K>N>P>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>B. The choice of branch type and time of sampling would influence the diagnosis for N, K, Ca, Mg and Fe at these sites. It is recommended that leaves for diagnostic purposes in litchi be collected from fruiting branches two to six weeks after fruit set.     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。     

沙田柚叶绿素荧光特性及其与叶片矿质元素含量的关系

利用植物体内叶绿素荧光测定技术,分析了不同生长环境中沙田柚叶绿素ａ 的荧光参数。结果表明,矿质营养水平较高的果园,树体Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ 和ΦＰＳⅡ较高,表明具有较高的光能转换效率和ＰＳⅡ电子传递效率,尤以Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ 为显著。Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ 与Ｎ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ 含量成极显著正相关,与Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ含量成显著正相关。有果短枝叶片的Ｋ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ 含量较无果短枝低,前者的Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ 和ΦＰＳⅡ亦较后者低。退化树和正常树相比,矿质元素含量和荧光参数均没有明显差异。     

不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响

以贺兰山东麓典型区御马酿酒葡萄基地6年生赤霞珠为供试材料,研究了酿酒葡萄叶片、产量及品质对3种施肥深度(20、40、60cm)下N、P、K配方施肥方式的响应。结果表明,酿酒葡萄叶片中氮含量远高于叶柄,叶片中氮素含量随着生育期的延长逐渐降低,而叶柄中氮含量随施肥深度增加和生育期延长而产生的变化很小,40cm的施肥深度能显著增加叶片中氮素含量;叶柄磷素平均含量高于叶片,全生育期叶片磷含量变化很小,而施肥60cm深度显著促进了叶片和叶柄中磷含量的提高;叶柄中钾含量远高于叶片,施肥深度对叶柄和叶片中钾含量未产生明显影响,但生育后期追施钾肥显著提高叶片钾含量;施肥深度达到40cm时酿酒葡萄的产量最高,而60cm的施肥深度产量显著下降。化肥适度深施到40cm有改善酿酒葡萄糖分的积累且增加糖酸比的趋势;而60cm的施肥深度总糖和糖酸比显著下降。由此说明,适度深施化肥到40cm左右的深度有利于提高肥料的利用率,从而促进葡萄的营养生长,提高产量且改善品质。     

广东丘陵山地沙糖桔果园土壤肥力调查与分析

对广东省沙糖桔主产区的15个丘陵山地沙糖桔果园的土壤肥力状况,通过取土样分析其理化性质.结果表明:沙糖桔主产区丘陵果园大部分土壤酸性重,有效氮和有效磷含量中等偏低,有机质、有效钾、钙、硼和锌缺乏,有效铁和锰含量高.为提高沙糖桔产量和品质,应增加有机质、钾和钙肥施用量,并提出了通过试验确定合理施肥量的建议.     

The nutrient levels in fruiting and non-fruiting terminals of three mango cultivars

The leaf nutrient status of 3 mango cultivars, determined in fruiting and non-fruiting terminals after fruit harvest (June 1976) from 20 orchards, were compared. N, P and Ca contents were significantly higher in ‘Dashehari’ than in ‘Chausa’ and ‘Lucknow Safeda’. The reverse was true for K, S and Zn contents. Mg and Mn contents were more or less at par in all the 3 cultivars. Leaves collected from non-fruiting terminals contained significantly higher amounts of N and P in all the 3 cultivars, but K, Ca, S and Zn only in 2 cultivars, as compared to those from fruiting terminals. Mn and Fe contents in both kinds of terminals were more or less at par in all the 3 cultivars.