基于土壤种子库的植被自然恢复作用研究

利用退化荒草地附近种源地表层土壤,通过客土和人工播撒乔、灌木种子的方式对荒草地进行土壤种子库的补充,比较植被恢复地、种源地、对照裸地的土壤种子库组成、密度、多样性、地上植被生物量和土壤理化性质,研究土壤种子库对荒草地在植被恢复方面的改良作用,以便为今后退化土地的自然恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:植被恢复地土壤种子库物种数量比对照裸地增加6种,地上植被有常绿乔木及多种灌木物种出现,种子密度由843.75粒/m~2增加至3 645.83粒/m~2;土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数顺序由大到小均依次为:植被恢复地、种源地、对照裸地;与地上植被的相似性指数也由0.12增加到0.23;植被恢复地地上生物量分别是种源地和对照裸地的4.28倍、4.85倍;植被恢复地的持水量增加,土壤结构改善,有机质及N、P、K的含量均显著提高。     

土壤种子库研究综述

指出了土壤种子库是存在于土壤中和土壤表面所有具有活力种子的总和,是植被生态学中的重要研究领域之一。总结土壤种子库的研究方法、种子库分类和大小、种子库与地面植被的关系的主要内容,并在此基础上探讨了土壤种子库未来研究方向和急需解决的问题。     

土壤种子库及其在退化林地植被恢复中的应用

综述了国内外关于土壤种子库研究的进展。简要阐明了土壤种子库的定义。介绍了土壤种子库的种类组成、种子密度、动态变化及其对植被恢复的影响。提出了利用土壤种子库进行退化林地植被恢复应采取的措施。     

香格里拉亚高山大果红杉—高山栎群落种子雨与土壤种子库研究

采用随机取样的方法对香格里拉亚高山大果红杉、高山栎群落的种子雨和土壤种子库进行分析研究,结果表明,群落的种子雨由5个主要组成树种的种子组成,发生在每年的9~11月,强度为3 520粒/m2.土壤种子库由分属9科15属的17种植物组成,主要以多年生草本为主,且大约75%的种子均分布在较浅的土层.土壤种子库的物种组成与地上植被物种组成的相似性系数仅为0.042 6,表明土壤种子库与地上植被的相关性不明显.     

香格里拉亚高山不同退化程度森林群落土壤种子库的特征研究

2006～2007年采用种子萌发法,对香格里拉亚高山不同退化森林群落的土壤种子密度、丰富度,物种组成及地上植被组成开展了调查研究。结果表明:(1)亚高山土壤种子库中共有42个种子植物,种子密度为471～891粒/m2;(2)退化林地种子库中的物种密度依次为重度退化>极度退化>中度退化>轻度退化>未退化,物种丰富度依次为轻度退化>未退化>极度退化>中度退化>重度退化;(3)多年生草本植物在5类群落中均占绝对优势,只在未退化林地中发现木本植物;(4)土壤种子库及地上植被在物种组成上具有较小的Jaccard相似系数;(5)11月份物种数量及种子密度比4月份及7月份高;(6)0～5 cm表土种子库中具有较高的物种数量及种子密度;(7)种子扩散、地上植物的无性繁殖及人工造林是恢复香格里拉亚高山退化植被的有效途径。     

新疆墨玉县荒漠与绿洲过渡带土壤种子库调查

在新疆墨玉县卡瓦克乡荒漠与绿洲的过渡地带对天然植被土壤种子库进行了现状调查,分析了种子库组成、种子库储量、种子库多样性及分布等特征,结果表明:研究区域范围内土壤中活性种子从总储量上来看较低,且随着距离河岸越远,土壤种子库储量下降越快.调查显示,研究区共有10种分属6科的植物,但各植物种的种子数量分配极不均匀,种子库的生...     

海南霸王岭陆均松天然更新土壤种子库研究

[目的]了解自然条件下陆均松(Dacrydium pierrei Hickel)土壤种子库的组成和时空动态,揭示其天然林更新机制。[方法]从2014年4月开始,对海南霸王岭陆均松土壤种子库种子数量、成分类型、时空动态进行为期3年的观测,用地统计学等方法分析其与环境因子的关系。[结果](1)陆均松土壤种子库中完好种子、霉烂种子、空心种子、缺损种子占种子库种子总数的比例分别为0.48%、45.55%、29.68%、24.30%;(2)距母树不同距离所含种子数量与距离呈反"J"形曲线递减关系;(3)土壤种子库种子具有明显的空间格局;(4)种子数量垂直分布特征为:枯落物层(87.78%)0~5 cm层(11.01%)6~10 cm层(1.20%),0~5 cm土壤层种子分布急剧减少,至6~10 cm层几乎没有种子分布;(5)土壤种子库无活力种子的数量和比例都较高,最高的100%,有活力种子数量少且萌发率低(14%),种子寿命不到1 a。[结论]土壤种子库的上述特征表明:陆均松具有极大的天然更新障碍,陆均松土壤种子库完好种子数量少,种子质量差、萌发能力弱、寿命较短,种子大量集中在枯落物层,无法与土壤有足够的接触从而降低萌发率。     

季风常绿阔叶林土壤种子库的恢复动态

通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林原始林、恢复15年及30年群落的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发试验,探讨其土壤种子库的基本特征、变化规律及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:试验中共有1667粒种子萌发,分属30科65属76种;恢复15年群落土壤种子库密度最高,每m2达(361±69.87)粒,原始林次之,为(142.5±27.5)粒,恢复30年群落最低,为(108.33±30.01)粒;恢复30年群落土壤种子库多样性最高。种子生存策略与群落结构是土壤种子库物种组成变化的主要原因,3种群落类型土壤种子库生活型主要由草本植物组成,恢复15年群落中1年生草本植物种子密度要显著高于恢复30年群落。恢复15年与30年群落土壤种子库与地上植被相似性系数要高于原始林群落;草本层对土壤种子库物种组成的影响要高于乔木层,幼苗库物种组成则与乔木层联系更加紧密。     

河西走廊中部沙漠人工梭梭林土壤种子库特征

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对河西走廊中部沙漠人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林土壤种子库进行研究。结果显示:(1)沙漠人工梭梭林中土壤种子库共统计到9个物种,隶属3科9属,以藜科植物最多,土壤种子库总体表现出科属组成较为集中、1年生草本的物种和密度占优势的特点;(2)在沙漠人工梭梭林土壤种子库中,0～2 cm层、2～5 cm、5～10 cm的物种数量分别为4种、5种、6种,其种子密度依次为54.71粒/m~2、58.00粒/m~2、132.86粒/m~2。物种数量和密度均呈现5～10 cm2～5 cm0～2 cm层的分布规律,5～10 cm层与2～5 cm、0～2 cm层密度差异明显。(3)不同土层种子库的Shannon—wiener、Simpson、Peilow指数变化趋势基本一致,随土层深度增加而增大,而Margalet指数和生态优势度指数与之相反;(4)种子库和地上植被的相似性系数在0.545 5～0.666 7之间,相似程度比较高。(5)从土壤种子库物种的生活型构成及各功能群优势度比例分析,整体上,种子库中以1年生植物的种子比例最高,达到86.13%;沙漠植被自我恢复的程度较低。     

土壤种子库研究进展

土壤种子库是指地表植被种子成熟后落在土壤中并未萌发, 但仍具有活性的休眠种子的总量。在不同植被类型中, 土壤种子库具有不同的种子密度大小和不同的垂直与水平结构, 并随季节与年份产生变化, 有一定的动态特征。土壤种子库与地表植被结构和演替有着密切关系。除了气候、地表环境与林龄等非生物因素, 火灾、外来种入侵等各种天然与人为的干扰因子等对土壤种子库也产生一定影响。未来的研究趋势主要集中在土壤种子库的年际变化、持久性种子库、稀有物种保护与全球变化对其影响等方面。     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

林木抗旱生理研究进展

从林木的表型特征、生理生化特性、抗旱分子生物学与抗旱基因表达3方面对国内外林木抗旱性研究进行综述。当前国内外学者对植物叶茎根的表形特征、渗透调节、光合生理、叶绿素荧光变化、活性氧代谢、植物激素的研究较多, 而对受干旱胁迫下林木的分子生物学与基因表达研究相对较少。最后提出了林木抗旱生理研究的主要评价方法、研究指标、研究方法与内容。随着技术的发展及相关研究的深入, 抗旱分子生物学与抗旱基因等方面的研究将成为林木抗旱生理方面的热点。     

Germination characteristics and diversity of soil seed banks and above-ground vegetation in disturbed and undisturbed oak forests

The destruction of natural ecosystems is an important issue in many parts of the world. In the west of Iran, a vast area of the Zagros Mountain range is covered by typical vegetation including several rare plant species, of which many are currently considered endangered by anthropogenic activities. Despite the important role of soil seed banks to help conserve these degraded plant communities, the floristic studies in the Zagros forests have only focused on above- ground vegetation. In this study, the characteristics of soil seed banks and above-ground vegetation were examined at two forest sites： an undisturbed control （Un） and a disturbed （D） site. The objectives of this study were 1） to investigate the diversity of above-ground vegetation and soil seed banks in disturbed and undisturbed forests, 2） to examine the soil properties and the germination characteristics of the soil seed bank in disturbed and undisturbed oak forests and 3） to estimate the potential of soil seed banks in the restoration of disturbed sites. The results show that soil properties between Un and D sites were significantly different with higher values of pH, NH4-N, N~o,, CEC, OC, clay and canopy percentage in the Un site than in the D site. The Simpson diversity, Margalef richness and evenness indices differed significantly between sites, either for the soil seed banks or the above-ground vegetation. After a period of 26 weeks, the germination speed and the mean daily number of germinants were significantly different between Un and D sites. Without other conservation measures, soil seed banks alone cannot result in a full recovery after severe disturbances in the oak forests of Zagros.     

Edge effects on soil seed banks and understory vegetation in subtropical and tropical forests in Yunnan,SW China

Human-induced forest edges are common in many forest landscapes throughout the world. Forest management requires an understanding of their ecological consequences. This study addressed the responses of three ecological groups (non-forest species, secondary forest species and primary forest species) in edge soil seed banks and edge understory vegetation, and explored the relationship between the invasion of non-forest species in edge understory vegetation and the accumulation of their seeds in edge soil seed banks. The soil seed banks and understory vegetation were sampled along transects established at the edges of a continuous subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest tract (Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest) bordering anthropogenic grasslands and three tropical seasonal rain forest fragments (Shorea wantianshuea forest) bordering fallows. Species composition in both soil seed banks and understory vegetation showed great difference among edge sites. In soil seed banks, the dominance (relative abundance and relative richness) of each ecological group did not change significantly along the edge to interior gradient. In understory vegetation, the invasion of non-forest species concentrated on the first several meters along the edge to interior gradient. The dominance of secondary forest species decreased with distance from the edge, while the dominance of primary forest species increased with distance from the edge. In forest edge zones, the invasion of a majority of non-forest species in understory vegetation lags behind the accumulation of their seeds in soil seed banks. Forest edges do not act as a good barrier for the penetration of non-forest species seeds. The lack of non-forest species in understory vegetation must then be due to conditions that are not appropriate for their establishment. Therefore, to prevent germination and survival of non-forest species further into the forest, management should focus on maintaining interior forest conditions.     

凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林土壤种子库和种子雨的特征研究

选择四川省沐川县凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林为研究对象,在2004年5月、2004年12月和2005年5月对其林下土壤种子库、种子雨以及种子天然萌发状况等方面进行系统调查及分析研究。结果显示,种子下落前后土壤种子库储量,变动为643.2～889.2粒.m-2,物种和种子密度多年生草本物种均占优势。天然林土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener指数均在2004年5月最大,2004年12月次之,2005年5月最小;Simpson指数却和Shannon-Wiener指数H＇的变化趋势相反;Pielou均匀度指数在2004年12月有所降低,此后又升高。种子均呈明显垂直分布,其中0～2 cm土层种子数量最多,其次是枯枝落叶层,其数量随着土层加深而降低。土壤种子库年输入活力种子142.3粒.m-2,年输出活力种子268.9粒.m-2,动物取食是造成种子损失的主要原因。对照人工林土壤种子库物种和密度均低于天然林地;种子库与地上植被物种相似性系数,人工林较高,而天然次生常绿阔叶林较低。     

我国干旱区草场种子库研究进展

土壤种子库是指存在于土壤上层凋落物和土壤中全部存活种子的总和。土壤种子库研究是植物种群生态学和植被生态学研究的热点之一。我国干旱区分布着大面积的草场，土壤种子库的研究对于草场的研究发挥着十分重要的作用。本文系统介绍了我国干旱区草场种子库研究的方法和内容，旨在为以后草场种子库的研究提供思路。     

Soil seed banks in four 22-year-old plantations in South China: Implications for restoration

To better understand the potentials of the soil seed banks in facilitating succession towards a more natural forest of native tree species, we quantified the size and composition of the soil seed banks in established plantations in South China. The seed banks were from four typical 22-year-old plantations, i.e., legume, mixed-conifer, mixed-native, and Eucalyptus overstory species. Species diversity in the seed banks was low, and the vegetation species differed from those found in the seed bank in each plantation. A total of 1211 seedlings belonging to eight species emerged in a seedling germination assay, among which Cyrtococcum patens was most abundant. All species detected were shrubs and herbs, and no viable indigenous tree seeds were found in soil samples. Size and species composition of the seed banks might be related to the overstory species compositions of the established plantations. The seed bank density in soils was highest in the mixed-conifer plantation followed by Eucalyptus, mixed-native, and legume plantations. Species richness among the seed banks of plantations was ranked as follows: Eucalyptus > mixed-conifer > mixed-native = legume. The results indicated that the soil seed banks of the current plantations are ineffective in regenerating the former communities after human disturbances. Particularly, the absence of indigenous tree species seeds in the seed banks would limit regeneration and probably contribute to arrested succession at the pioneer community stage. It would appear from these data that the soil seed banks under the current plantations should not be considered as a useful tool leading the succession to more natural stages. Introduction of target indigenous species by artificial seeding or seedling planting should be considered to accelerate forest regeneration.     

庞泉沟自然保护区河岸林群落的土壤种子库特征

以人工拣种结合种子萌发法研究了庞泉沟自然保护区9种河岸林群落的土壤种子库特征,结果表明: 9种群落的土壤种子库密度间于684±108 - 2 696±266粒·m^-2,69.27% - 88.65%的种子留存于0 - 5 cm的层次,沙棘灌丛的种子库密度最大,乌柳灌丛最小;离河岸10 m和20 m处的种子库密度大于岸边、离河岸30 m和40 m处;种子库包含的40种植物以多年生草本为主,灌木和草本种多为耐干扰种,存在典型的湿地植物,但种子储量以先锋种白桦最丰;辽东栎无完整种子,白桦、华北落叶松、云杉和油松的种子活力保持期为1 - 2年,多数草本的种子活力保持期超过2年;按照群落土壤种子库的相似性,将群落划分为林分开始期、林分排除期、下层再现期和老熟期4个演替阶段。演替后期群落的种子库密度、丰度以及与地上植被的相似性都小于前期群落。土壤种子库是森林自然更新及种群恢复的重要基础,本文对于研究地区河岸林的保护和重建具有重要的理论意义。     

三峡地区柏木林种子雨和种子库的研究

柏木种子雨在8月底开始降落,10月达到顶峰,翌年5月结束,历经9个月左右。整个过程呈单峰曲线,10~11月的种子雨量占全年的67.5%。种子雨时间变化格局差异极显著,而水平空间分布格局没有显著差异。种子雨中柏木种子的年均密度为5 982.2粒.m-2。63.4%的柏木种子直径大于2.5 mm,构成了柏木种子雨的主体。由于这一级别柏木种子的萌发能力较强,因此三峡地区柏木林的更新能力强。柏木林中非柏木种子的种子雨每年主要发生在1月和5月,形成2个高峰,年均种子雨密度为1 842.8粒.m-2。土壤种子库中柏木种子的平均密度为608.8粒.m-2。柏木种子在土壤种子库中垂直分布格局差异极显著。0~2 cm土壤层所分布的柏木种子占种子库中柏木种子的80.49%。其它土壤层次所含有的种子比例很低,且萌发能力较低,因此,柏木林的更新主要依赖于表层土壤种子库的种子。柏木种子在种子库中的水平分布格局虽然随坡位的不同而有所变化,但是差异不显著,表明整个柏木林的更新能力在水平格局上无显著差异。     

云南蒋家沟流域不同海拔梯度土壤种子库特征

为了解云南蒋家沟流域土壤种子库在不同海拔梯度上的变化特征,明确种子库对植被垂直带谱的响应性机制及群落恢复潜力,选取蒋家沟流域8条海拔带[Ⅰ(2700~2900 m)、Ⅱ(2500~2700 m)、Ⅲ(2300~2500 m)、Ⅳ(2100~2300 m)、Ⅴ(1900~2100 m)、Ⅵ(1700~1900 m)、Ⅶ(1500~1700 m)、Ⅷ(1300~1500 m)]为研究对象,对其植物群落土壤种子库的数量特征、物种组成、物种多样性及种子库相似性进行研究。结果表明:Ⅲ、Ⅱ海拔带的平均物种数和种子密度显著高于Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带,土壤种子库种子密度与物种数量随海拔降低而逐渐减少;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ海拔带的Margalef丰富度指数(M)大于5.000,Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带M小于3.000。种子库萌发物种以菊科和禾本科草本植物为主,海拔2300 m以上以多年生草本植物占优势,海拔2100 m以下则以1年和2年生草本植物占优势。各海拔带物种分布均匀性较好,除Ⅵ海拔带外,其余海拔带Pielou均匀度指数(J)均大于0.900。Ⅲ海拔带的Simpson优势度指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)最高,分别为0.942和3.006;Ⅶ海拔带的D和H最低,为0.810和1.720。除Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带以外,其余海拔带的土壤种子库均与临近海拔带种子库相似性最高,Sorensen相似性系数(CS)为0.400≤CS<0.550,且整体上表现为随海拔升高CS逐渐减小的趋势。蒋家沟流域植被群落土壤种子库的变化受海拔梯度的影响,与蒋家沟流域内气候的垂直地带分布具有一定的关系。