利用有效积温提高冬小麦估产精度的研究

为探索如何利用冬小麦生长过程中的积温信息来提高遥感估产的准确性,以2009-2010和2012-2013年2个冬小麦生长季的田间试验数据为基础,利用有效积温和植被指数(NDVI)构建冬小麦当季估产指数INSEY(In-season estimate of yield)和INSEY-CGDD(In-season estimate of yield-cumulative growing degree days),分别用NDVI、INSEY和INSEY-CGDD与实测产量建立估产模型,并比较分析3类估产模型的精度。结果表明,3个变量与实测产量均成指数关系,其中INSEY-CGDD模型的精度最高(R2=0.59),预测能力最优,其次是INSEY模型(R2=0.55);而NDVI模型的精度最低(R2=0.35),预测能力最差。因此,在冬小麦估产模型中引入有效积温调整参数,可有效提高遥感估产模型精度。     

基于生态因子的冬小麦产量遥感估测研究

为提高冬小麦遥感估产的精确性与适用性,在河南省的孟州市和沁阳市利用GPS定位布设田间试验,利用P-6卫星数据进行了冬小麦遥感估产研究.通过对遥感植被指数和冬小麦长势与产量GPS定位数据的综合分析,基于遥感影像信息获取的瞬时性和准确性,结合小麦灌浆期生态条件对小麦产量形成的影响,利用开花期遥感影像归一化植被指数(NDVI)和灌浆期生态因子(气温、日照、氮素营养、土壤水分)建立了冬小麦产量遥感估测模型,并检验了该模型的可靠性.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值较为一致,利用开花期遥感影像NDVI和灌浆期生态数据估测冬小麦产量的RMSE值为369.27 kg·ha-1,相对误差为6.45%.模型估测性能好,且具有一定的解释性.     

基于CBERS卫星遥感的冬小麦产量估测研究

对冬小麦产量进行遥感监测预报,有利于农业管理部门及时获取冬小麦区域产量信息,便于其制定有效的栽培管理措施,达到增产的目的。中巴资源卫星（CBERS-02）CCD影像具有较高的空间分辨率和较丰富的光谱信息,对植被及作物长势信息具有较强的探测能力。以江苏省泰兴市为例,进行了基于CBERS-02卫星遥感和小麦估产模型的冬小麦产量监测预报研究。在利用计算机分类结合人机交互式判读解译的基础上,结合GPS样点信息校验,进行冬小麦种植面积提取;利用影像提取的冬小麦NDVI数据,反演叶面积指数、生物量信息等,结合冬小麦估产模型,计算单点产量信息。经过线性转换,对整个区域的冬小麦产量进行分级监测预报,叠加样点的产量信息检验,最终制作了区域的冬小麦产量分级专题图。结果表明,冬小麦种植面积解译精度在90%以上,分级估产精度达到85%以上。中巴资源卫星影像数据基本能满足冬小麦长势监测和产量预报的需要,可以在实际农业生产中推广应用。     

SPOT-5与HJ遥感影像用于冬小麦氮素监测的效果对比

为探讨HJ遥感影像对冬小麦氮素监测的适用性,利用同期获取的SPOT-5和HJ-1B遥感影像,结合同步地面取样测试,从传感器的光谱响应、监测模型精度以及叶片氮含量空间填图3个方面,对冬小麦氮素的遥感影像监测效果进行了分析与评价.结果表明,两类遥感影像的3个波段反射率及植被指数与小麦叶片氮含量均密切相关,其中,SPOT-5影像的最优模型植被指数为GNDVI(绿色归一化植被指数),HJ-1B影像的最优模型植被指数为NDVI(归一化植被指数),SPOT-5影像在监测精度上优于HJ-1B影像,但差别不大.填图结果表明,除地块较破碎地带外,利用HJ-1B影像反演填图所得的小麦叶片氮含量在空间分布上与SPOT-5影像结果比较一致.说明利用SPOT-5与HJ遥感影像监测小麦氮素营养状况都是可行的,而HJ遥感影像在一定精度要求范围内能够替代SPOT-5等遥感影像的监测效果.     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术，利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测，获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数，结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型，并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明，从拔节期到灌浆期，各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关，其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期，且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大，为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此，拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

模拟多光谱卫星传感器数据的冬小麦白粉病遥感监测

为了解利用遥感技术快速大范围监测小麦白粉病病害情况的可行性,以Landsat5TM波段响应函数为基础,将地面实测冠层高光谱数据模拟为TM多光谱数据,从而分析卫星传感器多光谱波段对病害的响应情况,并构建多光谱指数(PMSI)估测白粉病严重度。在此基础上,采用2010年星-地配套数据对PMSI估测精度进行验证。结果表明,PMSI能够较准确地反映冬小麦白粉病发生的程度,获得较理想的病情严重度反演精度(r2=0.475,RMSE=0.129)。因此采用多光谱卫星遥感影像在小麦大面积种植区域进行病害监测具有应用潜力。     

基于GF-6/WFV卫星遥感的大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量估测

为对大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量（LNC）进行快速、准确及无损监测,通过在江苏省泰州泰兴市、盐城大丰区和南通如皋市布设冬小麦遥感监测大田试验,在获取试验样点冬小麦冠层红光波段反射率（RED_ref）、近红外波段反射率（NIR_ref）和计算的十个光谱指数（RVI、NDVI、DVI、SAVI、OSAVI、MSR、RDVI、EVI2、NLI和SVI）基础上,将12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC进行相关分析,选出与LNC相关性较好的作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型, 并利用GF-6/WFV卫星遥感影像对县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布开展监测。结果表明,12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中NDVI、RVI、MSR、OSAVI和NLI与冬小麦LNC的相关性较好（相关系数不低于0.65）。将优选的5个遥感光谱指标作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型（LNC-BPEM）,模型的估测精度r²=0.866,RMSE=0.246%,ARE=12.9%。将冬小麦LNC-BPEM估测模型和GF-6/WFV影像结合对县域冬小麦LNC的空间信息监测,获得了如皋县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布特征,该区域冬小麦LNC范围在0.9%~2.0%（长势正常）的种植面积为29 693.3 hm²,占冬小麦总种植面积的74%。这说明利用GF-6/WFV卫星的多个遥感光谱指标与神经网络结合建模可有效估测县域大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量。     

不同施肥条件下冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及累积的研究

为给陕西关中地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论基础,以小偃22为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施肥条件下冬小麦产量、氮素吸收、转运和累积特点.结果表明,氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用可明显提高小麦籽粒产量,其中在基施有机氮150 kg·hm-2的基础上,施氮量为150～225 kg·hm-2时小麦籽粒产量接近或达到9 000 kg·hm-2的超高产水平,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理(基施纯氮300 kg·hm-2和P2O5 75 kg·hm-2);在不施有机肥、施氮量为270～300 kg·hm-2时,小麦籽粒产量与农民习惯施肥处理差异不明显,说明有机肥具有明显的增产作用.施肥处理时小麦氮素累积有显著影响,氮磷钾配施可显著提高小麦氮素累积量,有机肥和化肥配合施用氮素累积量最高,达到249.3～283.0 kg·hm-2.与农民习惯施肥处理相比,氮磷钾配施条件下小麦生育中期和后期氮素累积量增加,开花后营养器官氮素转运量也随着增加,但施肥处理间氮素转运效率差异不明显.综合来看,陕西关中地区冬小麦在氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用的情况下,氮肥用量应控制在150～225 kg·hm-2.     

基于NDVI的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型

为探讨利用冠层光谱数据实现滴灌春小麦推荐追施氮肥的可行性,利用手持主动遥感光谱仪(Greenseeker)测定了滴灌春小麦各生育时期的冠层NDVI值,分析其与滴灌小麦不同时期追施氮肥效应的关系.结果表明,从拔节期到乳熟期NDVI值与春小麦出苗后天数可用一元二次函数拟合,模型精度较高,R2均大于0.91;拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期的冠层NDVI值与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关;利用一元二次模型拟合出施氮量与产量之间的关系,得出实现最高产量7 393 kg·hm-2下的施氮量为289kg·hm-2,实现最佳经济产量7 378 kg·hm-2下的施氮量为265 kg·hm-2;拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期的NDVI临界值分别为0.715、0.792、0.887和0.911;根据各生育时期NDVI值与施氮量的关系,建立了氮肥推荐模型,并且根据模型计算出滴灌春小麦各生育时期NDVI值对应的氮肥追施推荐用量表.     

关中冬小麦叶片氮素含量高光谱遥感监测模型

为给黄土高原大范围的冬小麦氮素营养遥感监测提供理论依据,通过田间试验,研究了冬小麦叶片氮素含量遥感监测的最佳生育时期、最敏感波段及其他最优光谱参量。结果表明,灌浆期是利用高光谱遥感监测冬小麦叶片氮素营养状况的最佳生育时期;在拔节、抽穗和灌浆期680nm波段光谱反射率R680均能较好地反映冬小麦叶片氮素含量,基于光谱位置以及叶面积指数的光谱参量也能较好地反映冬小麦叶片氮素含量。拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期分别以680nm波段光谱反射率R680、绿峰反射率Rg和植被指数(SDr-SDb)/(SDr+SDb)对小麦叶片氮素含量的拟合效果最佳,其回归方程分别为Y=27.54-280.247 X+1456.245 X2、Y=8.632 X-0.24和Y=25.83 X1.012。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).