国外肉羊遗传育种研究进展

绵羊群体中存在大量的品种内和品种间的遗传变异，这种变异影响羔羊肉及羊肉生产的性状，并提供遗传改良肉质性状的潜力，本文综述活性性状的遗传变异，包括生产系统和育种目标；品种/基因型评价；遗传参数和选择所致的遗传变化评分；信息和改良系统的组织等。     

全基因组关联分析(GWAS)在鸡重要经济性状基因定位中的研究进展

全基因组关联分析（GWAS）是通过分析表型性状和基因遗传变异之间的关联性从而确定影响表型性状的遗传因素的一种方法,目前已广泛应用于畜禽生产中。文章主要对GWAS在鸡生长性状、繁殖性状、蛋品质性状和屠宰性状等重要经济性状基因定位中的研究进展进行综述,旨在为鸡遗传育种和种质改良以及地方特色鸡品种的保种提供思路。     

39份二化性柞蚕品种资源主要数量性状的遗传多样性分析

柞蚕品种资源数量性状的遗传多样性分析,有利于柞蚕新品种选育过程的优良亲本选配及性状改良。在对辽宁蚕区保存的39份二化性柞蚕品种资源的7项数量性状连续5年进行统一调查的基础上,通过变异系数、多样性指数和聚类分析明确其遗传多样性。除实用孵化率和克卵粒数2项性状的变异系数较低外,产卵数量、产卵量、全茧量、茧层量和茧层率5项性状均有较高的变异系数,其中产卵数量、产卵量和茧层量的变异系数分别达到了11.29%、13.87%和11.86%,并且各项性状的分布频率表现出一定的集中性。除实用孵化率的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数较低外,产卵数量、产卵量、克卵粒数、全茧量、茧层量和茧层率的遗传多样性指数均较高,表明这些性状蕴含丰富的遗传变异。利用DPS数据处理系统,以最短距离法对距阵结果进行聚类分析,将39份柞蚕品种资源分成6个类群,其中4个从国外引进的改良品种聚为一大类群,印证了柞蚕品种资源的亲缘关系与地理来源有关。上述结果显示供试39份二化性柞蚕品种资源7项主要数量性状的遗传多样性丰富,尤其是产卵数量、产卵量和茧层量等性状有较大的遗传潜力,可应用于品种改良;而实用孵化率的遗传潜力小,育种过程不易进行性状改良。     

品种、胎次等固定效应对种猪繁殖性状和生长性状影响的分析

<正>养猪生产中,提高猪的增长速度和母猪的繁殖性能是追求利益最大化的重要途径,但种猪的生长性状和繁殖性状受到品种、胎次、产仔季节等固定效应的影响。试验根据全国生猪遗传改良计划中种猪生产性能测定以及遗传评估的方法,通过建立固定效应模型,利用来源于天津市某两家国家核心种猪育种场的生长性能测定和繁殖记录数据,对影响大白猪、长白猪的繁殖性状和生长性状的品种、性别、胎次、产仔季节等固定效应进行研究分析。     

大白猪、长白猪繁殖性状的遗传参数估计

<正>养猪生产中,随着胴体瘦肉率逐渐达到最佳水平,母猪繁殖性能的改良对追求利益最大化更加重要。而准确的估计繁殖性状遗传参数,对估计育种值、预测遗传进展及优化育种方案是必不可少的~([1])。本文根据全国生猪遗传改良计划遗传评估的方法,对天津市某两家国家核心育种场主要品种大白猪、长白猪的繁殖性状总产仔数(TNB)、产活仔数(NBA)、初生窝重(LBW)的遗传参数进行估计,包括各性状的方差组分、遗传力和遗传相关的分析。目的是奠定目     

牧草遗传连锁图谱构建研究概述

高密度分子连锁遗传图谱对分析植物遗传变异、标记目标性状、数量性状定位和分子辅助选择改良性状均具重要价值。由于大多数牧草的多倍性和高度异质特点,牧草遗传连锁图谱的构建相对复杂。目前,一定数量牧草的遗传连锁图谱已经产生。本文简要综述了牧草遗传图谱研究现状和常用策略,提出了构建高质量牧草遗传图谱的建议。     

猪肉品质遗传改良技术与应用

猪肉品质是影响养猪产业效益的重要因素,如何在提高产肉性能的同时,确保肉质性状遗传改良是当今全世界猪遗传育种研究领域的热点和难点。本文从分子育种技术创新应用和品种选择生产优质肉猪两方面,总结了国家现代生猪产业技术体系近年来在猪肉品质遗传改良技术与应用领域的工作成效。     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

柞蚕主要经济性状的分析及综合评价

柞蚕主要经济性状的遗传变异及相互关系研究,对于品种的综合评价和遗传改良具有重要意义。以39份供试二化性柞蚕品种为材料,通过对单蛾产卵数、克卵粒数、实用孵化率、千粒茧重、全茧量、茧层量、茧层率、收蚁结茧率、死笼率、千克卵收茧量等性状进行调查,运用相关性分析、通径分析和主成分分析等方法对柞蚕种质资源进行综合评价。结果表明,收蚁结茧率、死笼率、千克卵收茧量的遗传变异较为丰富,其变异系数分别为23.45%、46.37%和26.46%;相关性分析显示,10项性状间存在一定的相关性和信息重叠,这些性状间有26个相关系数达到显著或极显著水平;通径分析表明,8项性状对千克卵收茧量的直接通径系数按由大到小排序为收蚁结茧率、全茧量、茧层率、千粒茧重、克卵粒数、实用孵化率、死笼率、茧层量;主成分分析表明,前4个主成分代表了39个柞蚕品种的10项性状87%的信息,其贡献率分别为48.07%、16.48%、13.99%和8.46%。对39个柞蚕品种的综合得分进行排序,认为多丝4号、丰、辽柞1号和8712这4个品种性状优良,鲁红、小白蚕、青皮和胶蓝4个品种性状较差。     

桑蚕耐氟性遗传育种研究进展

简述了我国在桑蚕耐氟性遗传规律、杂交时品种间的配合力和一些发育性状与耐氟性间的相关性，运用系统选育和杂交改良方法提高桑蚕品种的耐氟性，以及耐氟性品种的选育等方面所取得的研究成果。研究表明，为提高蚕品种的耐氟性，杂交改良方法优于系统选育方法。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in