大小兴安岭过渡区阔叶红松林次生演替阶段群落多样性指数与环境因子关系

为揭示阔叶红松林次生演替阶段群落多样性状况,研究生物多样性指数与环境因子的关系,为该区植被保护、植被恢复提供理论支持。运用物多样性指数、典范对应分析和次生演替的空间序列代替时间序列方法,以大小兴安岭过渡区阔叶红松林不同演替阶段群落为研究对象,设置33个网格样地数据,记录每个样地的物种多度、盖度、频度及土壤环境数据,测定12个环境指标。结果表明：1原始阔叶红松林群落经过顺行演替向逆行演替发展,演替趋势为：原始阔叶红松林→天然次生阔叶林→天然次生针叶林→次生裸地;2保存较好的原始阔叶红松林物种多样性指数最高,物种最丰富,其次是天然次生阔叶林,物种多样性指数最低的是次生裸地,群落结构简单。3物种多样性指数与纬度、土壤含水率、土壤全氮含量相关性最大。     

黑龙江大亮子河国家森林公园典型植物群落多样性

采用典型取样的方法,对大亮子河国家森林公园臭冷杉-红松林和以白桦为主的阔叶混交林植被群落物种多样性进行了调查分析。结果表明,在臭冷杉-红松林8块样地内共有维管植物66种,隶属34科56属,阔叶混交林6块样地内共有维管植物77种,隶属33科62属。从不同群落类型同一植被层看,臭冷杉-红松林草本层物种丰富度指数小于阔叶混交林,两种群落类型乔木层和灌木层各物种多样性指数差异不明显;而草本层差异明显,阔叶混交林物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数较高,仅臭冷杉-红松林的Pielou均匀度指数略高。从同一群落类型不同植被层看,两种群落类型的物种丰富度指数与Shannon-wiener多样性指数均表现为草本层乔木层灌木层;Simpson指数均为乔木层灌木层草本层;物种均匀度指数均表现为灌木层高于乔木层和草本层,其中臭冷杉-红松林草本层均匀度指数略高于乔木层,而阔叶混交林中正好相反。     

辽东山区阔叶红松天然次生林经营与稳定性初探

通过样地调查,结合森林群落的多样性特征,采用M．Godron的稳定性测定方法,探讨了不同经营方式对辽东山区阔叶红松天然次生林生态系统稳定性的影响,研究表明：比较简单的群落,容易受到外来种的入侵,其整个群落的抗外界干扰力以及在干扰后自身的恢复能力自然要弱一些。然而,多样性最大的群落未必是稳定性最高的群落。基于该理论,认为实施动态择伐经营体系有利于该区域阔叶红松林生态系统稳定性的提高。     

长白山区野生刺五加种群结构与数量特征分析

采用样地调查法,对长白山区野生刺五加种群资源现状、群落特征及种群数量进行研究,分析群落物种丰富度、多样性指数、主要灌木物种的重要值及种群个体数量估算,结果表明:野生刺五加种群主要分布在阔叶红松林、蒙古栎林、杂木林和云冷杉林群落内,阔叶红松林内种群区域分布频度最大,部分区域已形成优势群落。云冷杉林内乔、灌木层Pielou均匀度指数(R)均为最高,灌木层生态优势度指数(SN)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(SW)最高,而丰富度指数D2和Hurlbert种间机遇指数(H)最低。杂木林内丰富度指数(D1、D2)最高,蒙古栎林内Hurlbert种间机遇指数(H)最高,说明云冷杉林内刺五加群落相对较为稳定,而其他林内由于人为采挖严重,群落相对不稳定。刺五加在阔叶红松林的灌木层占有较高重要性,重要值最大,其大小依次为阔叶红松林杂木林云冷杉林蒙古栎林。     

不同健康保育措施下千岛湖区森林群落结构及其物种多样性

针对千岛湖区的植被现状,实施了阔叶化改造等森林健康保育措施,通过对杉木纯林、马尾松纯林和不同健康保育措施下杉木林、马尾松林的样地调查,计算各物种重要值、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数、生态优势度指数,研究结果表明,杉木纯林和马尾松纯林经阔叶化改造后,杉木和马尾松的重要值明显下降,乔木层物种多样性指数高于纯林,有利于维持森林生态系统向复杂化、多样化发展。杉木纯林和马尾松纯林经阔叶化改造后,群落均匀度指数增大,群落生态优势度指数减小,群落稳定性增强。     

辽东山区阔叶红松混交林培育模式探讨

恢复地带性顶极植被群落——阔叶红松林是当前东北林区森林经营面临的重要任务之一。根据清原满族自治县的森林资源和经营现状,实践并总结阔叶红松混交林培育模式,集成阔叶红松林培育技术作业体系和经营措施,以期为东北林区森林可持续经营提供借鉴。     

天然红松林生物多样性与燃烧性的研究

天然红松林生物多样性与燃烧性的研究刘艳红，张维，许翠青（东北林业大学）宋玉福，马广辉（黑龙江省第三林业调查规划设计院）（牡丹江市林业局）阔叶红松林是小兴安岭的地带性顶极植被，对我国国民经济和生态环境作用重大。本文从天然红松林物种多样性、环境多样性与森...     

透光抚育对张广才岭“栽针保阔”红松林群落植物多样性影响的研究

通过研究透光抚育对各坡位立地上的“栽针保阔“红松林群落的物种丰富度和多样性的影响,指出弱、中强度透光抚育有利于维持红松林群落的植物多样性。     

浙江省生态公益林物种多样性时空格局研究

通过380个浙江省生态公益林中常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、松林、杉木林4种主要森林群落的典型样地调查,对不同群落类型物种多样性的时空格局进行研究,结果表明:在空间格局上不同群落类型物种多样性存在较大差异,乔木层多样性指数以针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为最高;针阔混交林的下木层物种数最高,其次是常绿阔叶林,但下木层各指数在各林型间均无显著差异;杉木林下草本层物种数指数最高,松林草本层各项指数都最低。从时间格局分析,不同群落类型的多样性指数随年龄变化各不相同,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层物种数在幼龄-中龄-近熟阶段趋势一致,均为先大幅增加然后略有下降,两种针叶林型的物种数都相对稳定;4种主要群落类型的乔木层Simpson生态优势度指数D,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林随时间变化趋势一致,均为先增加后略有下降再增加,且显著高于同年龄级的针叶林;常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′随时间各异,但都极显著高于同年龄级针叶林的指数。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种组成丰富、多样性指数高,是浙江省生态公益林的理想群落与目的群落。     

滇中半湿润常绿阔叶林群落类型演替的植物多样性调查与保护

滇中地区半湿润常绿阔叶林是其垂直带上重要的植被类型。采用典型样地调查法,对其主要群落类型及破坏后的森林群落类型进行植物生物多样性调查结果认为,元江栲林和高山栲林是该区域顶级群落,破坏后产生的次生群落类型主要为云南松林、旱冬瓜林、华山松林。对不同演替阶段的物种多样性、保护物种多样性、群落结构完整性、群落的涵养水源和保持水土能力进行评价,并对当前生态保护存在的问题进行分析,提出保护建议。     

Tree Species Diversity in Community Managed and National Park Forests in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

Community forestry is expanding in developing countries but there is limited knowledge of, and contradictory findings about, its contribution to biodiversity conservation. This study aims at increasing the understanding of tree species diversity in community forests compared to National Parks. A forest inventory was carried out in four community forests and one National Park in the mid-hills of central Nepal. The study found that community forestry has contributed to high tree species diversity where forest management communities have interests in multiple species, but most community forests are moving toward promoting limited timber yielding species that have high economic value. Linking community forestry with economic incentives for conserving multiple tree species could therefore be a strategy to conserve biodiversity outside of protected areas.     

多伦县沙地云杉混交林物种多样性研究

以多伦县沙地云杉林3条样带的群落调查数据为基础,研究了沙地云杉混交林的物种组成结构,分析了3个典型群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层的物种多样性。结果表明:沙地云杉混交林植物种类丰富,乔木层、灌木层、草本层共有植物71种,群落垂直结构分层明显;多伦县沙地云杉与白桦混交林物种多样性较丰富,在群落梯度上,群落Ⅰ为52种,群落Ⅱ为45种,群落Ⅲ为47种,物种丰富度指数大小顺序为群落Ⅰ>群落Ⅲ>群落Ⅱ;群落的物种多样性指数变化规律大致相同,均为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;3个典型群落的物种均匀度指数变化规律基本一致,为乔木层最大,灌木层其次,草本层最小。通过对多伦县沙地云杉混交林物种多样性的研究,为加强沙地云杉生物多样性的保护和经营管理提供理论依据。     

高黎贡山生物多样性保护与社区林业发展的研究

高黎贡山自然保护区森林资源丰富,动植物种类繁多,其物种多样性的丰富程度为国内外罕见。由于周边社区集体森林破坏严重,使保护区受到周围村社的"蚕食",给高黎贡山的森林资源管理和生物多样性保护工作带来了巨大的压力。在对村社集体林地的管理与高黎贡山生物多样性保护相关性论述的基础上,提出加强对乡村集体森林的管理,发展社区林业,实行"以林养林",即以发展集体林来保护国有林、保护区,使社区林业的发展既为当地农户提供日常生产、生活和经济发展所需要的非木材林产品、薪材及木材,又为保护区构筑一道以集体林为主的绿色屏障,以实现自然保护区森林资源管理、生物多样性保护和周围农村经济的协调发展。     

广州市城市道路绿化树种群落结构研究

采取典型抽样的方法对广州市城市要道林带绿化树种群落进行调查分析,对该群落的树种组成、重要值、生物多样性、群落结构进行量化研究,并对广州市城市要道绿化建设模式进行全面评价,为城市绿化建设提供科学依据。       

Concepts and perceptions of biodiversity in community forestry,Nepal

International and national development programs in Nepal place high priority on management of forests for biodiversity. Communities are expected to embrace and cooperate in this endeavour for biodiversity conservation, yet little research has been carried out to understand community viewpoints on biodiversity conservation, or even to ascertain people’s understanding of the concept of biodiversity. This paper explores perceptions and concepts related to biodiversity and its conservation held by people involved in community forestry in Nepal. Data were obtained from in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions carried out in two contrasting geographical districts. The results show that the Western term ‘biodiversity’, translated into Nepalese as jaiwik bibidhata, is new and confusing to most forest people, who interpret the term in a variety of ways. People’s perceptions of biodiversity vary widely and a considerable gap exists between policy-makers and forest users in the understanding and interpretation of this Nepalese term and its related concepts. These findings have important implications for the design and implementation of development programs and in formulation of forest policy in Nepal.     

基于社区共管的哀牢山自然保护区生物多样性保护研究

指出了自然保护区作为一种特殊的生物资源多样性保护模式,自产生以来就伴随着保护和开发的矛盾,其中最为突出的当属保护区生物多样性保护和当地社区经济发展之间的矛盾。以哀牢山国家级自然保护区为例,探讨了目前保护区生物多样性保护和社区发展中存在的问题,基于社区共管的基础提出了适合保护区生物多样性保护和社区可持续发展的模式。     

黄土丘陵区小流域植物群落物种多样性空间分布特征

研究黄土丘陵区植物群落物种多样性对评价本区域生态环境质量,探求恢复生态系统环境功能的途径有重要的理论价值。通过对康家圪崂沟小流域17个典型样地物种多样性的测定,得出如下结论:植物群落物种多样性在小流域空间的分布表现为:坡下>坡中>坡上;不同坡向的植物群落多样性指数差异更明显,Simpson指数阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡,Shannon-Wiener指数和Pilow均匀度指数与Simpson指数相反;多样性指数在坡度上的差异很小,没有明显的变化趋势;黄土丘陵区植物群落的多样性与受人为干扰程度密切相关。加强该地区的环境保护,减少人为干扰,能有效地保护生物多样性。     

珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧保育群落植被生物多样性研究

采用样地调查法对海南霸王岭国家级自然保护区海南粗榧保育群落植被生物多样性进行研究,结果表明,霸王岭的海南粗榧群落生物多样性指数较高,虽然不同样方中的乔木层、灌木草本层的生物多样性指数都表现出极显著差异,但同一样方中乔木层和灌木草本层生物多样性指数相差不大;保育群落中的优势种主要有红紫麻(Oreocnide rubescens)、野芭蕉(Musa wilsonii)、药用狗牙花(Ervatamia officinalis)等;保育区内海南粗榧成年和幼体植株生长情况较好。     

Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests

Industrial forest managers and conservation biologists agree on at least two things: (1) plantation forests can play a role in conserving biodiversity, and (2) plantations will occupy an increasing proportion of future landscapes. I review literature from around the world on the relationship between biodiversity and plantation management, structure, and yield. The dynamics of plantation ecology and management necessarily differ by landscape, geographic area, ecosystem type, etc. This review provides a broad array of management recommendations, most of which apply to most regions, and many patterns are evident. I suggest a new plantation forest paradigm based on the hypothesis that minor improvements in design and management can better conserve biodiversity, often with little or no reduction in fiber production. There is ample evidence that these methods do benefit biodiversity, and can also entail various economic benefits. Adherence to these recommendations should vary by plantation type, and depending on the proportion of the surrounding landscape or region that is or will be planted. Stand-level variables to consider include socio-economic factors, native community type and structure, crop species composition, and pest dynamics. During establishment, managers should consider innovations in snag and reserve tree management (e.g. leave strips), where mature native trees and/or understory vegetation are left unharvested or allowed to regenerate. Polycultures should be favored over monocultures by planting multiple crop species and/or leaving some native trees unharvested. Native species should generally be favored over exotics. Site-preparation should favor methods that reflect natural disturbances and conserve coarse woody debris. Plantations that have already been established by traditional design can also conserve biodiversity via small modifications to operations. Earlier thinning schedules or longer rotations can strongly affect biodiversity, as can reserve trees left after plantation harvest to remain through a second rotation.     

Predicting intensity of white-tailed deer herbivory in the Central Appalachian Mountains

In eastern North America, white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus) can have profound influences on forest biodiversity and forest successional processes.Moderate to high deer populations in the central Appalachians have resulted in lower forest biodiversity.Legacy effects in some areas persist even following deer population reductions or declines. This has prompted managers to consider deer population management goals in light of policies designed to support conservation of biodiversity and forest regeneration while continuing to support ample recreational hunting opportunities. However,despite known relationships between herbivory intensity and biodiversity impact, little information exists on the predictability of herbivory intensity across the varied and spatially diverse habitat conditions of the central Appalachians. We examined the predictability of browsing rates across central Appalachian landscapes at four environmental scales: vegetative community characteristics, physical environment, habitat configuration, and local human and deer population demographics. In an information-theoretic approach, we found that a model fitting the number of stems browsed relative to local vegetation characteristics received most(62%) of the overall support of all tested models assessing herbivory impact. Our data suggest that deer herbivory responded most predictably to differences in vegetation quantity and type. No other spatial factors or demographic factors consistently affected browsing intensity. Because herbivory, vegetation communities, and productivity vary spatially, we suggest that effective broad-scale herbivory impact assessment should include spatially-balanced vegetation monitoring that accounts for regional differences in deer forage preference.Effective monitoring is necessary to avoid biodiversity impacts and deleterious changes in vegetation community composition that are difficult to reverse and/or may not be detected using traditional deer-density based management goals.