源于鳞被相关基因的微卫星标记与鲤 4 种生长性状的相关性分析

选用来源于鲤基因组中的鳞被相关基因(ant、eda、edar、fgfr)及其上下游序列中的155个微卫星标记,对德国镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)与黑龙江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)杂交的F2 116尾个体的遗传多样性进行检测,以卡方检验估计群体Hardy-Weinberg平衡.结果表明,36个微卫星标记表现为多态,各标记的等位基因数在2～4个浮动,共检测到86个等位基因,平均每个标记2.388 9个;平均有效等位基因数为2.209 4;平均观测杂合度为0.624 5;平均期望杂合度为0.529 2;平均多态信息含量为0.432 1,其中23个微卫星标记表现为中度多态(0.25≤PIC＜0.5),13个微卫星标记表现为高度多态(PIC≥0.5),说明这个群体属于中度多态性水平.Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验结果显示,61％标记显著偏离平衡,人工选择压力和自交对家系造成了严重的影响.SPSS 17.0分析发现分别有10(28％)、7(19％)、7(19％)和11个(31％)标记与体质量、体长、体高和体厚存在显著相关性,并发现11个优势基因型.源于鳞被相关基因的微卫星标记与生长性状连锁的比例较高,以上结果从分子水平上提示鳞被基因与所研究4种生长性状存在一定的相关性.     

微卫星QTL标记分析豫选黄河鲤群体遗传结构及生长性状相关性

用35个镜鲤微卫星QTL标记评估了豫选黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.haematopterus)群体的遗传结构,并评估了不同基因型与生长性状(体重、体长、体高和体厚)的相关性,筛选了在群体中具有性状优势的基因型。35个微卫星标记在288个豫选黄河鲤个体中的扩增结果显示,各标记等位基因数为3~13,平均每个标记6.828 6个;平均有效等位基因数为4.520 8;平均观测杂合度为0.603 0;平均期望杂合度为0.701 9;平均多态信息含量为0.665 6,群体整体处于高度多态水平(PIC0.5)。利用SPSS19.0的GLM模型分析标记与性状的相关性,共17个微卫星标记与性状表现出不同程度的相关性,其中HLJ2456、HLJ2387和CA1677 3个标记与相应的性状相关性达极显著水平。用Duncan氏多重比较找到了每个微卫星标记具有生长性状优势的基因型,下一步可根据优势基因型指导豫选黄河鲤家系配组,开展基于QTL结果的分子聚合育种研究。     

养殖大鳞鲃发病死亡F_3个体的微卫星标记分析

采用24个已报道的多态微卫星标记对天津市天祥水产有限责任公司养殖的大鳞鲃Barbus capito F_2亲本及F_3成活和病发死亡个体进行基因分型,结果有8个标记无多态,13个标记用以分析本研究群体的遗传多样性、亲缘关系及遗传结构。遗传参数分析显示,13个标记在87个大鳞鲃个体中分别检测到2~7个等位基因,平均等位基因数(4.27~4.53)极显著高于平均有效等位基因数(3.09~3.22)(P0.01);观察杂合度(0.58~0.64)整体低于期望杂合度(0.64~0.65),多态位点比例明显下降(8/24),表明大鳞鲃F2及F_3个体的纯合度增加,遗传多样性下降。聚类分析显示,F2亲本与成活子代亲缘关系更近,聚在一起;而死亡子代单独聚为1支。遗传结构分析显示,亲本与子代清晰地划分成两大类群,多数亲本与多数成活个体归为第一类群(划分概率为51.8%~97.7%),少数亲本与多数死亡个体归为第二类群(划分概率为52.9%~98.4%),这与亲缘关系分析的结果一致,表明少数亲本是F_3死亡个体遗传组成的直接贡献者。本研究初步认定,由于几个亲本的近亲交配,子代基因组纯合度增加,遗传多样性下降,抗逆性下降,这可能是F_3出现不明缘由病发死亡的主要原因之一。     

鲤的微卫星标记与体质量、体长、体高和吻长的相关分析

利用24个鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)EST-SSRs标记和41个SSRs标记对柏氏鲤和荷包红鲤抗寒品系回交子代的84个个体基因组DNA进行检测,共得到182个等位基因,各座位等位基因数2～4个,片段长度142～329bp,有效等位基因数1.391 3～3.935 3,观察杂合度0.321 4～1.0000,期望杂合度0.2829～0.753 5,平均位点多态信息含量0.5120.利用统计软伺FSPSS的GLM程序对65个微卫星标记与鲤鱼体质量、体长、体高和吻长的相关性进行了分析,其中与体质量、体长显著相关的标记是HLJE365;与体质量、体高显著相关的标记是HLJ816;与体质量显著相关的标记是HLJ726,与体长显著相关的标记是HLJ107、HLJ1098;与体高显著相关的标记是HLJ111、HLJ817;与吻长显著相关的标记是HLJE331、HLJ906、HLJ1330.对同一标记不同基因型间进行多重比较,找到与4种性状相关的基因型,并运用数学建模的思想定位等位基因对性状的影响.     

性状相关微卫星标记分析黄河鲤群体的遗传潜力

利用21个微卫星标记分析一个黄河鲤繁殖群体,以检测其遗传潜力及与生长性状(体重、全长、体长等)相关的标记。共检测到122个等位基因,等位基因数为2~10,平均有效等位基因数为3.3706,平均观察杂合度为0.5893,平均期望杂合度为0.6578,平均多态信息含量为0.6108,分析结果表明:该群体的多样性水平较高。经X2检验,群体处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。有8个标记分别与体重、全长、体长、体高等性状具有显著相关性。其中,标记CAFS2203与体厚、头宽、尾柄长呈极显著相关(P0.01),标记CAFS1603与吻长极显著相关(P0.01),标记CAFS1639与尾柄高极显著相关(P0.01)。本研究结果可以为黄河鲤的分子育种与选育提供参考。     

镜鲤与建鲤生长性状共享 QTL 标记及优势基因型

本研究以1个镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)全同胞家系(190个个体)构建的微卫星遗传图谱(992个标记)为基础,从体重、体长、体高和体厚的QTL区间内发掘了54个标记,其与性状具有显著相关性,进而通过对不同基因型性状间的比较,筛选出83个优势基因型。在此基础上,用54个镜鲤QTL标记分析了建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)作图群体,其中40个标记在建鲤中表现出多态性,比例为74.07%;相关性分析结果显示,其中22个标记与建鲤家系的体重、体长、体高或体厚性状具有显著相关性(P0.05),占多态标记的55.00%;镜鲤与建鲤共享的22个QTL标记中,18个标记与至少1个相同的性状具有显著相关性(P0.05),从中筛选出建鲤性状具有优势的基因型30个,可用于指导建鲤的选育。品种间共享QTL的发掘能够扩展QTL标记的使用空间,减少新品种重新构建图谱进行QTL标记定位的工作量和成本。     

鲤四种经济性状的微卫星标记分析

获得与经济性状相关的分子标记或基因是开展该性状分子育种的先决条件。本文利用300个微卫星标记检测了以柏氏鲤和荷包红鲤抗寒品系杂交F2代1个家系、92个个体的基因型,回归分析了其体长、体厚、体高和体重4种经济性状的GLM单标记。Permutation检验结果显示：有23个标记分别与体长、体厚、体高和体重具有显著相关性（P...     

刺参微卫星标记与生长性状体重、体长的相关分析

运用单标记分析法分析了10个微卫星位点与控制体重、体长数量性状的QTL的连锁关系。10对微卫星引物在8月龄具有生长性状差异的60个刺参个体基因组DNA中扩增得到50个等位基因,每个微卫星位点等位基因数3~7个,平均有效等位基因个数5.0。10个微卫星位点的多态信息含量为0.268 0~0.825 6不等,观测杂合度为0.083 3~0.666 7。采用SPSS软件对刺参的体重、体长生长性状和微卫星位点相关性进行分析,结果显示,微卫星位点AjSSR02基因型AB、AD、CD与体重和体长相关,AjSSR04标记中等位基因A对生长性状有正面影响,位点AjSSR06基因型FF个体仅平均体重与其他基因型个体显著差异,AjSSR09标记的A和B等位基因分别对生长性状具有正面和负面不同影响。     

白斑狗鱼F1代微卫星标记及其与生长性状的相关性

用8对微卫星标记分析白斑狗鱼Esox lucius人工繁育的PIT标记F1代群体的遗传结构,并分析其与5个形态性状的相关性。结果表明:8对微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数为2.8943,平均观测杂合度为0.5473,平均预期杂合度为0.6084,多态信息含量平均为0.5572,遗传偏离指数平均为-0.1634。白斑狗鱼F1代的遗传多样性略低于亲本,但仍具有较高的遗传多样性。对形态性状与基因型的相关分析,找到一个与全长、体高、体厚相关的位点P2。多重比较结果显示:P2位点基因型AA、BC、BB对生长起正面作用,而基因型AB、AC起负面作用。     

翘嘴鳜微卫星标记及其与主要经济性状的相关分析

利用筛选出的7对具有较高多态性的微卫星标记,检测106尾翘嘴鳜Siniperca chuatsi选育个体的基因组DNA,分析这些微卫星标记与翘嘴鳜体长、体质量和体高的相关性。结果获得67个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为3~19,片段大小在147~530bp之间;期望杂合度0.5092~0.9207,均值为0.7574;各位点的多态信息含量在0.4639~0.9101之间,均值为0.7197,表明所选择的SSR标记识别力较高,适用于翘嘴鳜选育群体遗传分析和标记辅助育种研究。相关性分析结果表明,G4位点中含有的片段为219bp等位基因的基因型(229/219或219/219)个体的体质量、体长和体高的表型效应显著高于其他的基因型,G10位点中246/246基因型的体质量和体高表型效应显著高于其他基因型,可作为未来翘嘴鳜分子标记辅助育种的重要参考位点。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.