Rice yield and water use as affected by soil management practices

A field experiment was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,to study the effects of soil management practices on water use and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in an axtuic brown soil during 2001 and 2002. A completely random experimental design with three replications was employed, having four soil management practices as treatments, namely: an undisturbed plow layer (CK), a thin plastic film (TN), a thick plastic film (TI) and subsoil compacting (CP). Results indicated no significant differences among all treatments for rice biomass and grain yields. Also, water consumption was about the same for treatments TN and CK, however the treatments TI and CP were much lower with more than 45% and 40% of the irrigation water in the treatments TI and CP, respectively,saved each year compared to CK. Therefore, water use efficiency was higher in the treatments TI and CP. These results will provide a scientific basis for the water-saving rice cultivation.     

非饱和土壤一维水分入渗与再分布的解析解法

Soil infiltration and redistribution are important processes in field water cycle, and it is necessary to develop a simple model to describe the processes. In this study, an algebraic solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution without evaporation in unsaturated soil was developed based on Richards equation. The algebraic solution had three parameters, namely, the saturated water conductivity, the comprehensive shape coefflcient of the soil water content distribution, and the soil suction allocation coefficient. To analyze the physical features of these parameters, a relationship between the Green-Ampt model and the algebraic solution was established. The three parameters were estimated based on experimental observations, whereas the soil water content and the water infiltration duration were calculated using the algebraic solution. The calculated soil water content and infiltration duration were compared with the experimental observations, and the results indicated that the algebraic solution accurately described the unsaturated soil water flow processes.     

亏缺灌溉对中国西北干旱区棉花生长、水分利用特征和产量的影响

Water shortage is a key constraint to sustainable agricultural production in Xinjiang, Northwest China. To enhance the use efficiency of valuable irrigation water resources, a 2-year experiment(2010–2011) was conducted to quantify the response of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield to different degrees of deficit irrigation(DI) regimes; to determine the effects of DI on the characteristics of water use for cotton, seasonal water use, available soil water in the root zone, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration(ET)-based water use efficiency and irrigation-based water use efficiency, and to determine the best DI regime for optimal water-saving and yield output. The plots were irrigated at 100%(100ET), 85%(85ET), 70%(70ET), 55%(55ET) and 45%(45ET) of the regional ET of cotton in northern Xinjiang. The effect of DI irrigation on water use characteristics was evaluated by analyzing available soil water and soil water depletion in the root zone along with water use efficiencies of cotton. The study showed that the growth, water use characteristics and yield of cotton varied with irrigation regime. Seasonal ET and seed cotton yield were linearly correlated with irrigation amount. The second-order polynomial equation best approximated water-yield relationship of cotton in the study area.Cotton yield response factor was 0.65, suggesting limited water conditions were suitable for cotton cultivation. Economic evaluation of DI treatments confirmed that the yield loss was less than 10% under 70 ET and 85 ET, which was acceptable for greater sustainability.The results suggested that proper DI schemes were necessary for sustainable cotton production in the region. While irrigation at 85 ET was safe for high cotton yield, irrigation at 70 ET was a viable alternative under limited irrigation water availability.     

翻耕和覆盖对我国黄土区麦田土壤水分的影响

Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy and rain-deficient years.Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in an experiment with five treatments:deep-loosening tillage(DLT),traditional tillage(TT),plastic mulch(PM),straw mulch(SM) and plastic plus straw mulch(PSM),All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300cm was determined before sowing,Results showed that the new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year,PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation.while in a rain-deficient year,the role was not significant,Due to evaporation.DLT did not promote the storage of soil moisture,SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture,In SM treatment the wheat yields increased by more than 20%.     

Dynamics of Soil Moisture and Salt Content After Infiltration of Saline Ice Meltwater in Saline-Sodic Soil Columns

Saline ice meltwater can be used for irrigation and leaching of salts in salt-affected soil regions.A laboratory experiment was conducted using soil columns to investigate the redistribution of soil moisture, salt and sodium adsorption ratio(SAR) in saline-sodic soil under the infiltration of saline ice meltwater.Soils were treated using saline water of three irrigation volumes(1 600, 2 400 and 3 200 mL) at four salinity levels.These four salinity levels included salt free(0 g L~(-1)), low salinity level(1.4 g L~(-1)), moderate salinity level(2.7 g L~(-1)) and high salinity level(4.1 g L~(-1)).The prepared saline water was frozen into ice, and then the ice was put on the surface of soil columns.After 96 h, the infiltration rate and soil moisture content of saline ice treatments were greater than those of salt-free ice treatments, increasing with the increase of ice salinity.Infiltration of saline ice meltwater increased soil moisture content in the upper layers for all treatments.Both salt contents and SAR values in the upper soil layers decreased in all saline ice treatments and were lower than those in salt-free ice treatment.However, this trend was reversed in the deeper(below 20 cm) soil layers.The highest desalting rate and lowest SAR were observed in high-salinity treatment under three irrigation volumes in the 0–15 cm soil layer,especially under irrigation volume of 2 400 mL.These results indicate that saline ice(0–20 cm) meltwater irrigation is beneficial to saline-sodic soil reclamation, and the best improvement effect would be achieved when using high-salinity ice under optimal irrigation volume.     

作物根系层土壤水分模拟的经验-机理模型

To predict soil water variation in the crop root zone,a general exponential recession (GER) model was developed to depict the recession process of soil water storage.Incorporating the GER model into the mass balance model for soil water,a GER-based physicoempirical (PE-GER) model was proposed for simulating soil water variation in the crop root zone.The PE-GER model was calibrated and validated with experimental data of winter wheat in North China.Simulation results agreed well with the field experiment results,as well as were consistent with the simulation results from a more thoroughly developed soil water balance model which required more detailed parameters and inputs.Compared with a previously developed simple exponential recession (SER) based physicoempirical (PE-SER) model,PE-GER was more suitable for application in a broad range of soil texture,from light soil to heavy soil.Practical application of PE-GER showed that PE-GER could provide a convenient way to simulate and predict the variation of soil water storage in the crop root zone,especially in case of insufficient data for conceptual or hydrodynamic models.     

江西省雨水、灌溉水及渗漏水中的硫对土壤硫的影响

Ten rainfall and irrigation water-collecting posts were set up in different ecotype districts of Jiangxi Province,China,to quarterly measure S content in rainfall and irrgation water.A rasinwater chemical composition-collecting device was used to collect the sulphur in rainfall,and the amount of sulphur adsorbed on the resin column in the device was determined.The soil percolating water was gathered using 6 lysimeters built up according to the profile sequence of the red soil derived from red sandstone and the red soil derived from Quaternary red clay,separately.On the lysimeters peanuts,soybean and radish were grown in rotation.Two treatments were designed:without S addition and with S additin at a rate of 14kg S ha^-1,The SO4^2- contents in rainfall,irrigation water and soil percolating water were determined by the turbidimetry.The results in 1997 showed that the average annual S content in rainwater ws 28.13kg S ha^-1.the average S content in irrigation water was 1.7mg S L^-1,and the average content of SO4^2- in soil percolation water was 2.30kg Sha^-1 year^-1 and 4.70 kg Sha^-1 year^-1 in treatments without and with sulphur application,respectively,In Jiangxi Province,apart from the losses by runoff and leaching,the sulphur in rainfall avaliable to crops is 7.3kg S ha^-1 year^-1 and additional S application is required.When rice is grown.however,irrigation water can suply 6.9kg S ha^-1,which,along with the sulphur in rainfall,cal almost meet the S requirement of one cropping of rice.     

基于微观球体颗粒模型的土水特征曲线研究

When variations occur in the water content or dry bulk density of soil,the contact angle hysteresis will affect the soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC).The occurrence of the contact angle hysteresis can be divided into slipping and pinning.It is difficult to determine the effect of pinning existence on SWCC by tests.In this study,the effect of contact angle hysteresis on SWCC was analyzed either in the case of no variations in soil dry bulk density with changes in soil water content or no variations in soil water content with changes in soil dry bulk density.In both cases,soil particles were simplified to the spherical particle model.Based on the geometrically mechanic relationship between the particles and connecting liquid bridges,a physical model for predicting the SWCC was derived from the spherical particle model.Adjusting parameters made the model applicable to various soils,that is,the cohesive soil was considered as micron-sized spherical particles.Through the simulations on SWCC test data of sand,silt,clay,and swelling soil,it was confirmed that the physical model possessed good reliability and practicability.Finally,the analysis of rationality of contact angle was performed based on the basic assumptions of the model.     

基于生长模拟模型的冬小麦生理过程水份胁迫影响因子效应的定量研究

A deep understanding of crop-water eco-physiological relations is the basis for quantifying plant physiological responses to soil water stress. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the winter wheat crop-water relations under both drought and waterlogging conditions in two sequential growing seasons from 2000 to 2002, and then the data were used to develop and validate models simulating the responses of winter wheat growth to drought and waterlogging stress. Thee xperiment consisted of four treatments, waterlogging (keep 1 to 2 cm water layer depth above soil surface), control (70%-80% field capacity), light drought (40%-50% field capacity) and severe drought (30%-40% field capacity) with six replicates at five stages in the 2000-2001 growth season. Three soil water content treatments (waterlogging, control and drought) with two replicates were designed in the 2001-2002 growth season. Waterlogging and control treatments are the same as in the 2000-2001 growth season. For the drought treatment, no water was supplied and the soil moisture decreased from field capacity to wilting point. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, predawn leaf water potential, soil water potential, soil water content and dry matter weight of individual organs were measured. Based on crop-water eco-physiological relations, drought and waterlogging stress factors for winter wheat growth simulation model were put forward. Drought stress factors integrated soil water availability, the sensitivity of different development stages and the difference between physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, transpiration and partitioning). The quantification of waterlogging stress factor considered different crop species, soil water status, waterlogging days and sensitivity at different growth stages. Data sets from the pot experiments revealed favorable performance reliability for the simulation sub-models with the drought and waterlogging stress factors.     

秸秆覆盖条件下夏玉米田蒸散、水分利用效率和作物系数研究

Maize （Zea mays L.）, a staple crop grown from June to September during the rainy season on the North China Plain, is usually inter-planted in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） fields about one week before harvesting of the winter wheat. In order to improve irrigation efficiency in this region of serious water shortage, field studies in 1999 and 2001, two dry seasons with less than average seasonal rainfall, were conducted with up to five irrigation applications to determine evapotranspiration, calculate the crop coefficient, and optimize the irrigation schedule with maize under mulch, as well as to establish the effects of irrigation timing and the number of applications on grain yield and water use efficiency （WUE） of maize. Results showed that with grain production at about 8 000 kg ha^-1 the total evapotranspiration and WUE of irrigated maize under mulch were about 380-400 mm and 2.0-2.2 kg m^-3, respectively. Also in 2001 WUE of maize with mulch for the treatment with three irrigations was 11.8% better than that without mulch. In the 1999 and 2001 seasons, maize yield significantly improved （P = 0.05） with four irrigation applications, however, further increases were not significant. At the same time there were no significant differences for WUE with two to four irrigation applications. In the 2001 season mulch lead to a decrease of 50 mm in the total soil evaporation, and the maize crop coefficient under mulch varied between 0.3-1.3 with a seasonal average of 1.0.     

基于AquaCrop模型的库尔勒香梨生长动态模拟及滴灌制度优化

为探究省力化栽培模式下库尔勒香梨园适宜的灌溉制度，依据4种灌溉定额(3 750,5 250,6 750,8 250 m³/hm²)条件下2年香梨的田间试验数据，通过冠层覆盖度、土壤含水量和蒸散强度(ET_a)和产量指标，确定AquaCrop模型参数。设置不同灌水场景，综合考虑产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率，利用AquaCrop模型优化香梨灌溉制度。结果表明：Y2W3处理产量高出其余处理3.87%～16.86%,Y2W1处理水分利用效率高出其余处理2.88%～27.20%;AquaCrop模型模拟与试验地实测结果的决定系数(R²)、均方根误差(RMSE)、标准均方根误差(NRMSE)、拟合度指数(d)和Nash效率系数(NSE)评价指标表明，冠层覆盖度R²变化范围为0.89～0.93,土壤含水量d为0.92～0.98,ET_a的RMSE为1.06～1.61 mm/d; AquaCrop模型预测15种不同场景，灌溉定额7 200 m³/h...     

Soil Salinity Dynamics under Drip Irrigation and Mulch Film and Their Effects on Cotton Root Length

A field experiment based on a monolith method using flooding irrigation under mulch film (FI) as a control was conducted to investigate soil salinity dynamics under drip irrigation with mulch film (DI) and its effects on cotton root length. The average soil salinity increased with duration of irrigation, but salt distribution in the soil profile was uneven and showed strong accumulation in the soil between adjacent mulch films. With advancing growth of cotton plants, the area of salt accumulation gradually expanded, especially from 110 to 125 days after sowing (DAS), when salinity distinctly increased in the 0- to 40-cm soil depth and at distances 30–70 cm from drip lines; the electrical conductivity (EC) under DI in all soil samples was at least 3 mS cm^?1 and in some cases exceeded 5 mS cm^?1. Root length declined significantly by 18.1% from 110 to 125 DAS under DI. The soil area showing the greatest decline in root length under DI coincided with the main site of salt accumulation. Correlation analysis of soil EC and root length density indicated the root length declined when soil salt content exceeded 2.8 mS cm^?1. However, under FI salt accumulation barely exceeded 2.8 mS cm^?1 and no reduction in root length was observed. The results indicated that the main reason for decreased root length in cotton under DI was localized accumulation of salinity.     

覆膜开孔土壤蒸发的水盐分布特征及运移规律研究

在干旱半干旱的新疆地区,覆膜灌溉面积在逐年增加。但由于田间地膜覆盖率无法达到100%,同时出苗孔和灌水孔的存在使得研究覆膜灌后地表覆膜开孔率不同时蒸发的水盐运动很有必要。为获得覆膜开孔蒸发的土壤水盐分布特征,采用垂直一维入渗蒸发双层有机玻璃土柱实验系统进行蒸发试验。以概化的覆膜开孔率为上边界条件,针对初始水盐均匀和入渗结束后的蒸发两种处理,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下,蒸发土壤含盐量剖面和盐分浓度剖面的分布特征。结果表明,对水盐均匀处理,剖面盐分浓度可采用含水率及开孔率的函数关系表达;而对入渗蒸发处理,剖面盐分浓度随覆膜开孔率的范围不同可采用不同的指数形式表达。表土10cm返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加。单位膜孔面积的返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增加而减小,呈幂函数关系。此外,相同开孔率条件下,单位膜孔面积上蒸发量(ER)与土表10cm返盐量(Wsm,10)之间呈良好的线性关系。     

Time‐lapse monitoring of soil water content using electromagnetic conductivity imaging

The volumetric soil water content (θ) is fundamental to agriculture because its spatiotemporal variation in soil affects the growth of plants. Unfortunately, the universally accepted thermogravimetric method for estimating volumetric soil water content is very labour intensive and time‐consuming for use in field‐scale monitoring. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have proven to be useful in mapping the spatiotemporal variation of θ. However, depth‐specific variation in θ, which is important for irrigation management, has been little explored. The objective of this study was to develop a relationship between θ and estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ) and to use this relationship to develop time‐lapse images of soil θ beneath a centre‐pivot irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crop in San Jacinto, California, USA. We first measured the bulk apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a – mS/m) using a DUALEM‐421 over a period of 12 days after an irrigation event (i.e. days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12). We used EM4Soil to generate EM conductivity images (EMCIs). We used a physical model to estimate θ from σ, accounting for soil tortuosity and pore water salinity, with a cross‐validation RMSE of 0.04 cm³/cm³. Testing the scenario where no soil information is available, we used a three‐parameter exponential model to relate θ to σ and then to map θ along the transect on different days. The results allowed us to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of θ across the surveyed area, over the 12‐day period. In this regard, we were able to map the soil close to field capacity (0.27 cm³/cm³) and approaching permanent wilting point (0.03 cm³/cm³). The time‐lapse θ monitoring approach, developed using EMCI, has implications for soil and water use and management and will potentially allow farmers and consultants to identify inefficiencies in water application rates and use. It can also be used as a research tool to potentially assist precision irrigation practices and to test the efficacy of different methods of irrigation in terms of water delivery and efficiency in water use in near real time.     

基于Sentinel-2卫星数据的灌区农田土壤水盐协同反演

土壤含水量（soil water content, SWC）和土壤含盐量（soil salt content, SSC）是影响作物生长和农业生产力的重要因素。光学卫星图像已成为SWC和SSC估计的主要数据源。然而,在SWC或SSC变化较大地区,土壤水分和盐分会影响对方对光谱反射率的响应,使得SSC和SWC的反演精度较差。对此,该研究提出了一个半解析性的反射率模型—RVS模型,来模拟植被光谱反射率（R_v）对作物根区土壤含水量和含盐量的响应;并通过构建的RVS模型,对植被覆盖区域的土壤含水量和土壤含盐量进行同步监测。研究表明：RVS模型在反演研究区土壤含盐量和含水量时,精度较为可靠(水分：决定系数R²为0.63～0.74,均方根误差为0.017～0.028;盐分：决定系数R²为0.68～0.75,均方根误差为0.0525～0.0617)。在作物生长过程中,植被光谱反射率对深层土壤的含水量和含盐量的响应比对浅层土壤的含水量和含盐量的响应更加明显,而且随着作物的生长,影响光谱反射率的主导因素从土壤水分慢慢转向土壤盐分和水盐相互作用。该研究在一定程度上揭示了土壤水分、盐分、水盐交互作用对作物光谱反射率的干扰过程,实现土壤水分和盐分的同步监测,对实现区域尺度上土壤含盐量和含水量的精准监测具有一定的意义。     

The conversion of permittivity as measured by a PR2 capacitance probe into soil moisture values for Des Moines lobe soils in Iowa

Measurement of soil moisture is essential for irrigation scheduling and capacitance sensors have been widely used to monitor soil moisture at different depths. Two approaches for converting permittivity measures using the capacitance probe (PR2, Delta‐T Devices) to soil water content are to (a) use the default equation and parameters provided by the manufacturer, and (b) use site specific calibration equations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the manufacturer’s default equation and in‐situ calibrated equations for estimating soil water content. Permittivity measurement using the PR2 probe coincided with soil sampling during the growing seasons in 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Des Moines lobe soils in north‐central Iowa. The default equation provided by Delta‐T Devices for the PR2 probe estimated the soil water content for 3 years with an average root mean square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IoA) values of 0.097 cm³/cm³ and 0.587, respectively. The default equation was calibrated by a 1‐year (2006) and a 2‐year (2006 + 2007) data set. The resultant statistics indicate that site specific calibration gives more accurate estimates of soil water content compared to the uncalibrated default equation. Three‐year averaged RMSE and IoA values were 0.049 cm³/cm³ and 0.742 for equations calibrated by the 1‐year data set, and 0.034 cm³/cm³ and 0.807 for equations calibrated by the 2‐year data set. The results from this study indicate that a site specific calibration is necessary for the PR2 probe, and equations calibrated by data from a longer period performed better than data from a shorter period. Where a site‐specific field calibration cannot be applied, coefficients are provided for various cropping systems in Des Moines Lobe soils of Iowa based on the results from this study.     

水氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响研究

通过田间和桶栽试验研究了水、氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响。田间试验结果显示,土壤水分条件对冬小麦根冠生长影响显著。当冬小麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分维持在田间持水量的60%以上时,根冠比维持稳定状态,不随灌溉次数的增加而变化;当冬小T麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分低于田间持水量的60%时,土壤越干旱,根冠比越大。桶栽试验结果显示,氮素水平对冬小麦根冠比影响显著,而水氮互作效应对根冠比影响不显著。在所有水分处理条件下,随着施氮量增加,冬小麦根量减少。施氮对冬小麦地上部分和地下部分的影响不同。在水分亏缺条件下,随着氮用量增加,冬小麦经济产量呈增加趋势,水分利用效率与施氮量存在明显正相关关系;而在充分灌溉条件下,产量随着施氮量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,存在一个氮肥用量阈值。因此,水氮通过调控地上地下干物质分配而影响作物产量和水分利用效率,在水分供应受限制条件下,增施氮肥会降低根冠比,更利于地上干物质的积累和经济产量形成。田间试验和桶栽试验均表明,冬小麦根冠比与水分利用效率呈负相关,根冠比大不利于地上部分干物质的积累和作物产量的形成,导致水分利用效率降低。     

西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移对产量影响的预测模型

为了定量计算微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐和西葫芦产量的影响,根据微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移特点和西葫芦生长试验,建立了西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模型和水盐生产函数,并将二者联立,建立了西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移对产量影响的预测模型。利用西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌水盐试验数据对模型进行验证,结果表明模型计算的西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤含水率和土壤含盐量与实测土壤含水率和土壤含盐量的变化趋势一致,模型计算土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的均方根误差分别为0.049 cm~3/cm~3、0.065 g/kg和3.83 t/hm~2,土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的平均相对误差分别为5.17%、7.42%和5.84%,土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的平均绝对误差分别为0.047 cm~3/cm~3、0.062 g/kg和3.95 t/hm~2。所建的模型具有较高的模拟精度,可用于模拟西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐动态和西葫芦产量。     

沙坡头区直插式根灌条件下土壤水分变化分析

为提高沙坡头地区造林过程中的水分利用效率,制定最优化的灌溉制度,在宁夏中卫沙坡头自然保护区,两年生固沙梭梭(Haloxy lonammodendron)林展开直插式根灌节水试验,分析和模拟直插式根灌过程中土壤水分入渗和消退规律。结果表明:1)直插式根灌过程中,土壤含水量随灌水时间的变化符合Logistic曲线变化;停灌后,土壤水分消退规律符合幂函数模型变化。2)本试验条件下,不同土层土壤水分最大入渗速率依次为60 cm40 cm80 cm100 cm20 cm,达到最大入渗速率的时间40 cm土层最短,平均为1.22 h,100 cm土层最长,平均为4.57 h;1 m深土层土壤水分最大入渗速率平均为1.65%·h-1,达到最大入渗速率的时间平均为2.16 h。3)根据模拟结果,建议沙坡头区梭梭林直插式根灌灌溉周期为4 d左右,单次灌水时间以6~10 h为宜。4)停灌2 h后,各土层土壤含水量消退速率随土层深度增加而增大,停灌后48 h,各土层土壤水分消退速率基本为零;梭梭全生长期,1 m深土层土壤水分消退速率在结实期最大,为2.20%·h-1,休眠期最小,为1.31%·h-1。5)直插式根灌对20 cm土层土壤水分的影响最小,对60 cm土层土壤水分影响最大;灌溉过程中,土壤水分等值线以60 cm土层等值线为中心,向表层和深层土壤辐射状分布,灌后各土层平均土壤含水量,20 cm和60 cm土层与其他各土层之间差异显著(P0.05)。研究表明,直插式根灌的土壤水分入渗规律符合Logistic曲线变化,消退规律符合幂函数曲线变化,直插式根灌对20 cm土层土壤水分的影响最小,对60 cm土层土壤水分影响最大,沙坡头区梭梭林直插式根灌灌溉周期为4 d左右,单次灌水时间以6~10 h为宜。     

AquaCrop模型在西北胡麻生物量及产量模拟中的应用和验证

为了预测水分和养分对胡麻籽粒产量、生物量与水分生产率的影响,使用FAO研发的水分驱动作物模型AquaCrop对胡麻在不同灌溉与氮磷水平下的生长情况进行模拟和验证。试验分别于2011年、2012年在甘肃省榆中县良种场进行,试验设置4个灌溉水平,3个氮水平,3个磷水平。模型性能的评价采用模型效率(E)、决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)等统计指标。分析结果表明:AquaCrop模型校正的籽粒产量和生物量在不同灌溉与氮磷水平处理下的预测误差统计值为:0.97E0.99,0.11RMSE0.33,0.11 t·hm 2MAE0.42 t·hm 2,与2012年的试验观察数据(0.96E0.99,0.11RMSE0.42,0.11 t·hm 2MAE0.39 t·hm 2)基本一致;同时,群体覆盖(CC)与生物量的模拟结果与测定值也非常拟合。AquaCrop模型在充分灌溉处理下预测胡麻产量,比非充分灌溉处理下具更高的准确性。因而,水分驱动模型AquaCrop在西北胡麻区不同的灌溉与田间管理措施下有较高的模拟精确性,具有广阔的应用前景和价值。