Critical state parameters derived from constant cell volume triaxial tests

Critical state parameters were determined in constant cell volume triaxial tests on three remoulded agricultural topsoils, a sandy loam, a clay loam and a clay. Tests were made at a range of water contents. The normal consolidation lines tended to be linear on a semi-logarithmic plot up to a degree of saturation of c. 0.85, above which the soil was incompressible but highly deformable. The slopes of the projected critical state lines were slightly greater than the slopes of the normal consolidation lines for all three soils. For each soil, both lines pivoted about a point as water content increased and, for the two lighter-textured soils, the increases in compactibility tended to be greatest near the plastic limit. For all three soils, strength remained fairly constant with increasing water content until the soil was at around 70-85% of the cone penetrometer plastic limit. Strength then decreased with increasing water content, with the smallest decrease in the sandy loam.     

Evaluation of a combined penetrometer for simultaneous measurement of penetration resistance and soil water content

A combined penetrometer is an appropriate tool to measure the soil cone resistance and the water‐content profile. As a relatively new technique, a combined capacitance‐penetrometer for the simultaneous measurement of cone index and soil water content was developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Bonn University in 2002. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness and applicability of the innovated penetrometer with a focus on three aspects: (1) A capacitance sensor with two electrode configurations was calibrated for silt loam, sandy loam, and sand. The calibration results show that both electrode configurations have sufficient water‐content sensitivity, but soil‐specific calibrations seem necessary. (2) Under laboratory conditions, the dynamic resolution and response of the capacitance‐penetrometer were validated, and its radius of influence was determined. (3) The field measurement results demonstrate that this measurement technique can be used to improve the interpretation quality of soil cone index data.     

A comparison of five instruments for measuring soil strength in cultivated and uncultivated cereal seedbeds

A torsional shear box, shear vane. cone penetrometer, drop-cone penetrometer and pocket penetrometer were used to measure soil strength at several depths less than 150 mm in cultivated and uncultivated seedbeds in a loam and a sandy clay loam. From the shear box results, cohesion was higher and the angle of friction was lower in the sandy clay loam than in the loam. Angle of friction was independent of cultivation but cohesion was higher in uncultivated than in cultivated soil. Despite these differences cone resistance was similar in both soils above 70 mm depth. Vane shear strength and drop-cone penetration, although empirical, indicated strength differences between soils and cultivations similar to those found with the torsional shear box. Vane shear strength, at 42 kPa, was about twice as high as cohesion in the sandy clay loam and, at 33 kPa, over four times as high as cohesion in the loam. These overestimates increased with increasing bulk density. The range of measurement of the pocket penetrometer was inadequate to cover the range of soil strengths encountered. The coefficient of variation within plots for cone resistance decreased from 76 per cent at 10 mm depth to about 22 per cent at 70 mm depth and below, and for vane shear strength it was 33 per cent near the soil surface. The drop-cone penetrometer results were the most variable, reflecting the log-normal distribution of penetrations. The cone penetrometer was the fastest method, followed by the shear vane, drop-cone penetrometer and torsional shear box in that order.     

Critical limits of the degree of compactness and soil penetration resistance for the soybean crop in N Brazil

In agricultural fields soil compaction is a major cause of physical degradation. Degree of compactness (DC) is a useful parameter for characterizing compaction and the response of crops for different soils. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the critical DC and PR values for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] using plant growth variables and (2) to verify the relationship between DC and PR, and assess which parameter is recommended for the evaluation of soil compaction. The study was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized factorial design of 4 textures × 5 compaction levels for sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils, and 3 compaction levels for the clayey and very clayey soils. Soil samples were collected from the surface of a Xantic Kandiudox from the NE region of the State of Pará, Brazil. The DC was calculated from the maximum bulk density obtained by the Proctor test, and the PR curve was determined in undisturbed samples equilibrated in different matric potentials. The growth and development of the soybean was favored in the DC range of 80 to 85%, regardless of soil texture. The critical degree of compactness for the growth of soybean was around 98% regardless of soil texture, while the critical values for penetration resistance at field capacity varied according to soil texture and bulk density and were 28.2, 5.6, 3.5, and 5.2 MPa for the sandy loam, sand clay loam, clayey and very clayey soils, respectively. The root length was the plant growth variable most susceptible to soil compaction. Change in soil penetration resistance was poorly related with change in degree of compactness showing that one parameter cannot be replaced by the other. Because PR is quickly determined in field and have a direct relationship with plant growth, for the soils evaluated in this study we recommend the use of soil PR to assess the state of soil compaction.     

基于线性源法与图像处理的土壤饱和导水率快速测量方法

土壤饱和导水率是计算土壤剖面水通量以及设计灌溉和排水系统的重要参数,其测量准确与否直接影响各类水文和水动力学模型的预测精度。然而,现有土壤饱和导水率测定方法费时费力,给土壤水动力学研究工作带来了诸多不便。为此,该研究提出了一种基于线性源入流法与手机图像处理相结合的土壤饱和导水率快速测量方法。该方法首先利用手机拍照获取图像记录充分供水条件下线性水流在土壤表面扩散的过程,图像经处理后计算出土壤表面湿润面积及其随时间的变化关系,然后根据线性源入流法估算的土壤稳态入渗率来测得土壤饱和导水率,并与传统的定水头标准法测得的饱和导水率进行对比。结果表明：图像经畸变校正与二值化处理之后计算出栓皮栎林区土壤、油松林区土壤和砂壤土表面湿润面积与时间具有较好的幂指数关系,决定系数R2分别为0.994、0.995和0.998;在此基础上,采用线性源入流法测量栓皮栎林区土壤、油松林区土壤和砂壤土的稳态入渗率（即土壤饱和导水率）分别为23.40±1.21、23.86±1.83和22.99±2.26 mm/h,同时使用定水头标准法测量三种土样得到的饱和导水率分别为24.41±1.53、24.26±0.37和23.81±0.10 mm/h,与定水头标准法相比,该研究提出的土壤饱和导水率测量方法的相对误差分别为4.14%、1.64%和3.42%。可见,该研究提出的测定方法较为合理、简便、准确,可为获取土壤饱和导水率提供一种新的测量手段,后续研究会将该方法用于野外环境下土壤饱和导水率的原位测定,并验证该方法的准确性。     

冻融条件下土壤侵蚀阻力影响因素

为揭示季节性冻融区土壤侵蚀阻力的变化机制，确定影响土壤侵蚀阻力主控因子，通过室内冻融模拟、水槽冲刷和土壤抗剪试验，对黄绵土(SM粉质壤土)、风沙土(WS砂壤土)和黑土(KS黏壤土)侵蚀阻力影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)随着冻融循环次数增加，细沟可蚀性值逐渐升高，而临界剪切力降低。经历10次冻融循环后，SM粉质壤土、WS砂壤土和KS黏壤土的细沟可蚀性分别增加76%,63%,11%,临界剪切力分别减小37%,13%,91%。(2)细沟可蚀性随土壤抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角增大而减小，临界剪切力则呈相反趋势。与内摩擦角相比，黏聚力更适合用来表征土壤侵蚀阻力。采用黏聚力对SM粉质壤土、WS砂壤土和KS黏壤土的细沟可蚀性进行预测，决定系数(R²)分别为0.42,0.78,0.50,平均为0.57;对临界剪切力的预测效果较差，决定系数(R²)分别为0.16,0.14,0.18,平均仅为0.16。(3)根据皮尔逊相关分析结果，基于土壤的初始含水率、冻融循环次数、力学特性以及土壤参数等分别建立细沟可蚀性(R²=0.85)和临界剪切力...     

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.     

Linuron sorption-desorption in field-moist soils

Pesticide sorption or binding to soil is traditionally characterized using batch slurry techniques. The objective of this study was to determine linuron sorption in field-moist or unsaturated soils. Experiments were performed using low-density (i.e., 0.25 g mL(-)(1)) supercritical carbon dioxide to remove linuron from the soil water phase, thus allowing calculation of sorption coefficients (K(d)) at low water contents. Both soil water content and temperature influenced sorption. K(d) values increased with increased water content, if less than saturated. K(d) values decreased with increased temperature. K(d) values for linuron sorption on silty clay and sandy loam soils at 12% water content and 40 degrees C were 3.9 and 7.0 mL g(-)(1), respectively. Isosteric heats of sorption (DeltaH(i)) were -41 and -35 kJ mol(-)(1) for the silty clay and sandy loam soils, respectively. The sorption coefficient obtained using the batch method was comparable (K(f) for sandy loam soil = 7. 9 microg(1)(-)(1/)(n)() mL(1/)(n)() g(-)(1)) to that obtained using the SFE technique. On the basis of these results, pesticide sorption as a function of water content must be known to more accurately predict pesticide transport through soils.     

The variation of soil critical state parameters with water content and its relevance to the compaction of two agricultural soils

Examination of the previously published results of laboratory compression tests on a loam and a sandy loam has shown that as the water content and degree of saturation of a soil increase, the gradient of the virgin compression line, expressed in terms of specific volume and log of spherical pressure, increases and its intercept decreases. The water contents of the soils ranged from 5% to 30% and the degrees of saturation ranged from 10% to 40%. For both soils the gradient of the recompression line for previously compressed soils was shown to decrease with decreasing initial specific volume (increasing density) and to approach zero at a specific volume of 1.5 (dry bulk density of 1750 kg/m₃). It was deduced that the position of the critical state line also varies with soil water content and that the critical state theory can be extended to unsaturated soils and therefore be of use in predicting the mechanical behaviour of agricultural soil during cultivation and compaction.     

Spatial variability of Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain soil physical properties: Implications for site-specific management

Our objectives were to describe the field-scale horizontal and vertical spatial variability of soil physical properties and their relations to soil map units in typical southeastern USA coastal plain soils, and to identify the soil properties, or clusters of properties, that defined most of the variability within the field. The study was conducted on a 12-ha field in Kinston, NC. A 1:2400 scale soil survey had delineated three soil map units in the field: Norfolk loamy sand, Goldsboro loamy sand, and Lynchburg sandy loam. These are representative of millions of hectares of farmland in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA. Sixty soil cores were taken to ∼ 1-m depth, sectioned into five depth increments, and analyzed for: soil texture as percentage sand, silt, and clay; soil water content (SWC) at − 33 and − 1500 kPa; plant available water (PAW); saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat); bulk density (BD); and total porosity. A penetrometer was used to measure cone index (CI) at each sample location. Variography, two mixed-model analyses, and principal components analysis were conducted. Results indicated that soil physical properties could be divided into two categories. The first category described the majority of the within-field variability and included particle size distribution (soil texture), SWC, PAW, and CI. These characteristics showed horizontal spatial structure that was captured by soil map units and especially by the division between sandy loams and finer loam soils. The second class of variables included BD, total porosity, and Ksat. These properties were not spatially correlated in the field and were unrelated to soil map unit. These findings support the hypothesis that coastal plain soil map units that delineate boundaries between sandy loams versus finer loam soils may be useful for developing management zones for site-specific crop management.     

Influence of soil strength on root growth: experiments and analysis using a critical-state model

Roots grow thicker in compacted soil, even though it requires greater force for a large object to penetrate soil than it does for a small one. We examined the advantage of thickening in terms of the stresses around a root penetrating with constant shape, rather than the stresses around an expanding cylinder or sphere, as has been studied previously. We combined experiments and simulations of the stresses around roots growing in compacted soils. We measured the diameter of pea roots growing in sandy loam and clay loam at four different densities, and the critical‐state properties of the soils. At a penetration resistance of about 1 MPa the diameter of the roots in the sandy loam was about 40% greater than that at 0.7 MPa, and at 2 MPa it was about 60% greater. In the clay loam, there was less thickening – about 10% greater at 1 MPa and about 20% greater at 1.5 MPa. The maximum axial stresses were predicted using a critical‐state finite‐element model to be at the very tip of the root cap. When there was friction between the root and the soil, shear stresses were predicted with smaller values at the tip than just behind the tip. When the interface between the soil and the root was assumed to be frictionless, there were by definition no shear stresses. In the frictionless case the advantage of root thickening on relieving peak stress at the root tip was diminished. The axial and shear stresses were predicted to be smaller in the clay loam than in the sandy loam and may explain why the roots did not thicken in this soil although its resistance to penetration was similar. Our results suggest that the local values of axial and shear stresses experienced by the root near its tip may be as important in constraining root growth as the total penetration resistance.     

推求土壤水分运动参数的简单入渗法──Ⅱ.实验验证

预报土壤中水分流动需要的土壤导水特性可通过观察水平土柱的入渗过程来确定,这一观测过程的分析是基于对Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ方程求积分解。土壤水分特征曲线中的参数由观测的水平土柱和特征湿润长度和吸力为确定,非饱和土壤导水率由已确定的特征曲线中的参数和测定的饱和导水率导出。供试土壤有三种,它们的质地从砂壤到粘壤。由这种方法所确定的这三种土壤的水分特征曲线与实测的特征曲线符合良好,所确定的砂壤的非饱和导水率与实     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的玉米根系吸水影响因素分析

为探索土壤质地、植物生长状况和气象条件对不同土壤水分条件下根系吸水速率的影响机理,该文以相对根吸水速率与土壤含水率的关系衡量土壤水分有效性,利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟了3种土壤（壤黏土、黏壤土和砂壤土）中不同玉米生长状况（包括叶面积指数、根系深度和根系剖面分布）或蒸发力条件下根系吸水速率随含水率的动态变化,确定了不同条件下根系吸水速率开始降低的临界含水率。结果表明：土壤质地、植物的叶面积指数和根系分布及大气蒸发力都对根系吸水动态曲线的临界含水率有一定影响,其中根系深度和根系分布形状还影响根系吸水速率与含水率关系曲线的形状,但在3种土壤中,根系吸水速率的动态变化对植物生长和大气蒸发力的响应不同。总体而言,3种土壤临界含水率的大小是壤黏土＞黏壤土＞砂壤土;临界含水率随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,随根系深度和深层根系分布的增加而降低;各因子对玉米根系吸水影响程度的大小是土壤质地＞根系分布形状＞根系深度＞大气蒸发力＞叶面积指数。     

三深度土壤水分传感器的研制及试验

针对当前植物根区不同深度下土壤含水量测量存在的传感器安装困难、对原位土壤扰动大以及传感器间一致性差等问题,该文基于阻抗法设计了一种三深度土壤水分传感器。该传感器不仅可以同时测量3个不同深度的土壤含水量,并且在安装时对原位土壤扰动极小。试验标定结果显示,该传感器具有较高的精度,所测的土壤含水量与烘干法所得的实际含水量非常吻合,决定系数R2和均方根误差(RMSE,root mean square error)分别达到0.996和0.013 cm3/cm3;传感器可适用于多种不同质地的土壤,在3种不同质地土壤中的输出灵敏度均大于1V/(cm3/cm3)。传感器的输出与土壤体积含水量呈现良好的线性关系,对黏土、砂土及壤土的决定系数R2分别达到0.983、0.965和0.975;土壤水分入渗试验结果进一步表明,该传感器性能良好,3个不同深度的传感器电极具有较高的一致性,在壤土和砂土样本中3个深度传感器电极的输出,相对误差分别小于2%和5%。     

Guidelines for safe trafficking and cultivation, and resistance–density–moisture relations of three disturbed soils from Alberta

The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.     

基于水平吸渗确定土壤水分扩散率的解析-修正法

准确测试土壤水分扩散率是研究水分在土壤中运移的关键之一.针对水平吸渗法测试土壤水分扩散率易受边界效应影响的问题,该研究构建解析-修正法,以提高测试结果的精度.假设第一类边界条件下,一维水平入渗Richards方程解的形式与其对应线性化方程的解析解相似,结合常数变易法,推导了一维水平入渗Richards方程的近似解析解....     

生物炭对东北黑土持水特性的影响

为探究生物炭对东北黑土持水特性的影响,系统研究3种添加比例(2%、5%、10%)、3种粒径(0.25、0.5、1 mm)的杨木炭和竹炭对3种质地东北黑土(壤土、砂壤土、砂土)田间持水量和含水率的影响规律,构建添加生物炭黑土的水分特征曲线,并采用Van-Genuchten和Broods-Corey模型进行拟合。结果表明:生物炭能显著提高不同质地东北黑土的持水能力,黑土的田间持水量与生物炭的添加比例呈显著正相关,而与生物炭的粒径呈负相关,0.5 mm和1 mm粒径的生物炭对黑土田间持水量的影响差异不显著,杨木炭显著优于竹炭,0.25 mm、10%添加比例的杨木炭对东北黑土持水能力的提高效果最优,壤土、砂壤土、砂土3种质地黑土的田间持水量和饱和含水率分别可提高64.97%、66.42%、69.39%和47.60%、38.93%、31.18%;Van-Genuchten模型能更精确的模拟添加生物炭黑土的水分特征曲线,最佳离心时间为100 min,三次函数曲线能够较好的拟合添加生物炭黑土的体积含水率与离心吸力之间的多元动态关系,为生物炭对各种质地东北黑土水分运动规律的深入研究提供理论依据。     

不同质地土壤上烤烟氮素积累、分配及利用率的研究

【目的】土壤质地能概括反映土壤内在的肥力特征,对土壤养分供应具有调控作用,是影响农田中土壤氮素供应和氮肥利用的重要因素。本试验通过在皖南烟区3种质地(壤土、黏壤、砂壤)土壤上施用等量氮肥来研究其对烤烟不同生育期的氮素吸收、积累及利用特征的影响,旨在为烟田土壤改良及烤烟合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】在皖南烟区现代农业科技园的典型壤土、黏壤和砂壤土上分别建立田间试验,采用15N田间微区试验和室内分析相结合的研究方法,在烤烟的团棵期(移栽后38 d)、现蕾期(移栽后53 d)、平顶期(移栽后64d)和成熟期(移栽后103 d),采集长势一致的烟株样品,测定烟株各部位的生物量,并采用凯氏定氮法检测其全氮含量,采用ZHTO2型同位素质谱仪测定其15N丰度。【结果】皖南烟区壤土和黏壤土上烤烟总氮和肥料氮积累均随生育期呈单峰变化,在烤烟平顶期达最大,总氮积累量分别为4.25 g/plant和3.96 g/plant,肥料氮积累量分别为2.34 g/plant和2.54 g/plant,而砂壤土上烤烟到成熟期其总氮和肥料氮的积累量达到最大,分别是5.64 g/plant和2.73 g/plant,均显著高于同时期的壤土和黏壤;壤土、黏壤和砂壤土上烤烟均以叶部肥料氮占总氮比例及氮素分配率较高,茎部次之,根部最低;不同质地土壤上烤烟氮肥利用率与肥料氮的积累动态具有一致的变化趋势,其中壤土和黏壤在平顶期最大,分别为34.5%和40.7%,之后壤土利用率缓慢下降,黏壤下降幅度较大,而砂壤土上烤烟氮肥利用率在生育期内呈上升趋势,至成熟期最大,为43.7%。【结论】不同质地土壤上烟株对氮素的吸收利用顺序为砂壤壤土黏壤,黏壤土在烤烟生育期内供氮能力较弱,应合理调控土壤氮的矿化及增加肥料氮的供应;砂壤土氮肥利用率较高,应严格控制氮肥的施用量。     

Zeolite Effects on Immobile Water Content and Mass Exchange Coefficient at Different Soil Textures

The concern for groundwater pollution by agrichemicals through solute movement within the soil is widespread. Zeolite is a type of soil amendment that is utilized to improve physical properties of soil and ameliorate polluted soil. The high negative charge of the zeolite and its open space structure allows adsorption and access of heavy metals and other cations and anions. The objectives of this research were (i) to determine the effects of different application rates of zeolite (0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg^?1) on the immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient in a loam soil and then (ii) to determine the effects of optimum application rate of zeolite on the immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient of sandy loam and clay loam soils in saturated conditions by a mobile and immobile (MIM) model. In a disturbed soil column, a method was proposed for determination of MIM model parameters, that is, immobile water content (θ_im), mass exchange coefficient (α), and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D_h). Breakthrough curves were obtained for different soil textures with different zeolite applications in three replicates, by miscible displacement of chloride (Cl^?1) in disturbed soil column. Cl^?1 breakthrough curves were evaluated in terms of the MIM model. The results showed that the pore water velocity calculated based on the total soil volumetric water content (θ_im+ θ_m) and real pore water velocity calculated based on the mobile water content (θ_m) increased in the loam soil with an increase in zeolite application rate, so that, between these different rates of zeolite application, the maximum value of pore water velocity and real pore water velocity occurred at zeolite application rates of 8.6 and 11.5 g kg^?1, which are indicated as the optimum application rates. However, the comparison between different soils showed that the zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1 could increase pore water velocity of sandy loam and loam soils by 31% more than that of clay loam soil. The immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient of loam soil were correlated with the zeolite application rate and reduced with an increase in the rate of applied zeolite. In a comparison between different soils at zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1, the immobile water contents of the zeolite-treated soil decreased by 57%, 60%, and 39% on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, respectively, compared with the untreated soil. Furthermore, zeolite application could reduce mass exchange coefficient by 9%, 43%, and 21% on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, respectively. A positive linear relationship was found between θ_im and α. Zeolite application increased real pore water velocity of sandy loam soil by 39% and 46% compared with loam and clay loam soils, respectively. In other studies there was a decrease in ammonium and nitrate leaching due to the zeolite application, and therefore, an increase in real pore water velocity due to zeolite application in sandy loam soil, as compared with the loam and clay loam soils, may not show more rapid movement of solute and agrichemicals to the groundwater.     

基于信息熵方法的土壤水分入渗方程试验研究

对沙壤土、黏壤土进行水分入渗试验,确定4种熵方程(E-Horton、E-Kostiakov、E-Philip、E-GreenAmpt)系数并标定了一般方程(Horton、Kostiakov、Philip、Green-Ampt)系数。根据所得到的方程计算相应的入渗率,并与试验观测数据进行比较。结果表明:在沙壤土中,E-Horton、E-Kostiakov、E-Philip方程能较好地反映土壤水分入渗规律,E-Green-Ampt方程高估了土壤水分入渗率。在黏壤土中,4种熵方程拟合效果均较差。与一般方程比较,基于信息熵方法的土壤水分入渗方程更适于沙质土壤,因为该方法不需要标定方程的参数,简便可行,而且较好地反映了参数的物理意义,为优化灌溉提供理论依据。