大力发展保护性耕作 促进农业可持续发展——保护性耕作与中国实践

保护性耕作是相对于传统翻耕的一种新型耕作方式和技术,是现阶段保障和实现农业可持续发展的重要措施。文章浅述了保护性耕作的基本概念与内涵,并通过其在全球和中国发展状况的概述与比较,指出:思想观念陈旧、技术研究滞后、配套农机具缺乏、推广力度不足等是当前障碍和制约中国保护性耕作技术发展的主要因素;同时提出:强化宣传,更新观念;加强科研,完善技术;抓好示范,力促推广;注重实效,持续实施;加大投入,确保发展等,大力推广保护性耕作,促进农业可持续发展。     

保护性耕作对棉花产量及收益影响的研究

保护性耕作包括免耕、少耕及其它水保耕作。保护性耕作具有减少水土流失,增加土壤有机质,提高作物产量,降低生产成本的特点。在美国7个州12个试验区研究棉花生产中免耕、少耕、带状耕作及传统耕作的效果及效益。12个试验区全部布设了免耕及传统耕作,其中有8个试验区布设了少耕,2个试验区布设了带状耕作。各耕作措施对土壤理化性质没有显著影响,对棉花产量影响差异不显著,但免耕5 a总利润比其它三种耕作措施高15~820美元/hm2。由于各试验区的环境条件、土壤及管理措施不同,所以试验结果间差异不显著,但各试验区免耕利润高于其它耕作措施。在评价耕作措施时,不应只注重产量,还应考虑其综合效益。     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤肥力质量的影响

长期定位试验研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施和5种保护性耕作措施对豌豆-小麦(P→W)和小麦-豌豆(W→P)轮作序列的耕层土壤肥力质量的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作(T)处理相比,传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)处理有机质含量分别提高11.61%～12.21%和12.13%～16.99%,全氮提高7.29%～8.42%和11.58%～12.95%,全磷提高10.35%～14.63%和13.79%～18.29%,全钾提高7.32%～7.51%和8.78%～9.15%,速效磷提高11.10%～12.41%和16.29%～20.99%,速效钾提高25.11%～43.26%和31.62%～44.22%,pH降低0.11～0.17个单位和0.09～0.16个单位。进一步利用加乘法则和加权综合法两种模型评价不同耕作方式下的土壤肥力质量,结果表明,土壤肥力质量指数排序为NTS处理TS处理NTP处理NT处理T处理TP处理(P→W轮作序列)和NTS处理TS处理NT处理NTP处理TP处理T处理(W→P轮作序列)。在黄土高原雨养农作系统中,实施免耕结合秸秆覆盖,对促进和维持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤肥力质量具有重要意义。     

保护耕作制对季节性土壤流失概率的影响

保护耕作制控制水土流失的研究在南部山区水土保持中心已有五十多年的历史.随机抽样调查分析了当前季节性降雨自然灾害的变化和世界土壤流失通用方程的侵蚀指数,在某种意义上说明了保护耕作主要是这些典型季节.同时也证明了这个地区季节降雨最大概率在六月上旬到九月上旬之间.而最大侵蚀指数在六月中旬到八月末之间.在美国这些概率分布与热带湿润气候是一致的.在2.71公里的流域内,四种耕作试验的径流土壤流失的测定已进行十二年多了,这个流域是典型的山地土壤,坡度范围为2%～7%.这四种试验包括没有冬季作物覆盖的大豆保护耕作法和三种不同的全部用冬季作物覆盖的大豆、谷物和高粱保护耕作法.     

半干旱区保护性耕作的效应

西北太平洋内陆半干旱区常规种植制度是冬小麦—休闲2 a轮作制,在这一轮作制度中,不采取保护性耕作措施,地表因扰动而导致严重的土壤侵蚀。采取完全随机排列试验,观测了免耕(NT)和常规耕作(TP)两种种植方式、冬小麦—春豌豆—冬小麦—休闲4 a轮作制下的地表覆盖率、土壤入渗率、径流量和土壤侵蚀量,结果表明:免耕的覆盖率为81%、入渗率为41 mm/h,明显高于常规耕作(分别为59%、14 mm/h),免耕的径流量为0.4 mm、侵蚀量为10 kg/hm2,低于常规耕作(分别为0.4 mm、21 kg/hm2),免耕有利于研究区域土壤侵蚀控制。     

坡耕地实行保土耕作的效益试验分析

对坡耕地等高耕作与顺坡耕作、免耕法与翻耕法对比试验进行了研究和分析。结果表明等高耕作和免耕法均具有显著的保持水土和提高作物产量的效果。本试验研究为有效治理和利用坡耕地提供科学依据。     

免耕播种机在保护性耕作示范区的使用现状研究

随着我国农业生产规模的扩大,社会生态环境压力不断增加,耕地面积逐年减少.发展保护性耕地有利于缓解社会环境压力,对保护耕地起到积极作用.基于此,分析免耕播种机在保护性耕作示范区中使用的重要意义,深入剖析免耕播种机在保护性耕作区中的使用现状,为我国农业工程的发展提供参考,提高我国农作物的产量,推动农业发展.     

冷寒风沙区保护性耕作种植试验

该文对冷寒风沙区实施保护性耕作技术种植春小麦试验进行了评价和分析。试验结果表明在冷寒风沙区实施保护性耕作技术是可行的，取得了良好的增产效益、节本效益及社会效益。保护性耕作技术所用机具性能可靠，并能通过秸秆残茬覆盖的地表，实现化肥深施和免耕播种。试验结果为环京津数十个高原县的抗旱增收和治理沙尘暴提供了可靠的经验。     

不同耕作措施对土壤微生物的影响

土壤微生物作为土壤中活的有机体系,是衡量土壤质量的重要指标之一,可以表征土壤质量演变趋势,不同耕作措施对土壤微生物的影响引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。通过综述不同种植制度(连作、轮作和间作)、施肥制度(有机肥和无机肥配施、单施有机肥和单施化肥)、保护性耕作制度(秸秆还田和免耕)对土壤微生物数量、生物量和群落结构的影响,以期为农业的可持续发展提供一定的参考依据。     

Trends in the use of conservation tillage in US agriculture

Abstract. In 1996 conservation tillage was used on nearly 36% of the cropped area of the USA. This level has remained relatively unchanged over the past few years. The use of conservation tillage varied by crop and was dependent on site-specific factors including soil type, topsoil depth, and local climatic conditions. A number of economic, demographic, geographic, and policy factors have affected the adoption of conservation tillage. While it was not possible to quantify exactly the impact of these factors, it was clear that management complexities and profitability are key factors impeding an increase.     

保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下土壤氮、磷、钾等养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配变化和对产量的影响。试验设深翻耕秸秆还田(MC)、秸秆还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎免耕(NC)和整秸覆盖免耕(NW) 4 种冬小麦播前土壤耕作方式。试验结果表明, 6 年的不同耕作处理对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配有显著影响。秸秆还田旋耕可显著提高土壤表层(0~5 cm)有机质、全氮以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但随土壤深度增加, 提高效果呈逐渐下降趋势; 20~30 cm 土层土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量显著低于秸秆粉碎免耕处理。两种免耕模式(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在苗期明显低于翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)模式,在返青期差异最为显著。到拔节和扬花期, 免耕(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量与翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)之间的差异逐渐减少, 并最终影响到籽粒养分的积累。     

基于因子和聚类分析的保护性耕作土壤质量评价研究

基于长期定位试验,选择12项反映土壤质量特性的定量因子作为评价指标,采用因子分析对不同耕作模式的土壤质量进行综合评价,并运用欧氏距离最短法对其进行聚类分析。12项理化及生物属性指标归纳为5个公因子:保肥供肥因子、有机质因子、容重因子、磷素因子、酶活性因子。因子得分的结果表明:不同耕作模式的5个公因子优势差异明显。相比较而言传统耕作的土壤质量综合得分最低,说明在研究区保护性耕作模式条件下土壤在物理、化学、生物学性质方面都有所改善,土壤质量有所提高。土壤质量综合得分最高的前3种处理为隔年深松(NS2)、秸秆覆盖联合浅松、旋耕(SR2)、连年深松(NS3),说明深松、旋耕及秸秆还田与旋耕技术联合作业在改善土壤结构和培肥土壤方面优势更突出。聚类分析结果表明,同一耕作措施的不同模式土壤质量差异较小,说明在本研究试验条件下,耕作措施是影响土壤质量的关键因素。     

保护性耕作对黑土微生物群落的影响

耕作方式通过影响土壤微生物群落而影响土壤生态系统过程。本研究以传统耕作玉米连作处理为对照,通过测定土壤微生物量碳及磷脂脂肪酸含量,分析了保护性耕作(包括免耕玉米连作和免耕大豆-玉米轮作)对黑土微生物群落的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作可显著增加土壤表层(0～5cm)全碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳、碱解氮和微生物量碳(P0.05),为微生物代谢提供了丰富的资源。同时,保护性耕作显著提高了土壤表层(0～5cm)总脂肪酸量、真菌和细菌生物量(P0.05),提高了土壤的真菌/细菌值,有利于农田土壤生态系统的稳定性。研究结果对于探讨保护性耕作的内在机制具有重要意义。     

Impact of conservation tillage and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are strongly affected by land use intensity and soil type. The impact of tillage practices on AMF communities is still poorly understood, especially in organic farming systems. Our objective was to investigate the impact of soil cultivation on AMF communities in organically managed clay soils of a long-term field experiment located in the Sissle valley (Frick, Switzerland) where two different tillage (reduced and conventional mouldboard plough tillage) and two different types of fertilization (farmyard manure & slurry, or slurry only) have been applied since 2002. In addition, a permanent grassland and two conventionally managed croplands situated in the neighborhood of the experiment were analyzed as controls. Four different soil depths were studied including top-soils (0–10 and 10–20 cm) of different cultivation regimes and undisturbed sub-soils (20–30 and 30–40 cm). The fungi were directly isolated from field soil samples, and additionally spores were periodically collected from long-term trap culture (microcosm) systems. In total, >50,000 AMF spores were identified on the species level, and 53 AMF species were found, with 38 species in the permanent grassland, 33 each in the two reduced till organic farming systems, 28–33 in the regularly plowed organic farming systems, and 28–33 in the non-organic conventional farming systems. AMF spore density and species richness increased in the top-soils under reduced tillage as compared to the ploughed plots. In 10–20 cm also the Shannon–Weaver AMF diversity index was higher under reduced tillage than in the ploughed plots. Our study demonstrates that AMF communities in clay soils were affected by land use type, farming system, tillage as well as fertilization strategy and varying with soil depth. Several AMF indicator species especially for different land use types and tillage strategies were identified from the large data set.     

Developments in conservation tillage in rainfed regions of North China

Dryland regions in northern China account for over 50% of the nation's total area, where farming development is constrained by adverse weather, topography and water resource conditions, low fertility soils, and poor soil management. Conservation tillage research and application in dryland regions of northern China has been developed since the 1970s. Demonstration and extension of conservation tillage practices is actively stimulated by the Chinese government since 2002, following the recognition of the increased rate of degradation of the environment due to erosion and water shortage in North China. This paper reviews the research conducted on conservation tillage in dryland regions of northern China, and discusses the problems faced with the introduction and application of conservation tillage practices.Most of the studies reported have shown positive results of soil and water conservation tillage practices. These practices generally involve a reduction in the number and intensity of operations compared to conventional tillage, with direct sowing or no-till as the strongest reduction. Crop yields and water use efficiency have increased (with up to 35%) following the implementation of reduced tillage practices. Under no-till, crop yields are equivalent to or higher than those from conventional tillage methods, especially in dry years. However, during wet years yields tend to be lower (10–15%) with no-till. Other benefits are an increased fallow water storage and reductions in water losses by evaporation. In order to fully exploit the advantages of conservation tillage, systems have to be adapted to regional characteristics. Farmers’ adoption of conservation tillage is still limited.     

基于Meta分析评价东北黑土地保护性耕作与深耕的区域适宜性：以作物产量为例

为防治黑土退化、保护好利用好黑土地,本研究基于东北黑土区已发表61篇文献543组研究数据,利用Meta分析和随机森林模型等方法,分析黑土地保护性耕作与深耕对作物产量的影响及其驱动因素,耦合东北黑土地区气候、地形和土壤等信息,评价保护性耕作与深耕的适宜性。结果表明：与传统耕作相比,东北黑土地区整体而言保护性耕作增产不明显（1.21%）,而深耕增产显著（12.3%）,区域分析表明前者仅在辽河平原显著增产14.6%,而后者在三江、松嫩和辽河平原均增产10%以上。因素分析表明黑土区保护性耕作产量效应主要受多年平均气温（20%）、积温（19%）和干燥指数（16%）的影响,深耕产量效果则受坡度影响最大（14%）,平坦区域适宜深耕,陡坡耕地适宜保护性耕作。综合上述因子评价区域适宜性程度,东北地区的西南部,包括辽宁省西部、吉林省西部以及内蒙古自治区东部（赤峰市、通辽）等严重风蚀区域实行保护性耕作效果更佳;典型黑土带以及三江平原等湿润、冷凉、低洼区域深耕的效果较好。本研究成果可为保护性耕作与深耕技术在东北黑土区的推广应用提供参考。     

Diesel and glyphosate price changes benefit the economics of conservation tillage versus traditional tillage

Recent increases in diesel price and decreases in glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] price should favor the profitability and farmer acceptance of herbicide-intensive conservation tillage systems versus fuel-intensive traditional tillage (TT) systems. Profitability results from a long-term field experiment that compared TT, minimum tillage (MT), and delayed minimum tillage (DMT) systems for winter wheat–(Triticum aestivum L.)summer fallow in eastern Washington, USA were calculated using both 1998 and 2005 input prices. Net returns for the MT and DMT systems increased by US$ 6.37 and 6.30 (rotational ha)⁻¹, respectively, and net returns to the TT system decreased by US$ 2.36 (rotational ha)⁻¹ when 2005 versus 1998 prices were used. Here, rotational ha equals 0.5 ha fallow and 0.5 ha wheat. Focusing on the dominant crop of soft white winter wheat (SWWW), the 2005 price hikes pushed diesel costs up for all systems, from US$ 6.81 (rotational ha)⁻¹ for DMT to US$ 9.00 (rotational ha)⁻¹ for TT. The cost of diesel for the conservation tillage systems, relative to the cost for TT, decreased by US$ 1.50–2.20 (rotational ha)⁻¹. The conservation tillage systems accrue greater savings from the price reduction in glyphosate because they consume more of this herbicide. An unanticipated result was that relative cost savings from price changes in N fertilizer rivaled those from diesel and glyphosate because anhydrous NH₃–N was exclusively used in the experiment for TT and aqueous NH₃–N for MT and DMT. The price of anhydrous NH₃–N increased from US$ 0.55 kg⁻¹ in 1998 to 0.85 kg⁻¹ in 2005, a 56% increase. Aqueous NH₃–N only increased from $0.75 kg⁻¹ in 1998 to 0.85 kg⁻¹ in 2005, a 15% increase. The greater price increase for anhydrous NH₃–N penalized the TT system because of its use of this fertilizer. If the same source of N fertilizer were used on all three tillage systems, this fertilizer cost effect would disappear. Nonetheless, the conservation tillage systems still retained a statistically significant profitability advantage over TT even if the same fertilizer was used throughout. The sharp price increase for diesel and the concurrent price decrease for glyphosate herbicide favored the conservation tillage systems over TT in this study. Results provide strong evidence for the superior profitability of conservation tillage winter wheat–summer fallow under current economic conditions.     

水土保持耕作及施肥对盛花期大豆光合生理的影响

依据陕西安塞田间试验,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪,在自然条件下对黄土丘陵区旱作农田传统翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等处理下盛花期大豆叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率及影响因子日变化进行了研究.结果表明:6种不同处理的大豆叶片净光合速率日变化均为双峰曲线,峰值分别在11:30、16:00出现.NM、NF处理对提高大豆净光合速率有明显的促进作用,其中以有机肥(NM)最为显著.气孔导度与蒸腾速率之间达极显著正相关(P<0.01,r=0.999 4).气孔导度日变化也为双峰,峰值分别出现在11:30、16:00.不同处理下,大豆的水分利用效率呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00,低谷出现在13:00以后.其中,NF、NM处理能显著提高大豆盛花期的水分利用效率.相关分析表明:气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶温、光合有效辐射及基于叶温的蒸汽压亏缺是大豆光合作用的促进因子,而胞间CO2浓度、空气CO2浓度、空气相对湿度则为主要的限制因子.CF、NF处理在8:30～10:20和13:00,CM、NN处理在8:30、11:30～13:00、17:30,CN、NM处理则在8:30、13:30各影响因子与净光合速率相关程度较高,相关系数一般在±0.9以上.在黄土丘陵区旱作农田大豆最适宜的管理方式为NM、NF.