薄壳山核桃新品种‘绿宙1号’

‘绿宙1号’是从薄壳山核桃实生群体中选出的优良新品种。中大果,雌先型,雌雄花不相遇,自花不实。平均单果质量7.83 g,果壳厚0.80 mm,出仁率47.78%,出油率78.04%,果形指数为2.10。果仁中亚油酸含量266.70 g ? kg-1,亚麻酸含量13.21 g ? kg-1,总氨基酸含量92.25 g ? kg-1,7种人体必需氨基酸含量36.60 g ? kg-1。抗病性强,早实,丰产稳产（大小年不明显）,综合性状优良。     

Can landscape indices predict ecological processes consistently?

The ecological interpretation of landscape patterns is one of the major objectives in landscape ecology. Both landscape patterns and ecological processes need to be quantified before statistical relationships between these variables can be examined. Landscape indices provide quantitative information about landscape pattern. Response variables or process rates quantify the outcome of ecological processes (e.g., dispersal success for landscape connectivity or Morisita's index for the spatial distribution of individuals). While the principal potential of this approach has been demonstrated in several studies, the robustness of the statistical relationships against variations in landscape structure or against variations of the ecological process itself has never been explicitly investigated. This paper investigates the consistency of correlations between a set of landscape indices (calculated with Fragstats) and three response variables from a simulated dispersal process across heterogeneous landscapes (cell immigration, dispersal success and search time) against variation in three experimental treatments (control variables): habitat amount, habitat fragmentation and dispersal behavior. I found strong correlations between some landscape indices and all three response variables. However, 68% of the statistical relationships were highly inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous for different landscape structures and for differences in dispersal behavior. Correlations between one landscape index and one response variable could range from highly positive to highly negative when derived from different spatial patterns. I furthermore compared correlation coefficients obtained from artificially generated (neutral) landscape models with those obtained from Landsat TM images. Both landscape representations produced equally strong and weak statistical relationships between landscape indices and response variables. This result supports the use of neutral landscape models in theoretical analyses of pattern-process relationships.     

保护地专用水果型番茄新品种‘冀东218’

 ‘冀东218’是以国外引进的小番茄经选育杂交而成。该品种植株无限生长,普通叶,生长势较强,第6～8节着生第一花序,花序间隔2～3节,每穗结果15～35个。单果质量15~22g,果实红色,卵圆形,果面光滑,果形指数1.1,维生素C含量230 mg·kg-1,有机酸1.04%,糖酸比为7.48,耐运输。高抗TMV病毒病和青枯病,中抗叶霉病和灰霉病,耐轻度盐分,适合保护地栽培。     

Landscape Position, Local Environmental Factors, and the Structure of Molluscan Assemblages of Lakes

Biotic communities are structured by both regional processes (e.g., dispersal) and local environmental conditions (e.g., stress). We examined the relative importance of landscape position (position within the hydrologic flow system and distance from other lakes) and local environmental factors in determining the assemblage structure of lake-dwelling snails and fingernail clams in a boreal landscape. Both landscape position and local environmental factors were highly influential in structuring the molluscan assemblages. In canonical correspondence analysis, 53.6% of snail and 48.2% of fingernail clam assemblage composition were accounted for by both sets of variables. The pure effects of landscape position were higher than those of environmental variables, and a considerable amount of variability was shared by the two sets of variables. In regression analysis, 95.5% of snail and 62.2% of fingernail clam species richness was accounted for by the explanatory variable groups, with most of the variability being related to shared effects, followed by landscape position. The effects of landscape position on species composition suggest that passive dispersal increases the similarity of molluscan assemblages in adjacent lakes. This process does not lead to an overall homogenisation of assemblage composition across the landscape, however, because local conditions set a strong environmental filter, excluding species that arrive at an unsuitable lake. These environmental filters may reflect either extinction probability (area, productivity) or species niche differences (calcium levels, abiotic stress). Landscape position may also be important in maintaining the species richness of lake-dwelling molluscan assemblages. By providing potential colonists, nearby source lakes are likely to be important in countering local extinctions. Our test of the relative importance of landscape position and local drivers of assemblage structure was partly confounded by their co-variation. Nevertheless, studying the relationship between landscape position and local variables is useful because it can tell us about the importance of local and regional processes in shaping lake communities.     

Year and enclosure effects on fruit set in an autogamous almond

Fruit set was studied over 2 years in ‘Guara’, an autogamous almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) cultivar, following four different pollination treatments: open pollination, open pollination of a reduced number of flowers, self-pollination, and cross-pollination with a cross-compatible pollen. The treatments were applied to trees growing in the open air, to a tree inside an insect-proof cage, and to bagged branches in the open air. Fruit sets inside the cage were in general lower than at the open air, thus pointing to the possibility that a reduction of the light intensity inside the cage may reduce the level of fruit set. However, artificial pollinations resulted in higher sets inside the cage than in the open air in one of the years. Fruit sets on bagged branches after artificial pollinations were always lower than for the open air and inside the cage, showing that besides a general enclosure effect, as observed inside the cage, a bag effect is responsible for the reduction of sets, possibly due to the branch manipulation and flower damage by the bag. The reduction of the number of flowers did not always result in an increase in set of the remaining flowers. There were no consistent differences between the two types of artificial pollination, confirming ‘Guara’ self-compatibility. Year effects were observed, but not affecting all the treatments in the same direction nor at the same level, thus stressing the need for multiyear evaluation of autogamy.     

温室专用番茄新品种‘冀东219’

 番茄杂种一代新品种‘冀东219’，植株为无限生长类型，叶片较稀疏，生长势较强，第6 ~ 9节着生第一花序，花序间隔2 ~ 3节，每穗结果8 ~ 15个。单果质量38 ~ 42 g，果实红色，圆形，果面光滑，果形指数0.89，果实中维生素C含量为0.17 mg · g^-1，可溶性固型物含量为6.18%，有机酸含量为0.79%，糖酸比为7.82，酸甜适口，果肉较厚，耐贮运。高抗TYLCV、TMV、青枯病、叶霉病，中抗灰霉病。适合保护地栽培。     

Optimizing landscape selection for estimating relative effects of landscape variables on ecological responses

Empirical studies of the relative effects of landscape variables may compromise inferential strength with common approaches to landscape selection. We propose a methodology for landscape sample selection that is designed to overcome some common statistical pitfalls that may hamper estimates of relative effects of landscape variables on ecological responses. We illustrate our proposed methodology through an application aimed at quantifying the relationships between farmland heterogeneity and biodiversity. For this project, we required 100 study landscapes that represented the widest possible ranges of compositional and configurational farmland heterogeneity, where these two aspects of heterogeneity were quantified as crop cover diversity (Shannon diversity index) and mean crop field size, respectively. These were calculated at multiple spatial extents from a detailed map of the region derived through satellite image segmentation and classification. Potential study landscapes were then selected in a structured approach such that: (1) they represented the widest possible range of both heterogeneity variables, (2) they were not spatially autocorrelated, and (3) there was independence (no correlation) between the two heterogeneity variables, allowing for more precise estimates of the regression coefficients that reflect their independent effects. All selection criteria were satisfied at multiple extents surrounding the study landscapes, to allow for multi-scale analysis. Our approach to landscape selection should improve the inferential strength of studies estimating the relative effects of landscape variables, particularly those with a view to developing land management guidelines.     

Use of low-pressure storage to improve the quality of tomatoes

Freshly harvested vine-ripened tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Neang Pich) were stored at low pressure (4 kPa) at 10°C for 11 days with 100% RH. Fruit quality was examined upon removal and after being transferred to normal atmosphere (101 kPa) at 20°C for 3 days. Weight loss was significantly lower in fruits which were stored at low pressure (4 kPa) than in fruits that were stored at regular atmosphere (101 kPa) at 10°C. Fruits that were stored at low pressure (4 kPa) reduced calyx browning by 12.5%, and calyx rots by 16%, compared to fruits that were stored at regular atmosphere (101 kPa) at 10°C. Fruit firmness was not significantly different between fruits stored at low pressures (4 kPa) and the normal atmosphere (101 kPa), with an average firmness of 14 N after fruits were stored at 10°C for 11 days. There was no difference in the SSC/TA ratio. The results suggest that a low pressure of 4 kPa at 10°C has potential as an alternative, non-chemical postharvest treatment to improve tomato quality during storage.     

羽叶决明栽培鸡腿菇子实体营养价值评价

采用国际通用营养价值评价方法,研究了羽叶决明替代常规培养料木屑对鸡腿菇子实体蛋白质营养价值的影响。结果表明,羽叶决明替代木屑栽培鸡腿菇,其子实体蛋白质营养价值较高;在6种不同替代组合培养料栽培的鸡腿菇中,以羽叶决明100％替代木屑的蛋白质综合评价最优、营养价值最高,6项评价指标中,其中必需氨基酸指数（Essential AminoAcid Index）、生物价（Biological Value）、营养指数（Nutritional Index）3项分别为117．37、116．23和68．08,均居首位,且与对照间差异达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）,氨基酸评分（Amino Acid Score）和氨基酸比值系数分（Amino Acid Ratio Coefficient Score）分别为80．39和77．56,均居第2位,化学评分（Chemical Score）为69．84,居第3位。     

Accessible habitat delineated by a highway predicts landscape-scale effects of habitat loss in an amphibian community

Context

Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation negatively affect amphibian populations. Roads impact amphibian species through barrier effects and traffic mortality. The landscape variable ‘accessible habitat’ considers the combined effects of habitat loss and roads on populations.

Objectives

The aim was to test whether accessible habitat was a better predictor of amphibian species richness than separate measures of road effects and habitat loss. I assessed how accessible habitat and local habitat variables determine species richness and community composition.

Methods

Frog and tadpole surveys were conducted at 52 wetlands in a peri-urban area of eastern Australia. Accessible habitat was delineated using a highway. Regressions were used to examine relationships between species richness and eleven landscape and local habitat variables. Redundancy analysis was used to examine relationships between community composition and accessible habitat and local habitat variables.

Results

Best-ranked models of species richness included both landscape and local habitat variables. There were positive relationships between species richness and accessible habitat and distance to the highway, and uncertain relationships with proportion cover of native vegetation and road density. There were negative relationships between species richness and concreted wetlands and wetland electrical conductivity. Four species were positively associated with accessible habitat, whereas all species were negatively associated with wetland type.

Conclusions

Barrier effects caused by the highway and habitat loss have negatively affected the amphibian community. Local habitat variables had strong relationships with species richness and community composition, highlighting the importance of both availability and quality of habitat for amphibian conservation near major roads.

     

The relationship between fruit size and cell division and enlargement in cultivated and wild persimmons

Summary

To determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development.     

优质早熟砂梨新品种——玉绿的选育

玉绿是以白梨品种莱阳茌梨为母本,砂梨品种太白为父本杂交选育而成的优质早熟砂梨品种。该品种果形端正,果实近圆形,果点较小,果面光滑,果皮绿色;在武汉地区7月底到8月上旬成熟;平均单果质量270.0 g,最大单果质量433.9 g,可溶性固形物含量10.5%~12.2%,总酸含量0.28%,维生素C含量42.7 mg.kg...     

Effects of macro and micro-environmental factors on the species richness of terrestrial tardigrade assemblages in an Iberian mountain environment

Tardigrade communities are affected by micro and macro-environmental conditions but only micro-environmental variables, and altitudinal gradients have been studied. We review previous reports of altitudinal effects and evaluate the influence by interacting macro- (climate, soils, biome, and others) and micro-environmental (vegetation, moss and leaf litter) factors on tardigrade assemblages at the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Iberian Central System Mountains, Spain). Terrestrial tardigrade assemblages were sampled using standard cores to collect leaf litter and mosses growing on rocks. General Linear Models were used to examine relationships between Tardigrada species richness and abundance, and macro- and micro-environmental variables (altitude, habitat characteristics, local habitat structure and dominant leaf litter type, and two bioclimatic classifications). Variation partitioning techniques were used to separate the effects of altitude and habitat variation, and to quantify the independent influences of climate and soil, vegetation structure and dominant type of leaf litter. Altitude shows a unimodal relationship with tardigrade species richness, although its effect independent of habitat variation is negligible. The best predictors for species richness were bioclimatic classifications. Separate and combined effects of macro-environmental gradients (soil and climate), vegetation structure and leaf litter type are important determinants of richness. A model including both macro- and micro-environmental variables explained nearly 60% of tardigrade species richness in micro-scale plots. Abundance was significantly related only to soil composition and leaf litter type. Tardigrade abundance was not explained by macro-environmental gradients analysed here, despite a significant correlation between abundance and richness.     

Multivariate correlations between imagery and field measurements across scales: comparing pixel aggregation and image segmentation

To successfully use remotely-sensed data in landscape-level management, questions as to the relevance of image data to landscape patterns and optimal scales of analysis must be addressed. Object-based image analysis, segmenting images into homogeneous regions called objects, has been suggested for increasing accuracy of remotely-sensed products, but little research has gone into determining image object size with regard to scaling of ecosystem properties. We looked at how segmentation of high-resolution Ikonos and medium-resolution Landsat images into successively coarser objects affected multivariate correlations between image data and eight percent-cover measurements of a sagebrush ecosystem. We also looked at changes in correlation as imagery was aggregated into larger square pixels. We found similar canonical correlations between field and image data at the finest scales, but higher for image segmentation than pixel aggregation for both images when scale increased. For image segmentation, correlations between the canonical variables and original field variables were invariant with respect to size of the image objects, suggesting linear scaling of vegetation cover in our study system. We detected a scaling threshold with the Ikonos segmentation and confirmed with a semi-variogram of the sample data. Below the threshold interpretation of the canonical variables was consistent: scale levels differed primarily in the amount of detail portrayed. Above the threshold, meaning of the canonical variables changed. This approach proved useful for evaluating overall utility of images to address an objective, and identified scaling limits for analysis. Selection of appropriate scale for analysis will ultimately depend on the objective being considered.     

无子沙糖橘(十月橘)的选育

采用芽变选种的方法,在四会市石狗镇选出了无子柑橘新品种—无子沙糖橘(十月橘)。果略小,单果重平均40g左右,单果平均种子数0.5粒以内,达到柑橘无子的标准。果实扁平,皮橘红色,薄而脆;果肉橙黄色,味清甜,可溶性固形物13%以上,肉质爽脆化渣,品质上等。早结丰产性好,发梢能力强,3月上中旬开花,12月上旬果实开始成熟。     

Effects of cultivar and rootstock on the antioxidant content and physical characters of clingstone peaches

A study was conducted to investigate the variability in the fruit antioxidant content and physical characters of six clingstone cultivars and three breeding selections of peach grafted on three rootstocks. The parameters measured were fruit weight, fruit and stone dimensions, flesh color using CIELAB color variables, total antioxidant activity using the radical DPPH, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, soluble solids and total acid content. Fruit from cultivar PI-E45 had the highest total antioxidant activity (10.7 mg g⁻¹ DW) and total phenolic (6.9 mg g⁻¹ DW) content, which were up to 6.3- and 5.3-fold greater, respectively, compared with the rest studied cultivars. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in Fortuna (7.3 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) and was up to 1.4-fold greater compared with the rest studied cultivars. A high correlation between AEAC and the phenolic content was found, but not between AEAC and the ascorbic acid content. The largest fruit was harvested in cultivar Andross followed with a descending order by PI-E45, PI-IB42, PI-A37 (seedlings of Andross), Fortuna and Loadel ? Everts and Catherina ? Romea. Changes in the fruit weight were usually according to changes in stone width. The fruit and stone shape differed among the cultivars but not among the rootstocks studied. Effects of rootstock on the fruit antioxidant contents were not pronounced. Nevertheless rootstocks altered the fruit weight since in all cultivars, apart from Romea and Catherina, when grafted on GF 677 produced the largest fruit (mean 186 g) followed by PR204 (mean 176 g) and even smaller by KID1 (mean 161 g). Results from correlation analyses showed that flesh brightness (measured in frozen fruit) may suggest for more nutritional flesh and small sized fruit may contain a redder and less bright colored flesh.     

Relationships among mineral nutrition,ethylene and post-harvest physiology in apples on six rootstocks

The relationships among several mineral elements of August-sampled leaf October-harvested fruit, maturity and post-harvest quality factors of ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ apple trees grown on Seedling, Malling (M) 1, Malling Merton (MM) 106, M 7, Oregon Apple Rootstock (OAR 1) or M 26 in a high-density orchard during 1980–1982 were evaluated. Positive correlations were found between leaf N, K and P and fruit N, K and P, respectively, in most rootstocks. Leaf Ca did not correlate with fruit Ca; thus leaf analysis cannot be recommended for estimates of fruit Ca. Both leaf and fruit N positively correlated with fruit green color and negatively with fruit soluble solids in all rootstocks. Fruit Ca and fruit P were both negatively correlated with fruit soluble solids at harvest and after 6 months of 0°C storage for all rootstocks. The ratio of fruit $\text{N}\text{Ca}$ was positively correlated with internal ethylene in MM 106, M 7 and OAR 1, while fruit $\text{K}\text{Ca}$ ratio was positively correlated with titratable acidity in all rootstocks. Fruit Ca showed negative correlations with bitterpit, storage rot and field internal ethylene, but positive correlation with firmness. Yield was positively correlated with leaf and fruit N, Ca and Cu but slightly negatively correlated with B of those tissues. Higher yield was associated with lower leaf K concentrations. Fruit green color was negatively correlated with soluble solids and titratable acidity. Fruit dry matter was highly positively correlated with soluble solids and titratable acidity in MM 106, OAR 1 and M 26. Soluble solids at harvest were strongly predicted by pre-harvest dry matter.     

黄瓜单性结实果实发育与碳氮变化的关系

对黄瓜单性结实品系P 116 8和非单性结实品系UP 3315进行授粉和不授粉处理 ,P 116 8在不授粉的情况下 ,仍具有较好的结实性能 ,其单果质量、果长和果实体积均接近于授粉后生长的果实 ,非单性结实品系UP 3315在不授粉的情况下幼果在花后 3d(天 )就停止发育 ,不能形成产量。随着果实的生长发育 ,果实内碳、氮含量迅速增加 ,花后单果可溶性总糖和蛋白质含量与单果质量呈正相关关系     

Influence of landscape structure and stand age on species density and biomass of a tropical dry forest across spatial scales

Three central related issues in ecology are to identify spatial variation of ecological processes, to understand the relative influence of environmental and spatial variables, and to investigate the response of environmental variables at different spatial scales. These issues are particularly important for tropical dry forests, which have been comparatively less studied and are more threatened than other terrestrial ecosystems. This study aims to characterize relationships between community structure and landscape configuration and habitat type (stand age) considering different spatial scales for a tropical dry forest in Yucatan. Species density and above ground biomass were calculated from 276 sampling sites, while land cover classes were obtained from multi-spectral classification of a Spot 5 satellite imagery. Species density and biomass were related to stand age, landscape metrics of patch types (area, edge, shape, similarity and contrast) and principal coordinate of neighbor matrices (PCNM) variables using regression analysis. PCNM analysis was performed to interpret results in terms of spatial scales as well as to decompose variation into spatial, stand age and landscape structure components. Stand age was the most important variable for biomass, whereas landscape structure and spatial dependence had a comparable or even stronger influence on species density than stand age. At the very broad scale (8,000–10,500 m), stand age contributed most to biomass and landscape structure to species density. At the broad scale (2,000–8,000 m), stand age was the most important variable predicting both species density and biomass. Our results shed light on which landscape configurations could enhance plant diversity and above ground biomass.     

Context-dependent vegetation dynamics in an African savanna

Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of ecological systems is fundamental to their successful management and conservation. Much research and debate has focused on identifying underlying drivers of vegetation change in savannas, yet few have considered the influence of spatial context and heterogeneity. Our goal was to develop deeper understanding of woody vegetation spatio-temporal dynamics through spatially explicit utilization of historical aerial photography and airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging). We first assessed temporal change in woody vegetation cover through object-based image analysis of an aerial photography record that spanned 59 years from 1942 to 2001. Secondly, we tested the spatial relationships between environmental variables and patterns of woody structure and dynamics at broad (100 ha), medium (10 ha) and fine-scales (1 ha) through canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Finally, we used LiDAR derived vegetation heights to explore current woody vegetation structure in the context of historical patterns of change. Total percentage woody cover was stable over time, but woody dynamics were highly variable at smaller scales and displayed distinct spatial trends across the landscape. Losses of woody cover on the diverse alluvial substrates were countered by increases of cover on the hillslopes. Analysis of current woody structure in the context of historical change revealed that the increases took place in the form of shrub encroachment and not the replacement of tall trees. We infer that mammalian herbivory contributed substantially to the losses on lowland alluvial soils, whilst shrub encroachment on the upland hillslopes likely stemmed from changes in fire regime and climate. Deeper reflection on spatial variability is needed in the debate around drivers of change in savanna systems, as spatial patterns of change revealed that different drivers underlie vegetation dynamics in different landscape contexts. Spatial heterogeneity needs explicit consideration in the exploration of pattern–process relationships in ecological systems.