Berry Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of cv. Trakya Ilkeren (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) as Influenced by Various Doses of Pre-Harvest Hydrogen Peroxide and Phenylalanine Applications

Uneven grape ripening, leading to decreases economic valued of grapes is one of the main problems faced by grape growers in early table grape growing. In recent years, there has been increasing concern about improving of fruit quality in fruit crops. Among the various quality improvement methods, different types of foliar compounds are used for this purpose and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and phenylalanine (Phe) can be given as examples to some of these chemicals. This research was carried out during the 2015 growing season by using early ripening table grape cv. Trakya Ilkeren. In the study, it was assessed that how different doses of hydrogen peroxide (0, 10, 20 and 40?mM) and phenylalanine (0, 1, 2 and 4?mM) affected physical and biochemical properties of cv. Trakya Ilkeren. In terms of physical properties, doses of hydrogen peroxide and phenylalanine had only significant effects on grape firmness and cluster length. The best results were obtained from 4?mM Phe application (6.76?N) in grape firmness and were obtained from applications of 10, 20 and 40?mM H₂O₂ (23.66, 23.86 and 23.99?cm) and applications of 1, 2, and 4?mM Phe (23.95, 24.46 and 24.88?cm) in cluster length. However, most of biochemical properties were considerably affected by doses of hydrogen peroxide and phenylalanine except for juice pH and p-value. It was recorded that the highest total phenolic compounds contents varied from 3571.28 (10?mM H₂O₂) to 3871.22?mg GAE kg^?1 fw (40?mM H₂O₂) compared to 0?mM application (2591.48?mg GAE kg^?1 fw). In terms of total anthocyanin content, the highest mean was recorded for 4?mM Phe application (330.56?mg GAE kg^?1 fw) than 0?mM application (168.79?mg GAE kg^?1 fw). As a result, 4?mM Phe application particularly improved the most of biochemical properties in cv. Trakya Ilkeren.     

Fruit Characteristics and Detachment Parameters of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. ‘Kütahya’) as Affected by Various Maturity Stages

The variability in fruit maturity and quality has difficulties in determining the optimal harvesting maturity. Therefore, maturity stage in harvest is crucial for both fruit quality and minimizing the fruit detachment force. This study investigates the fruit characteristics and detachment parameters of sour cherry (cv. ‘Kütahya’) in terms of different maturity stages. Sour cherries were grouped into five different maturity stages by observation according to their color and dimensions. The fruit mass and dimension increased as a function of maturity stage; however, the fruit mass remained almost same after the 4th stage. The highest values of total soluble solids and titrable acid contents of sour cherry were gained in the last stage of maturity. The value of chroma of fruit outer color was higher 50?% than that of fruit inner color in the 1st maturity stage. However, it was almost same in the 5th stage of maturity. Increasing fruit maturity caused a decrease in the values of fruit detachment force ranging from 4.25 to 1.78 N, giving the coefficient of determination of 0.947. Similarly, the ratio of fruit detachment force to fruit mass, detachment stress, and specific energy decreased as the fruit maturity increased. The harvest of sour cherry is done only once in the optimum time to decrease the harvest cost. Minimizing the variability in fruit maturity throughout the tree is essential for gaining the maximum profit and lower fruit detachment force in this convenient time. Results of this study indicated that 3rd?5th maturity stages were critical for harvest. In order to attain the maximum poundage per tree and color for the market the most of the fruits should be in these stages. Therefore, appropriate management strategies that could homogenize the maturity throughout the tree should be applied.     

Grape Growth,Anthocyanin and Phenolic Compounds Content of Early Ripening Cv. Cardinal Table Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) as Affected by Various Doses of Foliar Biostimulant Applications with Gibberellic Acid

Uneven skin coloration of early ripening table grapes is characterized by a lack of coloring berries within a cluster and the failure of some berries to develop color even with an uncertain delay of harvest. Biostimulants and plant growth regulators are known to have considerable roles on skin color development in the course of grape maturation. This study was carried out to compare the effects of different biostimulant doses, including 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000?ppm (BSt 0, BSt 1, BSt 2 and BSt 4, respectively) with or without gibberellic acid (GA₃; 20?ppm) on grape characteristics and chemical composition of early ripening cv. Cardinal grape. Study results of cv. Cardinal grape revealed that alone effects of biostimulant doses had more effective on grape characteristics, total anthocyanin content and total phenolic compounds content from phytochemical characteristics. Although different foliar spray applications had varying effects on physical and chemical parameters; BSt 2 application had especially more superior effects on grape growth and phytochemical characteristics of cv. Cardinal grape.     

Changes in Phenolic Compounds Profile and Anthocyanin Content of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Induced by Different Doses of Foliar Oak Applications with Urea

Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins had pivotal roles on wine grape quality. In order to enhance contents of these substances, several techniques have been applied to grapevines. In recent years, there has been an increasing concern about using of foliar oak applications for improving wine grape quality. In this study, it was used a low concentration (0.6%) of urea for increasing efficiency of different doses of oak applications. For this aim, it was benefited from different doses of foliar oak applications with or without urea, including: 0?ppm oak (Oa), 1250?ppm oak (Oa), 2500?ppm (Oa), 5000?ppm (Oa), 0?ppm oak (Oa)?+?0.6% Urea (Ur), 1250?ppm oak (Oa)?+?0.6% Urea (Ur), 2500?ppm oak (Oa)?+?0.6% Urea (Ur), 5000?ppm oak (Oa)?+?0.6% Urea (Ur). Although yield and wine grape quality characteristics were favorably affected by increasing doses of oak applications; urea added oak applications were especially found to be more effective for both characteristics. As a result, application of 5000?ppm oak (Oa)?+?0.6% Urea (Ur) led to best results in terms of yield and wine grape characteristics of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon.     

Variation in Total Phenolic Compounds,Anthocyanin and Monoterpene Content of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ Table Grape Variety (V. vinifera L.) as Affected by Cluster Thinning and Early and Late Period Basal Leaf Removal Treatments

Cluster thinning (CT) and basal leaf removal (BLR) are common canopy management practices used in grape growing. In recent years, novel viticultural techniques have been evolved all around the world to decrease costs of yield management, causing improvement in grape quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of CT and early and late period BLR treatments on yield and quality components of cv. ‘Muscat Hamburg’. While BLR treatments were performing at pre-bloom (PB, early), berry set (BS), berries with pea size (PS), verasion (V), CT treatment was conducted at verasion period. Compared to Control, while the total phenolic compounds content, total anthocyanin content, free volatile terpenes content and potentially volatile terpenes content were made better by CT treatment and BLR treatments applied from berry set to verasion period gradually raised all these quality components.     

Water relations and microbial proliferation in vase solutions of Narcissus tazetta L. cv. ‘Shahla-e-Shiraz’ as affected by biocide compounds

Summary

Disruption of cut flower water relations due to the growth and proliferation of microorganisms in the vase solution is one of the most important factors causing reduced vase-life and deterioration in cut flowers. These experiments were conducted to study the effects of some biocides in controlling microbial proliferation in vase solutions and on water relations in cut Narcissus tazetta L. cv. ‘Shahla-e-Shiraz’, a native bulbous cut flower of Iran. The stems of ‘Shahla-e-Shiraz’ Narcissus cut flowers were exposed to 17 treatments: aluminium sulphate (at 100, 200 or 300 mg l^–1), citric acid (at 150, 300 or 450 mg l^–1), 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (at 200, 300 or 400 mg l^–1), sodium hypochlorite (at 400, 600 or 800 mg l^–1), calcium hypochlorite (at 400, 600 or 800 mg l^–1), sterilised distilled water, or tap water (control). Generally, the least effective compounds in controlling microbial proliferation were low concentrations of aluminium sulphate or citric acid. 8-Hydroxyquinoline citrate treatments were most effective, and the vase solution did not contain any microbes until day-6. Vase solution contaminants were yeasts, Bacillus ssp., Staphylococcus ssp., Actinomycetes and Aspergillus ssp. Yeasts and bacilli were the most common microorganisms. Severe symptoms of phytotoxicity such as bud abortion and yellowing in aluminium sulphate-treated flowers, stem proximal-end browning and shrinking in 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate-treated flowers, and bleaching of soaked parts in sodium hypochlorite treatments, were seen. Most solution was taken up in 150 mg l^–1 citric acid, while the reduction in fresh weight was least in 200 mg l^–1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate. The correlation between microbial counts and growth rate with solution uptake was slightly negative, but their correlation with fresh weight loss was slightly positive.     

Enhancing Skin Color and Phenolic Compounds of Cv. Red Globe Table Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. Vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Utilizing of Different Preharvest Treatments

Foliar sprayings of grapevines with different plant growth regulators or chemicals were evaluated for determining grape skin color and phenolic compounds content and enhancing table grape quality characteristics of cv. Red Globe in this study. Grape skin color is one of the most important quality factors for table grapes. Sometimes, it can be viewed difficulties in skin coloration of some red table grape cultivars grown in various grape growing regions of the world and poor skin coloration of red table grapes is a frequent trouble that reduces production efficiency. Despite the fact that it is utilized from some canopy management practices; plant growth regulators, chemicals with plant hormones and hormone-like compounds as active ingredients can be recently used for improving anthocyanin accumulation in growing of some table grape cultivars. In current study, nine different preharvest treatments were used for improving quality parameters of cv. Red Globe, including 1?Control (C), 2–300?mg/L Abscisic acid (ABA), 3–300?mg/L Ethephon (Eth), 4–30% Ethanol (EtOH), 5–300?mg/L ABA + 300?mg/L Eth, 6–300?mg/L ABA + 30% EtOH, 7–300?mg/L Eth + 30% EtOH, 8–300?mg/L ABA + 300?mg/L Eth + 30% EtOH and 9?Cluster tip cutting (CTC). Although the best results from total phenolic compounds content and total anthocyanin content of cv. Red Globe were obtained in CTC treatment in all preharvest treatments, Eth+ETOH treatment especially gave rise to the best results among the preharvest chemical treatments.     

Changes in Yield and Quality Characteristics of Some Early Ripening Table Grape Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) in Response to Different Doses of Distinct Biostimulant Treatments

Grape growers may occasionally face difficulties in grape skin coloration and low total soluble solids content in growing of early ripening table grape cultivars. In order to overcome these difficulties, it can be utilized from foliar biostimulants treatments. The purpose of this study, carried out 2015 growing season in Tekirda?, Turkey, was to compare the effects of doses of two different biostimulants, enhancing table grape quality characteristics of cv. Tarsus Beyaz?, cv. Trakya Ilkeren and cv. Yalova Incisi. For this aim, it was focused on three different doses for both biostimulants, including 0, 1750 and 3500?ppm (respectively, Control, BSt A-1 and BSt A-2) for first biostimulant and 0, 3500 and 4500?ppm (respectively, Control, BSt B-1 and BSt B-2) for second biostimulant. As a result, present research demonstrated that BSt B-2 and BSt A-2 treatments especially enhanced most of table grape quality characteristics in cv. Tarsus Beyaz?, cv. Trakya Ilkeren and cv. Yalova Incisi.     

Chemical and Non-Chemical Thinning Treatments Influence Berry Growth and Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv.</Emphasis> Shiraz Wine Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

Yield management is important subject in modern grape growing and winter pruning and cluster thinning treatments were used for yield control. Standard cluster thinning is generally labor intensive and expensive method and grape growers try to new methods, which are alternative to cluster thinning for reducing berry set. The goal of the present research was to investigate the effects of chemical thinning treatments such as ethephon (ETH), gibberellic acid (GA₃), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and non-chemical thinning treatments such as early leaf removal (ELR) and standard cluster thinning (SCT) on decreasing grape yield and enhancing berry composition of cv. Shiraz. In this study, percentages of berry set of cv. Shiraz were decreased by both chemical and non-chemical thinning treatments compared to Control. The results from these two different thinning methods shown certainly significant differences in berry composition of cv. Shiraz. Eventually, the best results in improved quality characteristics of cv. Shiraz were obtained from ELR treatment and treatments of ELR, ETH, GA_3, NAA and SCT successively resulted in considerable enhancements in quality attributes of cv. Shiraz.     

Effects of farmyard manure on soil organic carbon stock,the pattern of fertility build-up,and plant growth in ‘Mallika’ mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary

A field experiment was conducted on mango (Mangifera indica L.) to study the effects of farmyard manure (FYM) on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and on the build-up of fertility over three growing seasons (2006–2007, 2007–2008, and 2008–2009) at Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. Five treatments, including the application of FYM at 5.0 kg plant^–1, 7.5 kg plant^–1, or 10.0 kg plant^–1, the recommended dose of a chemical fertiliser (RDF; N:P:K=75:20:60), and a non-fertilised control, were evaluated in a randomised block design. The results indicated that SOC contents increased significantly in the FYM-treated plots. The highest SOC density (554 g m^–2) and stock (5.55 Mg ha^–1) were recorded in the treatment with FYM at 10 kg plant^–1. The rate of increase in SOC density was highest (193 g m^–2 year^–1) with FYM at 10 kg plant^–1, and lowest in the untreated control (15 g m^–2 year^–1). Regular addition of FYM had a positive effect on the build-up of soil fertility. However, the greatest increases in soil N, P, K contents were in the 7.5 kg plant^–1 FYM treatment (means = 319.9, 19.1, and 270.8 kg ha^–1 for N, P, K, respectively). Farmyard manure significantly influenced the growth parameters of mango trees over the three seasons. There was a positive and linear relationship between increasing rates of application of FYM and trunk cross-sectional area.     

Influence of BAP Concentrations and Nutrient Medium Composition on <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Regeneration of ‘Öküzgözü’ and ‘Boğazkere’ (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Cultivars

This study has been conducted with the aim to determine the type of nutrient medium that can be used in micropropagation studies for ‘Öküzgözü’ and ‘Bo?azkere’ and to specify BAP concentrations. In the study where ejectors with a length of 0.7–0.8?cm that are obtained with single-node culture are used, it was focused on four different nutrient media such as MS, DKW, QL and WPM and on six different concentrations such as 0.2–0.4–0.6–0.8–1.0–1.5 mg l^?1 BAP. Single-node suspension explants which will be used in initiating the culture, are taken into culture in MS nutrient medium and the nutrient medium is supported with 30?g l^?1 sucrose, 6?g l^?1 agar and 1?mg l^?1 BAP. In the trial environment, parameters such as number of shoots, shoot length (cm), number of nodes and callus ratio have been investigated. For both grape varieties, the best outcome was obtained with MS nutrient medium with respect to number of shoots, shoot length, and number of nodes. These values were found as 4.66, 1.24 and 6.39 for ‘Öküzgözü’ variety respectively, whereas they are determined as 6.28, 1.15 and 6.81 for ‘Bo?azkere’ variety respectively. In both grape varieties in DKW nutrient medium, starting from the 2nd week of culture, obscuration began to appear on the shoots and after this stage no other development has taken place.     

Electrochemical Properties and Biochemical Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv. </Emphasis>Shiraz Wine Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Depending on Various Dose and Application Time of Foliar Microbial Fertilizer Treatments

Utilization from bio fertilization is well known a considerable tool to improve the yield and fruit quality of various crop fruits through the increasing emphasis on maintain of soil health, minimize environmental pollution and decrease the use of chemical fertilization. In this study, in order to improve wine grape quality features of cv. Shiraz, four different doses of foliar microbial fertilizer, including 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000?ppm were applied at two different terms as Term I (mostly; pre-bloom applications) and Term II (mostly; post-bloom applications). However, there were no influences of application terms of foliar microbial fertilizer treatments; treatment doses had considerable effects on yield and quality parameters. The lowest p-values, meaning the highest berry quality, from doses of foliar microbial fertilizer were obtained from 2000?ppm (105.08?μW), 1000?ppm (110.40?μW), 3000?ppm (112.97?μW) and 0?ppm (119.58?μW). Comparing the applications of foliar microbial fertilizer, it was observed that doses of 2000?ppm (3155.56?mg/kg), 1000?ppm (3000.92?mg/kg) and 3000?ppm (2530.19?mg/kg) exhibited higher total phenolic compounds content when compared with 0?ppm treatment (2206.97?mg/kg). Berries from grapevines applied with the doses of 2000, 1000 and 3000?ppm foliar microbial fertilizer respectively shown higher total anthocyanin content such as 1230.19, 1160.85 and 865.86?mg/kg compared to 0?ppm (637.37?mg/kg). As a result, research the findings indicated that 2000 and 1000?ppm doses of foliar microbial fertilizer were obviously effective on wine grape quality features of cv. Shiraz in terms of electrochemical property, total phenolic compounds content and total anthocyanin content.