水貂犬瘟热病毒LD-1株的分离与鉴定

取山东某貂场疑似犬瘟热病毒（canine distemper virus,CDV）感染的水貂肝脏等组织病料,通过RT-PCR检测呈CDV阳性,且无水貂细小病毒存在,将病料接种原代CEF细胞、传代系Vero细胞和DF1细胞3种细胞进行病毒分离,通过优化细胞培养条件,最终在Vero细胞上传代培养成功,出现露珠状典型细胞病变（CPE）。分离毒应用RT-PCR、PCR产物测序、抗体中和试验（SN）、间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）及病毒包涵体检查等多种方法进行了CDV的鉴定,结果显示CDV阳性,表明分离到的病毒为水貂CDV,并将其命名为CDV LD-1株。     

The growth profiles of three types of canine distemper virus on Vero cells expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule

To know growth profiles of canine distemper virus (CDV) on Vero cells stably expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (Vero-DogSLAMtag; Vero-DST cells), the propagation of three strains of CDV was tested in Vero-DST cells in comparison with parental Vero cells. Strain MD77 could grow well in both cell lines, but demonstrated no syncytium formation or indistinguishable rounding cytopathic effects (CPE) in Vero cells. Strains Onderstepoort and KDK-1 also grew well in Vero-DST cells with apparent syncytium CPE, while they grew less or no efficiently, respectively, in Vero cells. All three CDV strains demonstrated the peak titers, in Vero-DST cells before reaching to an extensive CPE and drastic decrease of titers at/after full CPE. Immunohistochemistry revealed that viral antigens of all CDV strains were found exclusively in the syncytia in Vero-DST cells, while in Vero cells, viral antigen was identified in their single cells for strain MD77 but none for other strains. Thus, every strain of CDV could grow well in Vero-DST cells and behaved differently against Vero cells. These results would be of practical value for workers of CDV because 1) In Vero-DST cells, by observation of distinct syncytium CPE, the highest titer or the best growth of virus could be identified; 2) In Vero cells, various CDV strains could be readily classified after propagation in Vero-DST cells.     

Canine distemper virus causes apoptosis of Vero cells

Apoptosis of Vero cells infected with two canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine strains was detected using TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL), flow cytometric analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy (EM). By TUNEL, apoptotic cells were found in CDV-Onderstepoort (CDV-Ond)-infected cells. DNA fragments isolated from infected cells were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and a 'ladder' pattern appeared. EM observations demonstrated that the cells undergoing cytopathic effect (CPE) possessed morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that CDV could induce apoptosis of Vero cells, but the percentages of the apoptotic cells were correlated with the CPE types. The strain showing the cell-rounding type of CPE produced a much higher percentage of apoptotic cells than CDV-Ond with the syncytium type of CPE (P < 0.01). It was concluded that CDV vaccine strains could induce apoptosis of Vero cells and the apoptosis was virus strain-dependent and cell-dependent. The mechanism remains to be studied.     

Growth characteristics of canine distemper virus in a new cell line CCT cells originated from canine malignant histiocytosis

Canine distemper virus (CDV) growth and the morphological characterization were examined in a cell line established from a canine malignant histiocytosis (CCT cell line). The susceptibility of the CCT cells to 3 CDV strains, FXNO, YSA-TC and MD-77 was shown by detection of the antigen in the indirect fluorescent assay. After passaging 4 and 9 times through the CCT cells, only FXNO strain could produce the syncytia where demonstrated the antigens. Titers of 9 passaged viruses through the CCT cells showed slightly higher in the CCT cells than those in Vero cells. Morphological characterization of karyorrhexis and specific DNA ladder by extracted DNA electrophoresis indicated apoptosis in the CDV infected CCT cells.     

Immunoperoxidase labeling of canine distemper virus replication cycle in Vero cells

An indirect immunocytochemical labeling technique, using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody was used to detect the intracellular and surface membrane localization of canine distemper virus (R252-CDV) antigens during productive virus replication in infected Vero cells. Specific labeling of intracellular viral antigens was restricted to rough nucleocapsid aggregates. Surface membrane labeling correlated directly with the appearances both of virus-specific membrane spikes and buds and of mature virions. Syncytial cell formation was associated with labeled cytoplasmic nucleocapsid, but there was no evidence of productive CDV formation on surface membranes. The immunoperoxidase technique provided precise ultrastructural antigenic localization with concomitant preservation of excellent ultrastructural detail within single virus-infected cells during CDV replication cycle in vitro.     

Detection of Rinderpest Virus Using N-Protein Monoclonal Antibodies

A panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated against the RBOK strain of rinderpest virus (RPV). All of them bound to the N protein of RPV. The antigen capture ELISA using the mAbs could detect the virus in crude viral preparations. The mAb 12BF8.1.1 showed higher reactivity with cell-associated (CA) virus, whereas the mAbs 12AD10.1.1, 12BD7.1.1 and 12DG7.1.1 showed higher reactivity with extracellular virus (hereafter referred to as cell-free (CF) virus). The mAbs 12BF8.1.1 and 12AD10.1.1 could detect the virus in infected Vero cell culture supernatants (CCS) as early as 24 h post-cytopathic effect (CPE) initiation. Detergent treatment (Triton X-100) of RPV preparations enhanced the binding of the mAbs to the virus. All the seven mAbs showed specific fluorescence in virus-infected cell cultures. The immunofluorescence (IFA) using mAbs was found to be more sensitive and reliable than the immunoperoxidase test (IPT) for detection of rinderpest.     

犬瘟热病毒贵州分离株H基因的克隆及其序列分析

根据GenBank中犬瘟热病毒Onderstepoort株序列设计特异性引物,以犬瘟热病毒贵州分离株(CDV-GZ1)RNA为模板,应用RT-PCR对病毒H蛋白编码基因进行了扩增、克隆及序列分析.测序结果表明,CDV-GZ1 H基因ORF由1 824 bp组成,可编码607个氨基酸;与已发表23株其它CDV H基因核苷...     

应用流式细胞术研究犬瘟热病毒感染细胞的凋亡

用犬瘟热病毒 ( CDV) 2种不同毒株感染非洲绿猴肾细胞 ( Vero) ,用流式细胞术分析了病毒诱导的感染细胞的凋亡。结果发现 ,2种毒株感染引起的细胞病变类型不同 ,分为圆缩型与合胞体型 ;2种毒株均可诱导感染细胞凋亡 ,但毒株间的凋亡细胞比例存在差异 ,即产生合胞体型细胞病变的毒株凋亡出现较晚 ,凋亡细胞比例显著低于产生圆缩型细胞病变的毒株 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结果提示 ,不同毒株导致细胞死亡的机制可能不同     

Canine distemper virus infection of canine footpad epidermis

Infection of the footpad epidermis can occur in natural canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of dogs. Footpads from 19 dogs experimentally inoculated with virulent distemper strain A75/17 and from two nonexposed dogs were examined histopathologically and assessed for the presence of viral antigen and nucleoprotein mRNA, as well as number of inflammatory and apoptotic cells. Dogs were divided into four groups based on inoculation status and postmortem examination: inoculated dogs with severe distemper (group 1, n = 7); inoculated dogs with mild distemper (group 2, n = 4); inoculated dogs without distemper (group 3, n = 8); and noninoculated dogs (group 4, n = 2). Footpads from dogs of all groups had a comparably thick epidermis. Eosinophilic viral inclusions and syncytial cells were present in footpad epidermis of one dog of group 1. Footpads of group 1 dogs contained viral antigen and mRNA in the epidermis with strongest staining in a subcorneal location. Additionally, in these dogs footpad dermal structures including eccrine glands and vascular walls were positive for virus particles. No CDV antigen or mRNA was present in the footpad epidermis and dermis of any other dog. Group 1 dogs had more CD3-positive cells and apoptotic cells within the basal layer of the epidermis when compared to the other groups. These findings demonstrate that in experimental infection CDV antigen and mRNA were colocalized in all layers of the infected canine footpad epidermis. The scarcity of overt pathological reactions with absence of keratinocyte degeneration indicates a noncytocidal persisting infection of footpad keratinocytes by CDV.     

Diagnostic methods for African horsesickness virus using monoclonal antibodies to structural and non-structural proteins.

A panel of 32 hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with African horsesickness virus serotype 4 (AHSV-4) has been developed. Four of the MAbs recognized the major core antigen VP7, twenty recognized the outer capsid protein VP2 and eight reacted with the non-structural protein NS1. With the VP7-specific MAbs a rapid and sensitive double antibody sandwich immunoassay has been developed to detect viral antigen in infected Vero cells and in spleen tissue from AHSV-infected horses. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 ng viral antigen per 100 microliters. The NS1-specific MAbs allowed visualization by immunofluorescence of tubule-like structures in the cytoplasm of infected Vero cells. This can be very useful as a confirmatory diagnostic procedure. The antigenic map of the outer capsid VP2 protein with MAbs is also reported.     

犬瘟热病毒(CDV)93039与CDV MD-77株感染Vero细胞的电镜观察

采用电镜技术对犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）９３０３９株和ＣＤＶ ＭＤ－７７株在体外培养细胞中的增殖过程和所致病变特点进行了比较研究。结果表明,２株病毒的形态发生过程与文献报道相符。ＣＤＶ９３０３９株与ＣＤＶＭＤ－７７株相比,少见长丝状核衣壳聚集及曲型的胞膜上出芽病毒粒子,涵体以电子致密小体为主,与文献报道的ＣＤＶond株较为相似 ;ＣＤＶ ＭＤ－７７株可见成堆存在的核衣壳结构,胞膜上出芽增殖明显可见,早期包涵     

小反刍兽疫免疫荧光诊断技术研究

为了建立小反刍兽疫(PPR)荧光抗体诊断方法,研究选用小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)Nigeria75/1减毒疫苗株制备抗原,免疫试验山羊,制备小反刍兽疫高免血清,用硫酸铵盐析法粗提免疫球蛋白(IgG),再应用提取的IgG制备异硫氰酸荧光素标记抗体。结果表明:所制备的荧光抗体对试验用Vero细胞组织抗原和犬瘟热病毒(CDV)抗原无反应性,对小反刍兽疫病毒感染细胞的检出敏感性为1×106稀释度。     

贵州犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定

对流行病学调查、临床症状检查和ELISA检测为犬瘟热阳性的自然发病犬,取肠内容物为病料,采用同步培养方法接种于犬肾细胞系(MDCK)进行病毒的分离,并对分离株进行了形态学特征、血凝特性、动物感染及RT-PCR鉴定。结果表明:病料接种MDCK细胞产生明显的细胞病变(CPE),电镜负染观察接毒细胞培养物见有典型的犬瘟热病毒粒子。分离株不凝集鸡及人“O”型红细胞,接种犬出现明显的临床症状和病理变化。用RT-PCR技术检测病毒细胞培养液,扩增出的片段长为760 bp,与预期设计的长度相同,由此确证分离株为犬瘟热病毒,命名为CDV-GZ2株。     

犬瘟热病毒山东株的分离及N蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

本试验采用Vero细胞从临床疑似患犬瘟热的犬组织病料中分离出一株病毒,通过观察细胞病变,提取细胞培养物RNA并扩增克隆分析N蛋白基因部分序列进行了鉴定。结果表明,该毒株接种于Vero细胞后,出现了典型的细胞病变;对接种病料后的Vero细胞培养物提取总RNA进行RT-PCR扩增,得到了287 bp的目的片段;序列分析表明该分离株与犬瘟热病毒弱毒(Onderstepoort和Snyder Hill)的同源性为95.5%~96.9%,与标准强毒株(A75/17和2544/Han95)及野毒株(XJ-4、ZJ7、98-2646等)的同源性较高,为97.2%~99.0%,证明该毒株为犬瘟热病毒野毒株,命名为QD10。     

Detection of intracellular canine distemper virus antigen in mink inoculated with an attenuated or a virulent strain of canine distemper virus

Using an indirect immunofluorescence technique, the distribution of viral antigen in various tissues and blood mononuclear leukocytes was studied in wild mink, either vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) or experimentally inoculated with the virulent Snyder-Hill strain of CDV. Viral antigen was detected in cells of the lymphoid system 6 to 12 days after vaccination. From 2 to 3 days after inoculation with the virulent strain, CDV antigen was demonstrated in cells of the lymphoid system and, during the incubation period, the antigen had spread to the epithelia and brain at days 6 and 12, respectively. In clinical cases of acute fatal canine distemper, the viral antigen was detected in a wide variety of tissues, including the cells of the lymphoid system, epithelial cells of skin, mucous membranes, lung, kidney, and cells of the CNS. The diagnostic importance of CDV antigen detection is discussed on the basis of these findings.     

犬瘟热病毒引起啮齿类动物肥胖症的机制研究进展

在过去的30年中,已报道8种病原体可引起人和动物的肥胖,其中犬瘟热病毒是首个报道的可引起动物肥胖症的病毒。研究发现感染犬瘟热病毒的啮齿动物后期表现为病态肥胖。早期犬瘟热病毒的复制对感染鼠下丘脑造成不可逆的损伤,感染鼠表现为体重增加、脂肪细胞增大、体内瘦素受体表达水平下降、黑色素浓集激素前体(ppMCH)mRNA水平下降,高胰岛素血症,儿茶酚胺水平降低,这些因子与机体的食欲增强和(或)能量消耗减少有密切关系,与肥胖症的特征相一致。论文综述了有关犬瘟热病毒引起啮齿类动物肥胖症机制的研究进展。     

犬瘟热病毒疫苗株附着蛋白基因的克隆及同源性比较

根据发表的犬瘟热病毒(CDV)参考株Ondetstepoort的序列设计1对引物,以犬瘟热病毒疫苗株感染Vero细胞总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR扩增出附着蛋白基因843 bp片段,将这个片段连接到pMD18-T载体上,经过PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定得到1个阳性克隆,将阳性质粒进行序列测定,结果表明,该片段与Onderstepoort株核苷酸同源性为95.9%。从基因角度为犬瘟热的预防、诊断和治疗提供理论依据。     

Stability of canine distemper virus (CDV) after 20 passages in Vero-DST cells expressing the receptor protein for CDV

Isolates 007Lm, S124C and Ac96I and a Vero cell-adapted Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper viruses (CDV) were examined for stability after passages in Vero cells expressing the canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (dogSLAM, the intrinsic receptor to CDV). These viruses passage once in Vero cells expressing dogSLAM (Vero-DST) cells (original) and after 20 passages (20p) were compared by using sequence analyses and growth characteristics. All four strains of 20p grew well and were slightly better than their originals. The 20p viruses developed a cytopathic effect slightly lower than the original strains. A few changes in amino acids in the H gene were between the 20p and the original viruses, but the sites of changes were not specific. Fragments of P, M and L genes of all strains showed no nucleotide changes after the passages. These results showed that: (1) passages of CDVs in Vero-DST cells induced amino acid changes only in the H gene, not in the P, M and L genes, unlike in a previous study with Vero cells; (2) passages did not markedly affect the growth characteristics of every viral strain. These results indicate that Vero cells expressing canine SLAM allow the isolation and passaging of CDV without major changes in viral genes.