1953—2008年合肥市气温变化特征分析

采用线性倾向估计法和Mann-Kendll非参数检验法对合肥气象站1953—2008年的气温观测数据进行了趋势分析和突变特征分析,以年平均气温和4个季节的平均气温作为分析对象。结果表明,合肥年平均气温呈增温趋势,线性倾向值是0.23℃/10年,各季节平均气温均表现出增温趋势,增温幅度大小依次是春季>冬季>秋季>夏季。合肥年平均气温和季节平均气温均有突变现象发生。     

Tertiary climatic change in the marginal northeastern pacific ocean

Analysis of distributional patterns of shallow-water molluscan faunas of the middle latitudes of the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean discloses a sharp reversal during the Miocene of the progressive climatic deterioration. A low point in the Tertiary cooling trend during the Oligocene was followed by climatic warming that culminated during the middle Miocene, as illustrated by a series of zoogeographic profiles.     

大兴安岭林区冻土及湿地对生态环境的作用

为研究中国大兴安岭林区生态环境问题 ,作者对大兴安岭林区高纬度多年冻土区的冻土、冻土地带的湿地和森林的生长状况进行了调研及现地考察 .结果表明 :大兴安岭的冻土退化、原始湿地萎缩和新生湿地扩张将会对大兴安岭的森林及环境造成威胁 .作者认为气候变暖和人为活动是冻土退化的主要原因 ,气候变暖和森林破坏 (大面积采伐或森林火灾 )导致冻土退化 ,不但影响冻土上层的原始湿地 ,也导致新生湿地的扩张 ,林地被湿地取代 ,形成恶性循环 .建议对冻土、湿地、森林的相互制约机理进行长期定位观测研究     

Changes in climatic water balance drive downhill shifts in plant species' optimum elevations

Uphill shifts of species' distributions in response to historical warming are well documented, which leads to widespread expectations of continued uphill shifts under future warming. Conversely, downhill shifts are often considered anomalous and unrelated to climate change. By comparing the altitudinal distributions of 64 plant species between the 1930s and the present day within California, we show that climate changes have resulted in a significant downward shift in species' optimum elevations. This downhill shift is counter to what would be expected given 20th-century warming but is readily explained by species' niche tracking of regional changes in climatic water balance rather than temperature. Similar downhill shifts can be expected to occur where future climate change scenarios project increases in water availability that outpace evaporative demand.     

Disappearing Arctic lakes

Historical archived satellite images were compared with contemporary satellite data to track ongoing changes in more than 10,000 large lakes in rapidly warming Siberia. A widespread decline in lake abundance and area has occurred since 1973, despite slight precipitation increases to the region. The spatial pattern of lake disappearance suggests (i) that thaw and "breaching" of permafrost is driving the observed losses, by enabling rapid lake draining into the subsurface; and (ii) a conceptual model in which high-latitude warming of permafrost triggers an initial but transitory phase of lake and wetland expansion, followed by their widespread disappearance.     

Detecting climatic change signals: are there any "fingerprints"?

Projected changes in the Earth's climate can be driven from a combined set of forcing factors consisting of regionally heterogeneous anthropogenic and natural aerosols and land use changes, as well as global-scale influences from solar variability and transient increases in human-produced greenhouse gases. Thus, validation of climate model projections that are driven only by increases in greenhouse gases can be inconsistent when one attempts the validation by looking for a regional or time-evolving "fingerprint" of such projected changes in real climatic data. Until climate models are driven by time-evolving, combined, multiple, and heterogeneous forcing factors, the best global climatic change "fingerprint" will probably remain a many-decades average of hemi-spheric- to global-scale trends in surface air temperatures. Century-long global warming (or cooling) trends of 0.5 degrees C appear to have occurred infrequently over the past several thousand years-perhaps only once or twice a millennium, as proxy records suggest. This implies an 80 to 90 percent heuristic likelihood that the 20th-century 0.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C warming trend is not a wholly natural climatic fluctuation.     

气候变暖对我国农业的影响及对策

在查阅国内外大量资料的基础上,介绍了我国气候变暖的事实,分析了气候变暖的重要影响因素,并针对我国农业生产受气候变化影响较大的现实,提出了未来农业生产的建议和对策。     

北方森林生态系统对全球气候变化的响应研究进展

北方森林是地球上第2大生物群区,约占陆地森林面积的30%,提供了从局地到全球的生态系统服务功能。1850年以来,全球性持续升温不断显现,2000—2050年全球至少升高2 ℃,甚至更高。预计到2100年,北方森林区冬季平均温度将升高1.3~6.3 ℃。与此同时,几乎所有的北方森林生态系统功能都将会受到影响,尤其是近几十年来,该区域发生了很多与温度升高相关的潜在生态响应。本文从碳循环、生物多样性、干旱化和林火发生频率以及冻土变化等方面具体综述了北方森林生态系统对于全球气候变化的响应。响应结果如下:1)气候变化对于北方森林碳循环动态的影响是极其复杂的,迄今为止并没有达成共识, 分解对于温度的反应敏感程度至今仍存在很多不确定性。2)动物、植物和微生物(真菌)均对气候变化产生了一定的响应,表现为动物和植物的分布区进一步北移,但真菌的多样性和生产力响应机制尚无法确定。3)北方森林区随气候变化表现为进一步的干旱化和林火发生明显增加。4)北方森林区与冻土伴生,冻土随气候变暖表现出了面积缩小和活动层扩大的趋势。可见,北方森林对气候变化响应明显,尽管到目前为止有些响应机制尚不清楚,但变化趋势十分明显。本文旨在为北方森林的经营和管理提供基础数据和技术支持,实现北方森林的可持续经营。      

A terminal mesozoic "greenhouse": lessons from the past

The late Mesozoic rock and life records implicate short-term (up to 10(5) to 10(6) years) global warming resulting from carbon dioxide-induced "greenhouse" conditions in the late Maestrichtian extinctions that terminated the Mesozoic Era. Oxygen isotope data from marine microfossils suggest late Mesozoic climatic cooling into middle Maestrichtian, and warming thereafter into the Cenozoic. Animals adapting to climatic cooling could not adapt to sudden warming. Small calcareous marine organisms would have suffered solution effects of carbon dioxide-enriched waters; animals dependent upon them for food would also have been affected. The widespread terrestrial tropical floras would likely not have reflected effects of a slight climatic warming. In late Mesozoic, the deep oceanic waters may have been triggered into releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in a chain reaction of climatic warming and carbon dioxide expulsion. These conditions may be duplicated by human combustion of the fossil fuels and by forest clearing.     

Climatic change: are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?

If man-made dust is unimportant as a major cause of climatic change, then a strong case can be made that the present cooling trend will, within a decade or so, give way to a pronounced warming induced by carbon dioxide. By analogy with similar events in the past, the natural climatic cooling which, since 1940, has more than compensated for the carbon dioxide effect, will soon bottom out. Once this happens, the exponential rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide content will tend to become a significant factor and by early in the next century will have driven the mean planetary temperature beyond the limits experienced during the last 1000 years.     

Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions

The volumetric expansion of freezing pore water is widely assumed to be a major cause of rock fracture in cold humid regions. Data from experiments simulating natural freezing regimes indicate that bedrock fracture results instead from ice segregation. Fracture depth and timing are also numerically simulated by coupling heat and mass transfer with a fracture model. The depth and geometry of fractures match those in Arctic permafrost and ice-age weathering profiles. This agreement supports a conceptual model in which ice segregation in near-surface permafrost leads progressively to rock fracture and heave, whereas permafrost degradation leads episodically to melt of segregated ice and rock settlement.     

全球变化背景下辽宁省土地利用生态安全情景分析

利用辽宁地区54个气象站1956～2005年50年的气候资料和其他相关的气候统计资料,应用线性气候倾向率方法对各年和4季的光热水等主要气候资源要素进行诊断分析。结果表明,气候变暖趋势为0.25℃/10a,降水量以2.2mm/a的速率递减,太阳辐射量和日照时数减少,趋势并不剧烈。辽宁省总体的气候变化存在以＂气温显著升高,降水、日照减少＂为主要特点的暖干化趋势,并且秋季表现得更为明显,由此引起生态物候界限有北移和东退的趋势。生态安全评价情景分析结果表明：生态风险有西北向东向南快速扩散的趋势;东南和南部沿海有生态风险向内陆扩散的趋势;各种土地利用生态系统生态脆弱性不同,裸地和低覆盖度草地生态脆弱性最高,林地和水田生态脆弱性最低。由此从维持生态用地总量平衡、节约用水、适应气候变化3方面提出相应的生态用地规划建议。     

中国不同气候区小麦产量及发育期持续时间对田间增温的响应

【目的】气候变暖对小麦生长发育有重要影响。然而,中国不同气候区小麦生长发育对温度升高的响应程度仍未系统量化。因此,急需阐明不同气候区增温及不同时段增温对小麦产量及发育期持续时间的影响程度,揭示小麦产量及发育期对增温的响应规律。【方法】本文搜集了1990-2017年间已发表的关于中国小麦全生育期田间持续增温条件下小麦产量变化的21篇文献,运用整合分析（Meta-analysis）量化田间不同增温幅度及不同时段增温对中国小麦产量及生育期的影响程度,系统阐明其在不同气候区的差异及规律。【结果】（1）亚热带季风区增温（0-3℃）显著增加小麦产量、千粒重和穗粒数,其平均增幅分别为8.2%、6.3%和4.7%;温带季风区增温（0-3℃）显著增加小麦产量、穗粒数和穗数,其平均增幅分别为6.8%、3.9%和5.5%,而温带大陆性气候区增温（0-3℃）显著降低小麦产量、千粒重和穗粒数,其平均降幅分别为10.2%、5.9%和8.3%。其中,亚热带季风区增温0-2℃,小麦产量显著提高了8.5%,而增温2-3℃时,小麦并未增产;温带季风气候区小麦增产愈为明显,当增温2-3℃时小麦的增产幅度达14.5%;相反,在温带大陆性气候区增温0-2℃和2-3℃时,小麦分别显著减产10.1%和15.9%。（2）亚热带季风区和温带大陆性气候区增温（0-3℃）小麦全生育期持续时间分别缩短了3.3%和7.1%,相反,在温带季风区,增温并未明显改变小麦全生育期持续时间;与此同时温带大陆性气候区和温带季风气候区的生殖期持续时间并无明显变化,而亚热带季风区小麦生殖生长持续时间却显著增加（8.7%）。（3）总体来看（季风气候区所有独立研究结果）夜间增温0-2℃和2-3℃对小麦产量有显著影响,小麦分别增产10.5%和15.0%。【结论】田间增温会显著影响中国粮食主产区小麦产量以及发育期持续时间,但不同气候区及不同时段增温对小麦生长和发育的影响不同。本研究结果可为未来气候变化新态势下中国粮食主产区种植制度优化与合理布局提供科学依据。     

Southern Hemisphere and deep-sea warming led deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise and tropical warming

Establishing what caused Earth's largest climatic changes in the past requires a precise knowledge of both the forcing and the regional responses. We determined the chronology of high- and low-latitude climate change at the last glacial termination by radiocarbon dating benthic and planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope and magnesium/calcium records from a marine core collected in the western tropical Pacific. Deep-sea temperatures warmed by approximately 2 degrees C between 19 and 17 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.), leading the rise in atmospheric CO2 and tropical-surface-ocean warming by approximately 1000 years. The cause of this deglacial deep-water warming does not lie within the tropics, nor can its early onset between 19 and 17 ky B.P. be attributed to CO2 forcing. Increasing austral-spring insolation combined with sea-ice albedo feedbacks appear to be the key factors responsible for this warming.     

开封市农作物受灾对气候变化的响应分析

[目的]分析1978～2009年,开封市农作物受灾与气候变化的响应。[方法]用数理统计学和模糊数学分析开封市气候变化趋势、光温水与农作物受灾的关系,建立数据库,在Excel软件的支持下,利用二阶多项式将农作物受灾和气象因子分离成社会量和物理量进行研究。[结果]开封市气候变暖使农作物受灾面积减少,是有利农业生产的一面,气候变化造成异常天气增多,平均经济损失增加,是不利农业生产的一面;开封市降水量增加,降水时空分布不均,使旱的季节更旱,涝的季节更涝;农作物需要光合作用多的时段,因大雾、连阴雨等灾害性天气,造成日照时数不能提供足够的能量。[结论]该研究对开封市气象灾害抵御能力的提高,气象灾害造成的经济损失的减少具有重要意义。     

Ancient permafrost and a future, warmer Arctic

Climate models predict extensive and severe degradation of permafrost in response to global warming, with a potential for release of large volumes of stored carbon. However, the accuracy of these models is difficult to evaluate because little is known of the history of permafrost and its response to past warm intervals of climate. We report the presence of relict ground ice in subarctic Canada that is greater than 700,000 years old, with the implication that ground ice in this area has survived past interglaciations that were warmer and of longer duration than the present interglaciation.     

1981—2010年海口市浅层地温变化特征分析

采用线性趋势分析、滑动T-检验法、Mann-Kendall等方法分析海口市近30年浅层地温的变化特征及其与气候因子的响应关系。结果表明:近30年海口市浅层地温年平均呈正趋势变化,趋势率为0.18～0.34℃/10 a,浅层地温增温最大出现在冬季,增温率为0.46～0.62℃/10 a。浅层地温平均值在1998年发生突变,由一个相对偏冷期演变为一个偏暖期,平均值上升0.4～0.6℃,达到α=0.001的显著水平。气温、降水是影响浅层地温变化的主要气候因素。     

Inland ice sheet thinning due to holocene warmth

The climatic warming of 10,000 years ago is now affecting the central portions of ice sheets, causing ice-flow acceleration. This process explains the present-day thinning of the ice sheet in West Antarctica. Former ice sheets must have also responded to climatic warming with a delay of thousands of years. This lag in response is important in the climatic interpretation of glacial deposits and of changes in ice volume obtained from deep-sea cores.     

江西省近几十年气温变化及对农业的影响

主要针对全球气候变暖的趋势，对江西省近几十敢温变化及其对农业的影响进行了研究。结果对农业的影响情况，分别对年、四季的平均气曙及最冷月最低气温和最热月最高气温进行了温度倾向雍十年滑动距平分析。结果表明，近几十年我省气温变化明显，尤其了，对江西农业影响较大。     

Dynamics of Pleistocene population extinctions in Beringian brown bears

The climatic and environmental changes associated with the last glaciation (90,000 to 10,000 years before the present; 90 to 10 ka B.P.) are an important example of the effects of global climate change on biological diversity. These effects were particularly marked in Beringia (northeastern Siberia, northwestern North America, and the exposed Bering Strait) during the late Pleistocene. To investigate the evolutionary impact of these events, we studied genetic change in the brown bear, Ursus arctos, in eastern Beringia over the past 60,000 years using DNA preserved in permafrost remains. A marked degree of genetic structure is observed in populations throughout this period despite local extinctions, reinvasions, and potential interspecies competition with the short-faced bear, Arctodus simus. The major phylogeographic changes occurred 35 to 21 ka B.P., before the glacial maximum, and little change is observed after this time. Late Pleistocene histories of mammalian taxa may be more complex than those that might be inferred from the fossil record or contemporary DNA sequences alone.