风水两相侵蚀条件下流域泥沙粒径分布分形维数特征——以黄河上游内蒙古段西柳沟为例

[目的]研究在风水两相侵蚀条件下流域泥沙粒径分布分形维数特征,为风水两相侵蚀产沙和高含沙水流侵蚀产沙的治理等问题的研究提供理论和试验依据。[方法]选取位于黄河上游内蒙古段的西柳沟流域为例,采集沉积物表层样,利用激光粒度仪对43个样点的泥沙粒度组成进行分析,采用分形理论,结合方差分析以及K均值聚类法进行分析和研究。[结果](1)不同沉积环境下泥沙粒径分布分形维数不同,以水力侵蚀为主的丘陵沟壑区分形维数平均值最大,为2.48;以风力侵蚀为主的沙漠区分形维数平均值最小,为1.95。(2)对于西柳沟流域,泥沙颗粒组成中粒径在0.05mm以下的含量越高,粒径越离散,分维值越高;粒径在0.05~1mm之间的颗粒含量越高,分形维数越低;粒径在1mm以上的颗粒含量与分形维数关系不明显。相对来说,粉粒含量对于分形维数的影响大于黏粒含量。[结论]地貌条件主要影响的是河床样的泥沙粒径组成,产沙层土样的颗粒组成不受地貌条件的影响,河滩样的泥沙粒径组成受地貌条件和沉积环境的双重影响。     

Clay mineral composition of river sediments in the Amazon Basin

Clay minerals are important in evaluating the maturity of suspended sediments, weathering intensity and source area. However, there are processes that can change the mineral assemblage such as river transportation, deposition, remobilization and tributary inputs. In terms of water discharge and sediment yield, the Amazon is one of the largest rivers in the world. Most of the suspended sediments come from the Andes, crossing the lowlands before reaching the ocean. This study measures the spatial distribution of clay mineral assemblages over the entire Amazon basin. The results obtained show the main features of the Amazon River main stem and larger tributaries from their sources to their confluence. Clay mineral composition highlights the evolution of the Madeira and Marañón–Solimões River, which start in the Andes with high illite + chlorite content. Downstream, smectite contents increase. Moreover, all shield tributaries show high kaolinite content. The lower Amazon River is characterized by relative high smectite content, different from the Andean sources. The clay mineral results show that suspended sediments of the Amazon River have three main sources: 1) the Andes mountains; 2) the Amazon shields and 3) the Piedmont basins, especially the Pastaza alluvial megafan and the Fitzcarrald Arch basin. Lateral bank erosion plays also a significant role, by the introduction of more mature sediments into the river, enriched in smectite.     

泥沙来源“指纹”示踪技术研究综述

泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术是综合研究流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移的新方法。泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术基于流域侵蚀产沙过程划分潜在物源类型,根据物源特性筛选具有诊断能力的"指纹"性质,通过定量转换模型建立流域出口泥沙与内部潜在物源间的"指纹"联系,定量描述各潜在物源对流域出口产沙的相对贡献;结合悬移质或沉积泥沙通量监测,定量分析各潜在物源对流域产沙的绝对贡献量及流域侵蚀产沙时、空变化特征。通过综述泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术的理论基础及实施框架,流域尺度潜在物源类型,泥沙"指纹"因子类别、分布特点及诊断能力,泥沙来源复合"指纹"示踪技术的研究进展,指出泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术的局限性,并对泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术进行展望。     

Temporal Dynamics of Sediment Sources in an Urbanizing Mediterranean Catchment

The identification of sediment sources is important for catchment management, but few studies have been performed in Mediterranean areas. This study uses a multiproxy sediment fingerprinting approach to explore sources and dynamics of fluvial sediments in a rapidly urbanizing Portuguese peri‐urban catchment. X‐ray fluorescence was used to characterize the elemental geochemistry of sediments collected within the stream network after three storm events in 2012 and 2015. A range of statistical techniques, including hierarchical cluster analysis, was used to identify discriminant sediment properties and similarities between fine bed sediment samples of tributaries and downstream sites. Quantification of sediment supply from upstream sub‐catchments was undertaken using established sediment fingerprinting approaches. The geochemistry of the sediments was found to be influenced by both lithology and land‐use changes. In 2012, the sandstone sub‐catchment provided 75% of the <63 μm and 94% of the 63–125 and 125–2000 μm sediment, mostly from an Enterprise Park site undergoing deforestation and construction (covering 5% of the catchment area), with most of the remaining sediment deriving from the construction of a major road (1% of the catchment) in the limestone sub‐catchment. In 2015, planned and accidental retention basins below the Enterprise Park and major road sites, respectively, prevented some sediment from reaching the stream network, thereby reducing their importance as sediment sources. Sediment mobilization in urban areas with paved roads was small in comparison, but characterized by high heavy metal concentrations. The sediment fingerprinting approach adopted shows promise in identification of the main sources of sediments, necessary to underpin improved peri‐urban management strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of the Flood of 1993 on the Chemical Characteristics of Bed Sediments in the Upper Mississippi River

Concentrations of pollutants stored in the surficial bed sediments in the navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River showed a general decrease after the record flood of 1993. Percent clay and total organic carbon in the surficial sediments decreased as a result of an increase in the proportion of coarser sediment. Decreases in pollutant concentration may have been a result of the dilution by coarser and relatively less polluted sediment that was mobilized and transported into the Upper Mississippi River from its tributaries or from mainstem locations upstream but outside of the sampling area.     

A novel sediment fingerprinting method using filtration: application to the Mara River, East Africa

Purpose

Sediment fingerprinting with elemental tracers is widely used to identify sources of sediment to rivers. However, due to the need to isolate large amounts of suspended sediment, this approach can be difficult to implement in remote locations, such as the Mara River in Kenya, where high (and increasing) sediment loads are of concern.

Materials and methods

We report several innovations that allowed us to carry out sediment fingerprinting in a portion (>6,500 km²) of the Mara River Basin. First, we utilized sediment-laden filters (sediment mass ～0.1 g) for our river samples, rather than the traditional approach of extracting >1 g of sediment from large volumes of water. This allowed us to easily collect flow-weighted samples, and to process and analyze samples without access to centrifugation equipment. We carried out extensive quality control tests to ensure that we could reproducibly measure elemental concentrations of sediment trapped on filters. Second, we modified a readily available Bayesian inference mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R) to create source signatures and to apportion downstream samples to sources. Third, we included hippo feces as a potential source, given the critical role that large wildlife plays in this ecosystem.

Results and discussion

We found that: (1) sediment captured by filtration can be digested and analyzed reproducibly and used in sediment fingerprinting; (2) our four sources (three geographic categories and hippo feces) were reasonably well-separated in their signatures; (3) the three sub-basins all contributed substantially to sediment loading in the Mara; and (4) hippo feces contributed a small, but measurable, proportion of sediment in this system.

Conclusions

Sediment-laden filters can be used successfully in identifying sediment sources through fingerprinting. The modified method of sediment fingerprinting should prove useful in other remote river basins. Our results support the hypothesis that the Upper Mara is important in supplying sediments to the river, while also highlighting the Talek sub-basin as a major contributor.     

Sediments in the Catchment-coast Continuum (7 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground   Sediments pose problems at their deposition sites when there is too little sediment (e.g. wetlands) or too much sediment (e.g. navigable waterways) and, additionally, when they are contaminated. These problems often have their origin upstream in the river catchment. Objective   Global aspects of changes concerning sediment quantity and quality, as they affect downstream areas, are reviewed. A case study of estuarine sediments demonstrates how a holistic approach helps in understanding and predicting their present and future quality. Results and Conclusions   Globally, large reservoirs intercept between 25 and 30% of the sediment and consequently supply the coast with impacts on wetlands and coastal morphology. In estuaries, the composition of sediments is determined by the mixing of marine sediments supplied from the coast and the supply by rivers. Natural tracers can be used to predict mixing ratios of marine to fluvial sediments in estuaries, and hence their contamination. Scenarios on implementation of pollution abatement, the implementation of regulations as well as climate change are needed to predict future sediment quality in downstream areas. The results show, even for a ‘green’ scenario, that sediment quality in the Rhine catchment will pose future problems due to the temporal storage of contaminants in soils and sediments.Recommendations and Outlook   The current methods applied make use of existing models linking sediment transport with point and diffuse sources in the river catchments and scenarios on the development of strength of point and diffuse sources. However, more effort is needed to come to a uniform framework which includes land use changes and links with more advanced scenario methodology for long to medium-term management of sediment quality and quantity in river catchments.     

A Synoptic Survey of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Tributary Streams and Great Rivers of the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River Basins

We combined stream chemistry and hydrology data from surveys of 436 tributary stream sites and 447 great river sites in the Upper Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio River basins to provide a regional snapshot of baseflow total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and to investigate the relationships between land use and stream chemistry. Catchments in the Upper Mississippi River basin had more land in agricultural uses (51%) than the Missouri or Ohio River basin catchments (25% and 29%, respectively). The difference in agriculture is reflected in the TN concentrations in tributary streams and the great rivers: 5,431 and 2,112 ??g L^?1 for the Upper Mississippi, 1,751 and 978 ??g L^?1 for the Missouri, and 1,074 and 1,152 ??g L^?1 for the Ohio River basins. This agricultural effect was not as evident for tributary stream or great river TP concentrations: 165 and 181 ??g L^?1 in the Upper Mississippi, 177 and 171 ??g L^?1 in the Missouri, and 67 and 53 ??g L^?1 in the Ohio River basins. We set reference thresholds based on the 75th percentile TN and TP concentrations at our least disturbed sites. The TN threshold was exceeded for 50?C63% of the tributary stream and 16?C55% of great river lengths, with the greatest proportion in the Upper Mississippi River basin. The TP threshold was exceeded in 32?C48% of tributary stream and 12?C41% of great river lengths. Tributary stream N/P ranged from 67:1 (Ohio) to 210:1 (Upper Mississippi); river N/P ranged from 20:1 (Missouri) to 60:1 (Ohio). N/P indicated that potential N-limitation occurred in 10?C21% of total tributary stream length and in 0?C46% of great river length; potential P-limitation ranged from 60?C83% of cumulative tributary stream length and from 21?C98% of cumulative great river length. Total N flux (concentration × discharge) was highest in the Upper Mississippi River basin; TP flux was lowest in the Ohio River basin. River TN yields and TP yields for both tributary streams and great rivers, was not significantly different between the sub-basins. Our study empirically links catchment land use and stream chemistry, and demonstrates using monitoring data for estimating nutrient yields at a large regional scale.     

流域底泥重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为了研究流域底泥重金属分布特征及成因,以潇河流域为研究区,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定底泥中6种重金属(Cu,Zn,Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni)的含量,分析了重金属污染特征及其成因,并采用潜在生态风险指数法评价了潇河流域底泥中重金属的潜在生态危害系数和危害指数。结果表明,正常淤积下,流域底泥重金属含量呈中上游流域高,下游流域低的趋势;非正常淤积下,如河道起伏不定,河流有新的污染物注入等,便会表现出下游高于上游的分布特征。就其成因来讲,流域底泥重金属含量受河流水质的影响较大,运用主成分分析(PCA)得出水质参数与重金属分布的关系。对潇河流域表层底泥中重金属的复合污染状况评价结果为:CdPbNiCuCrZn。     

Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

复合指纹识别技术定量示踪流域泥沙来源

土壤侵蚀导致水土资源及土地生产力的破坏和损失,泥沙淤积危害及其引发的一系列水环境效应已成为当前及以后一段时期内研究的热点和重点。开展流域(河流)泥沙来源研究,查明入塘、河、库泥沙通量,定量识别泥沙来源具有重要现实指导意义。选取了一个由山坪塘控制出口的封闭式农业单元小流域(10.7 hm2),开展复合指纹识别技术定量辨析塘库沉积泥沙来源新尝试。据流域现状,定性划分了3种泥沙来源,即旱地、水田、林草地,并分别于塘库中部采取A、B、C三柱表层沉积泥沙;结合复合指纹识别技术定量解析了塘库表层沉积泥沙来源。研究表明,塘库沉积泥沙各来源相对输沙贡献分别为旱地84%、水田14%、林草地2%,复合指纹识别技术能较好地辨析小流域泥沙来源。     

洪水对河流底泥有机污染物分布的影响

文章结合我国１９９８ 年遭受特大洪水灾害的情况,介绍了美国密西西比河洪水对底泥有机污染物分布影响的研究成果。结果表明洪水前后所有底泥样品中都存在粪醇、多环芳烃（ 包括芘） 、直链烷基苯磺酸盐、多氯联苯和有机氯农药等污染物,浓度一般小于１ ｍｇ／ｋｇ ,其中上游浓度最高。洪水前后各种污染物浓度变化较大。洪水发生后,上游段底泥中芘和多氯联苯的浓度降低而粪醇浓度升高,这表明城市和农业水域中的污染底泥被洪水冲刷至河内并稀释或覆盖原来的底泥。并列举了这一成果给予我们的启示。     

Fingerprinting sediment sources in a typical karst catchment of southwest China

Due to the complex hydrogeological conditions in karst regions, it is difficult to measure sediment source contributions at a catchment scale directly. The objective of this study was to quantify the relative contributions of sediment sources and their temporal variability in a karst catchment in southwest China. Karst depressions can trap eroded sediment similar to a dam or reservoir and, thus, are representative and typical test beds for identifying sediment sources in karst regions. Three sediment cores were taken from a karst depression, 58 soil samples from three potential sediment sources were collected, and 18 soil properties were analyzed. The relative contributions of cropland, forestland, and fissure or crack soils were calculated using a multivariate mixing model. The fingerprinting results demonstrated that the cropland was the main sediment source in karst catchment. Specifically, according to the mean sediment contributions of the three deposited sediment cores, the sediment contribution from cropland topsoil was 69.3%, varying from 46.9% to 92.3%, and forestland soil and crack soil accounted for 8.6% and 22.1% of the sediment yield, and varying from 2.8% to 16.5% and 4.8%–36.6%, respectively. This result indicated that great attention should be paid when using only a single core to quantify sediment provenance. Due to the deposited sediment was generally disturbed as cropland in the karst depression, the area that has not been disturbed in recent decades in depression was more appropriate to trace sediment sources in karst catchment. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to quantify the contributions of sediment sources in the karst catchment of southwest China. This study provides valuable information and a preliminary reference for applying a composite fingerprinting technique to quantify sediment sources in karst catchments.     

Determining contemporary and historical sediment sources in a large drainage basin impacted by cumulative effects: the regulated Nechako River,British Columbia,Canada

Purpose

Sediment dynamics in most large river basins are influenced by a variety of different natural and anthropogenic pressures, and disentangling these cumulative effects remains a challenge. This study determined the contemporary and historical sources of fine-grained (<?63-μm) sediment in a large, regulated river basin and linked changes in sources to activities in the basin. The river has seen declines in chinook salmon, sockeye salmon, and the endangered Nechako white sturgeon populations, and sediment (both fine-grained and sands) transport and deposition have been identified as potential causes of these declines.

Materials and methods

Samples of suspended sediment and potential source materials were collected from numerous sites distributed throughout the upper Nechako River Basin in British Columbia, Canada. A floodplain sediment core was also collected in order to reconstruct sediment sources over the last ~?70 years. Discriminating fingerprint properties were used within the MixSIAR model to apportion sources among sub-basins and land-use types. Results were compared to records of precipitation and Nechako River discharge trends, and to changes in landscape development.

Results and discussion

Contributions from the erosion of channel banks dominated the suspended sediment load at most sites. Changes in sediment sources during the 2015 field season reflected snowmelt and patterns of water release from the Nechako Reservoir that affected the sediment-carrying capacity of tributaries and the Nechako River main stem. Spatial variations in 2015 also reflected the distribution of land use (e.g., forested or agricultural land) as well as topography (e.g., slope steepness). Over the last ~?70 years, variations in sediment sources and the characteristics of the sediment (e.g., organic matter content and particle size composition) were linked to the construction of the Kenney Dam (operational in 1954) and the impacts of deforestation by the forestry and agricultural industries. Superimposed on these have been wildfires and a major mountain pine beetle infestation leading to higher erosion rates in the affected areas.

Conclusions

The sediment source fingerprinting technique, in combination with historical information on the hydrometeorology and the land use and river management in the basin, has provided valuable information with which to understand sediment dynamics in the Nechako River Basin. Such an approach can help to disentangle how large river systems respond to a combination of natural and anthropogenic pressures.

     

拉林河流域土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

该文选取拉林河流域表层土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤重金属的含量和空间分布分析、污染评价、以及潜在生态风险评价,了解土壤重金属的分布特征和污染现状,并利用正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）探索土壤重金属污染的来源。结果表明,表层土壤中Cr、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Mn、V的平均含量均低于背景值,Co和Se略微高于背景值,部分土壤样点Cd和Ni超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级标准。研究区土壤污染的主要金属元素为Cd和Hg,地累积指数表明受到污染的样品比例分别达到45.1%和37.0%,其潜在生态危害指数平均值分别为49.83和70.29。根据PMF计算结果,拉林河流域表层土壤重金属累积主要受自然源、农药肥料源、工业排放源的影响。其中,自然本底对研究区土壤中重金属的影响最大,贡献率为38.0%,其次是农药和肥料施用,贡献率为32.6%,燃煤和工业排放源的贡献率稍低,为29.4%。     

Distribution,risk assessment,and source analysis of heavy metals in sediment of rivers located in the hilly area of southern China

Purpose

River sediment, the important sink and source of heavy metals, can provide critical information for aquatic ecosystem health. Heavy metal pollution has been a serious problem facing river systems worldwide and can adversely affect human beings via the food chain. However, no comprehensive study has been conducted on heavy metal pollution in sediments of river systems in the hilly area of southern China, which plays a key role in water supply and ecosystem balance. This study is aimed at comprehensively studying the pollution status of heavy metals in river sediments in the hilly area of southern China and apportioning sources.

Materials and methods

A total of 39 superficial sediment samples were collected from the upstream, midstream, and downstream of 13 rivers (Xiangjiang River, Zishui River, Yuanjiang River, and Lishui River located in Hunan Province; Ganjiang River, Xinjiang River, Fuhe River, Raohe River), and Xiushui River located in Jiangxi Province; Qiantangjiang River and Oujiang River located in Zhejiang Province; Minjiang River and Jiulongjiang River located in Fujian Province) in the hilly area of southern China. The total concentrations of metals of Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, Pb, and V were analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method. The pollution status and potential ecological risk were assessed with the geoaccumulation index (I_geo), sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), and potential ecological risk index (RI). The source apportionment of heavy metals was performed by correlation analysis and principle component analysis (PCA).

Results and discussion

Results indicated that Mn, Zn, and Pb concentrations were significantly higher than other metals, especially in the upstream of the Jiulong River and midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River. Pollution assessment indicated that Cd pollution of sediments was most serious and that more than 50% of sampling sites were significantly polluted, with a very high potential ecological risk. The rivers in Hunan provinces (HN) were identified as the priority controlled rivers because of the high I_geo and RI index values. Correlation and PCA analysis indicated that Mn, Pb, and Zn originated from natural and mineral exploitation activities; As, V, Ni, and Sb originated from industrial wastewater and mineral-smelting activities; Cu and Co originated from agricultural activities; Cr and Ni originated from natural sources. While the most polluted Cd came from a combination of multiple sources described above.

Conclusions

Results indicated that Cd was the most common heavy metal pollutant, especially in river sediments of Hunan Province. Anthropogenic activities have become the main source of heavy metals in the river sediments of the hilly area of southern China. Special attention should be paid to Cd, and measures must be taken to prevent from further anthropogenic influence on heavy metal pollution.

     

Quantifying suspended sediment sources during runoff events in headwater catchments using spectrocolorimetry

Purpose

Understanding hydro-sedimentary dynamics at the catchment scale requires high temporal resolution data on suspended sediments such as their origin, in addition to the common measurements of sediment concentrations and discharges. Some rapid and low-cost fingerprinting methods based on spectroscopy have recently been developed. We investigated how visible spectra could be used to predict the proportion of various source materials in suspended sediment samples, paying particular attention to the potential alteration of spectrocolorimetric signatures between soils and suspended sediments during transport.

Materials and methods

The 22-km² Galabre catchment, France, is composed of black marls, limestones, molasses, undifferentiated deposits and gypsum. Forty-eight source materials were sampled and 328 suspended sediment samples were collected at the outlet during 23 runoff events. Measurements were taken with a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer on dried samples. As the erosion processes are particle size selective, five particle size fractions of source material were measured in order to assess the potential alteration of the fingerprint signatures. As the biogeochemical processes occurring in the river could also affect the signatures, source materials were immersed in the river for durations ranging from 1 to 63 days and subsequently measured. Finally, partial least-squares regression models were constructed on 81 artificial laboratory mixtures to predict the proportions of source materials.

Results and discussion

The spectrocolorimetric measurements discriminated the primary source materials but not the Quaternary deposits. As the gypsum was not conservative, only the black marls, molasses and limestones were used in the fingerprinting procedure. The construction of the partial least-squares regression models led to a median absolute error of 1.1%. This error increased to 3.9% when the models were applied to source samples with: (1) different particle sizes; (2) different durations spent in the river; or (3) different origins than those used for their construction. The effect of particle size on the fingerprinting procedure was larger than the effect of biogeochemical reactions or the spatial variability of the spectrocolorimetric signatures. Half of the 23 runoff events analysed exhibited huge variations in the source proportions from one sediment sample to another.

Conclusions

The spectrocolorimetric fingerprinting approach was able to quantify routinely the proportion of primary source materials in all suspended sediment samples collected during runoff events. The high temporal resolution of the predicted proportions revealed that only analysing three or four suspended sediment samples during a runoff event could lead to a misunderstanding of the hydro-sedimentary processes for more than half of the investigated runoff events.     

渭河陕西段河道沉积物中碳氮磷来源分析及污染评价

基于渭河陕西段及其支流河道16个采样点中沉积物的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,运用C/N和N/P比值法研究沉积物中营养元素的可能来源,并采用有机污染指数法评价沉积物污染状况。结果表明,沉积物中TN含量为0.069~3.839g/kg,66.1%的样品含量低于平均值0.639g/kg;TP含量为0.453~1.841g/kg,62.7%的样品含量低于平均值0.713g/kg;TOC含量为0.772~25.221g/kg,62.3%的样品含量低于平均值5.609g/kg。渭河陕西段沉积物中有机质主要受内源影响,以藻类和浮游动植物为主;沉积物中磷的来源主要为外源输入。2014—2016年所有采样点的N/P值均小于Redfield比,这可能与沉积物中碳氮磷的生物地球化学过程有关。2016年11月,在局部河道如林家村、卧龙寺桥、常兴桥、兴平、草滩、清姜河入渭处可能受到外源有机质的影响。2015年内有机指数与有机氮指数变化一致,即汛前<汛中<汛后。在2014—2016年,渭河陕西段沉积物中有机氮污染和有机污染整体上得到有效控制,但在局部河道如咸阳铁桥、草滩、黑河入渭和灞河入渭处等距离城市较近区域存在污染反弹可能,需引起注意。     

Redistribution of organic pollutants in river sediments and alluvial soils related to major floods

Background, Aims, and Scope  More frequent occurrence of stronger floods in Europe as well as in other parts of the world in recent years raises major concern about the material damages, but also an important issue of contamination of the affected areas through flooding. The effects of major floods on levels and distribution of contamination with hydrophobic organic pollutants were examined from the continuous set of data for floodplain soils and sediments from a model industrial area in the Czech Republic where a 100-year flood occurred in 1997. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risk related to contamination associated with such extensive natural events and characterize the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of pollutants related to a major flooding shortly after the floods and also in the time period several years after floods. Methods  Sediments and alluvial soils from fourteen sites each were repeatedly sampled during the period from 1996 until 2005. The sampling sites represented five regions. Collected top-layer sediment and soil samples were characterized and analyzed for hydrophobic organic pollutants PCBs, OCPs and HCB using GC-ECD and PAHs using a GC-MS instrument. Spatial and temporal differences as well as the relative distribution of the pollutants were examined in detail by statistical analysis including multivariate methods with special emphases placed on the changes related to floods. Results  The organic pollutants levels in both alluvial soils and sediments exceeded the safe environmental limits at numerous sites. Pollutants concentrations and relative distribution as well as organic carbon content in both sediment and floodplain soils were significantly affected by the flooding, which resulted in a decrease of all studied contaminants in sediments and significant rise of the PAH pollution in the flooded soils. There was a unique and highly conserved PAH pattern in soils regardless of the floods and greater changes in PAH pattern in sediments related to floods. The relative distribution of individual PAHs reflected a combustion generated PAH profile. PAH levels in the river sediments rose again at the sites with continuous sources several years after floods. Discussion  The results showed different dynamics of PAHs and PCBs during the floods when PAHs were redistributed from the sediments to alluvial soils while PCBs have been washed out of the study regions. The data reveal longer contamination memory and consistent contamination pattern in soils, whereas sediments showed more dynamic changes responding strongly to the actual situation. The stable PAH pattern within the regions also indicates that a relative amount of all compounds is comparable across the samples and, thus, that the sources at different sites have similar character. Conclusions  Sediments have the potential to function as a secondary source of contamination for the aquatic ecosystem, but also for the floodplain soils and other flooded areas. The floods served as a vector of PAHs contamination from sediments to soils. The reloading of river sediments in time, namely with PAHs, due to present sources increases their risk as a potential source in the next bigger flood event both to the downstream river basin and affected alluvial soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  The results stress the importance of including the floodplain soil contamination in the risk assessment focused on flood effects. Floodplain soils have stable long-term environmental memory related to contamination levels, pattern and distribution, whereby they can provide relevant information on the overall contamination of the area. The sediments will continue to serve as a potential source of contaminants and alluvial soils as the catchment media reflecting the major flood events, especially until effective measures are taken to limit contamination sources. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Hollert@uni-heidelberg.de) This article is openly accessible!     

大通江、平洛河水保措施减水减沙分析

嘉陵江流域水土流失严重,“长治”工程首批治理的四大片区中,嘉陵江上游的陕南陇南地区和中下游土石山区两大片区名列其中。自20世纪80年代末开始实施水土保持治理以来,对控制流域内水土流失现象起到了较为明显的积极作用。选择了分别位于两大片区的大通江和平洛河两条典型河流,以实测水沙资料为依据,采用水文学方法,着重分析研究两个典型流域水保措施实施以来的水沙变化。