引进春小麦种质耐盐性的鉴定评价

对从美国引进的28份春小麦种质经过实验室耐盐性鉴定,筛选出13份芽期相对盐害率在20%以下,苗期盐害指数在40%以下的耐盐性较强的材料,进一步在0.37%以上的盐渍化土壤上进行全生育期的耐盐性鉴定,对株高、穗长、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等生产要素进行统计分析及逐步剔除多元回归分析,结果表明产量性状的耐盐指数与出苗率、     

不同小麦品种芽期耐盐性鉴定研究

为研究不同小麦品种在芽期的耐盐性,本研究以6 种小麦品种为研究对象,用不同浓度NaCl （盐浓度分别为0%(CK)、1%、1.5%、2.0%）胁迫处理后,分别测定并分析小麦芽期的发芽率、芽长、根长、芽鲜重。试验结果表明：在盐胁迫下,不同小麦品种随着盐浓度的升高,小麦的发芽率、芽长、根长、芽鲜重都随之降低。其中,在高盐(1.5% NaCl)处理下,‘宁春4 号’、‘Drasdal’在芽期比较敏感,‘红芒麦’、‘毛火麦’在芽期表现出一定的耐盐性,‘宁春27号’、‘山融3号’表现出比较强的耐盐性。因此,在高盐胁迫下‘宁春27号’、‘山融3号’芽期具有较强的耐盐性。     

转SbPIP1基因小麦植株的获得及发芽期耐盐性鉴定

为了培育耐盐小麦新材料,利用基因枪转化法将海蓬子(Salicornia bigelovii Torr.)水通道蛋白(plasma membrane intrinsicprotein,SbPIP1)基因导入到小麦品种宁麦13和扬麦158中。对两个品种的各2500枚幼胚进行轰击,分别获得抗Basta再生植株237株和108株(筛选标记基因为Bar基因),经PCR鉴定阳性转基因植株分别为30株和7株。用130mg/L Basta除草剂对T1代幼苗进行喷施鉴定,发现T1代幼苗的Basta抗性出现了分离。遗传分析发现76.19%的株系表现为1对基因遗传的3:1分离,为单拷贝的基因导入。发芽期耐盐性分析发现81.22%的转基因株系的盐害指数低于受体宁麦13的盐害指数,耐盐性强于受体宁麦13。这些转基因材料将进一步用于小麦的耐盐分子育种研究。     

Relationship Between Ion Accumulation and Growth in Two Spring Wheat Lines Differing in Salt Tolerance at Different Growth Stages

A salt-tolerant line, S24, of spring wheat was compared with a salt-sensitive line, Yecora Rojo, in sand cultures at four different growth stages, i.e. germination, seedling, tillering and booting, under greenhouse conditions. The NaCl treatments used were 0 or 125 mol m⁻³ in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. S24 exceeded Yecora Rojo in biomass or grain yield at the tillering and booting stages, but these lines did not differ at the initial growth stages, i.e. germination and seedling. The growth performance of the two lines at different growth stages was positively related to the pattern of accumulation of cations and anions. The superiority of S24 to Yecora Rojo at the two later growth stages was related to its relatively low accumulation of Na⁺ or Cl⁻ and high accumulation of K⁺ in leaves. The former line also maintained higher leaf K/Na ratios, Ca/Na ratios, K versus Na selectivities and Ca versus Na selectivities than the latter particularly at the tillering and booting stages. Salt tolerance in spring wheat, in this study, is found to be age-dependent. The booting stage has been found as one of the most appropriate growth stages where maximum differentiation in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive lines occurred. As is evident from previous studies with spring wheat, in the present study there is a positive correlation between partial exclusion of Na⁺ or Cl⁻¹ from the tissues and maintenance of high tissue K/Na and Ca/Na ratios, and K versus Na and Ca versus Na selectivities, and salt tolerance of this crop.     

Growth Properties and Ion Distribution in Different Tissues of Bread Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) Differing in Salt Tolerance

Four bread wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance were selected to evaluate ion distribution and growth responses with increasing salinity. Salinity was applied when the leaf 4 was fully expanded. Sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺) concentrations and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in different tissues including root, leaf‐3 blade, flag leaf sheath and flag leaf blade at three salinity levels (0, 100 and 200 mm NaCl), and also the effects of salinity on growth rate, shoot biomass and grain yield were evaluated. Salt‐tolerant genotypes (Karchia‐65 and Roshan) showed higher growth rate, grain yield and shoot biomass than salt‐sensitive ones (Qods and Shiraz). Growth rate was reduced severely in the first period (1–10 days) after salt commencements. It seems after 20 days, the major effect of salinity on shoot biomass and grain yield was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not due to Na⁺‐specific effects within the plant. Grain yield loss in salt‐tolerant genotypes was due to the decline in grain size, but the grain yield loss in salt‐sensitive ones was due to decline in grain number. Salt‐tolerant genotypes sequestered higher amounts of Na⁺ concentration in root and flag leaf sheath and maintained lower Na⁺ concentration with higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in flag leaf blade. This ion partitioning may be contributing to the improved salt tolerance of genotypes.     

春小麦耐热性的筛选方法与指标

利用５１份春小麦材料对３种耐热性方法进行了研究评价。供试材料在田间通过晚播计算各基因型的粒重感热指数（Ｓｅ）或于籽粒浆期用塑料简棚进行遮盖处理并计算千料重感热指数（Ｓｇ）评价其耐热性，而在室骨采用膜热稳定性测定方法，以相对热损伤率（ＲＩ％）大小评价基因型的耐热性。相关分析表明：Ｓｅ在年际间和年份内的相关系数均呈极显著高度正相关，从而具有较好的重演性，而ＲＩ％与Ｓｇ呈显著正相关说明基因型的热稳定性大     

春小麦田间盐胁迫下的农艺性状表现研究

盐害是制约小麦生产的主要因素,为研究小麦重组自交系后代在田间盐环境的耐盐性。本研究以2个小麦品种‘宁春27号’、‘宁春4号’以及2个亲本杂交后代中8个小麦品系‘R9’、‘R32’、‘R39’、‘R75’、‘R88’、‘R89’、‘R103’、‘R108’、‘R117’、‘R129’、‘R130’为研究对象,在田间盐环境下通过对全生育期的农艺性状进行调查分析对其耐盐性进行评价。试验结果表明:在全盐含量为0.35%的田间盐环境下,通过对试验材料进行株高、穗长、穗重、穗粒数、小区产量进行调查分析,‘R32’株高最高,明显高于亲本,‘R75’的穗长、穗重、穗粒数都明显高于其亲本,‘R88’、‘R108’的小区产量最高,明显高于其亲本。因此,通过田间表现及农艺性状比较,‘R75’、‘R88’、‘R108’田间耐盐性较强。     

利用SOM聚类分析及主成分分析方法鉴定小麦品种萌发期耐盐性

为了研究不同小麦品种萌发期的耐盐性,为小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定提供快速、准确的鉴定方法和理论依据.本研究以40个冬小麦品种为试验材料,通过主成分分析法(PCA)与神经网络自组织映射(SOM)聚类分析法,研究盐胁迫对40个小麦品种萌发期各项形态指标的影响.主成分分析法结果表明,发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长及胚芽鞘长在...     

两个小麦新品种的耐盐性分析

为了研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对小麦生理特性及TaNHX1基因表达的影响,以鲁原502和青麦6号2个小麦新品种为试验材料,50,100,150,200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下测定2个小麦品种种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、根系活力、质膜透性、MDA含量、Na~+含量等生理指标,并通过荧光定量PCR方法对小麦耐盐基因TaNHX1在根部和茎基部的表达量进行了比较。结果表明,100 mmol/L以上浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号种子发芽率显著高于鲁原502;低浓度NaCl胁迫对青麦6号幼苗生长具有显著促进效应,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下青麦6号幼苗鲜质量显著降低,而鲁原502幼苗鲜质量在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下就开始显著降低;高浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502根系活力下降幅度显著大于青麦6号;相同浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502叶片质膜透性和MDA含量均显著高于青麦6号,说明NaCl胁迫对青麦6号叶片细胞质膜伤害较小;高浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号根部和茎基部Na+含量均显著高于鲁原502,说明青麦6号根部和茎基部的拒Na+能力显著大于鲁原502,可以有效限制Na+向地上部运输;鲁原502和青麦6号的TaNHX1基因分别在100,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下达到最高表达量。以上结果说明青麦6号比鲁原502更耐盐,鲁原502的最高耐盐浓度为100 mmol/L,青麦6号的最高耐盐浓度为150 mmol/L。     

耐盐性不同的近等基因系小麦生理性状的比较研究

比较耐盐性不同的近等基因系小麦在盐胁迫 (1%NaCl)条件下 ,其超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性、丙二醛 (MDA)含量以及叶片质膜透性这几个生理指标的变化 ,结果表明 ,盐胁迫条件下 ,耐盐性强的RH870 6 - 49材料SOD活性显著低于耐盐性差的H870 6 - 34,丙二醛 (MDA)含量以及叶片质膜透性也显著低于耐盐性差的H870 6 - 34     

小麦种质资源抗旱性鉴定评价

培育抗旱节水小麦品种是保障我国粮食安全的重要途径之一, 优异抗旱种质资源筛选及抗旱性评价方法的研究对于提高抗旱育种效率具有关键作用。本研究采用反复干旱法和田间直接鉴定法分别鉴定323份小麦种质苗期和成株期的抗旱性。结果表明, 随着干旱次数的增加幼苗存活率逐渐下降, 而其变异系数和广义遗传力增加。成株期单株产量抗旱系数与综合抗旱性度量值D显著正相关(R ² = 0.609), 采用综合抗旱性度量值D有利于区分干旱对不同种质产量的影响力。苗期反复干旱存活率(DS)与单株产量的抗旱系数及综合抗旱性度量值D均无显著相关。基于反复干旱存活率筛选得到28份苗期强抗旱种质, 基于单株产量抗旱系数和综合抗旱性度量值D分别得到25和30份成株期强抗旱种质, 其中, 9份种质用2种评价方法均表现强抗旱; 21份种质在苗期和成株期均表现抗旱或强抗旱。本研究为小麦抗旱性评价方法及抗旱亲本的合理选择提供理论指导和信息支撑。     

Evaluating Predictive Values of Various Physiological Indices for Salinity Stress Tolerance in Wheat

Soil salinity is a worldwide issue that affects agricultural production. The understanding of mechanisms by which plants tolerate salt stress is crucial for breeding varieties for salt tolerance. In this work, a large number of wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum) cultivars were screened using a broad range of physiological indices. A regression analysis was then used to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these traits towards the overall salinity tolerance. In general, most of the bread wheats showed better Na⁺ exclusion that was associated with higher relative yield. Leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and leaf and xylem K⁺ contents were the major factors determining salinity stress tolerance in wheat. Other important traits included high xylem K⁺ content, high stomatal conductance and low osmolality. Bread wheat and durum wheat showed different tolerance mechanisms, with leaf K⁺/Na⁺ content in durum wheat making no significant contributions to salt tolerance, while the important traits were leaf and xylem K⁺ contents. These results indicate that Na⁺ sequestration ability is much stronger in durum compared with bread wheat, most likely as a compensation for its lesser efficiency to exclude Na⁺ from transport to the shoot. We also concluded that plant survival scores under high salt stress can be used in bread wheat as a preliminary selection for Na⁺ exclusion gene(s).     

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Reproductive‐Stage Salt Tolerance in Rice

Salinity tolerance in rice varies with the state of growth, with the seedling and reproductive stages being the most sensitive. However, association between tolerances at the two stages is poor, suggesting that they are regulated by different processes and genes. Tolerance at the reproductive stage is the most crucial as it determines grain yield. An F₂ mapping population was developed from two rice genotypes contrasting in tolerance: Cheriviruppu and Pusa Basmati 1 (PB1). Cheriviruppu is highly tolerant at the reproductive stage, while PB1 is highly sensitive at both seedling and reproductive stages. One hundred and thirty‐one microsatellite markers polymorphic between the parents were used to construct a linkage map of 1458.5 cM (Kosambi), with a mean intermarker distance of 11.1 cM. Sixteen QTLs with LOD values ranging from 3.2 to 22.3 were identified on chromosomes 1, 7, 8 and 10, explaining 4–47 % of the phenotypic variation. The maximum number of QTL clusters for different component traits was colocalized on the long arm of chromosome 1 and chromosome 7. We identified several significant epistatic interactions, including three inter‐QTL interactions, using MapManager. The results suggest that pollen fertility, Na⁺ concentration and Na/K ratio in the flag leaf are the most important mechanisms controlling salt tolerance at the reproductive stage in rice. The study reports the construction of a genetic map for reproductive‐stage salt tolerance in rice and demonstrates its utility for molecular mapping of QTLs controlling salinity tolerance‐related traits, which will be useful in marker‐assisted selection in the future.     

陆地棉苗期耐盐性的高效鉴定方法

利用2个耐盐和2个盐敏感的陆地棉品种,分别设置对照和4% (40 g L^–1)浓度NaCl溶液处理三叶期幼苗,处理72 h后调查盐害指数,测定地上部分鲜重、根鲜重、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光参数、相对电导率、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶类活性等13个与耐盐性相关的重要指标。利用灰色关联聚类、主成分分析和逐步回归等方法综合评价陆地棉苗期耐盐性,认为最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)可以作为鉴定陆地棉苗期耐盐性的关键指标,构建耐盐指数(y)方程y = 1.943x – 0.882,(x = 最大光化学效率),同时结合另外2个耐盐和2个盐敏感品种所得方程y值对耐盐等级进行划分。进一步利用23个已知耐盐性的品种检验方程,计算结果与田间鉴定结果完全一致。因此选用最大光化学效率作为唯一指标鉴定陆地棉苗期耐盐性,高效准确,同时通过构建方程和划分耐盐等级,为未来大规模陆地棉品种资源耐盐性鉴定提供技术标准和研究基础。     

河南省小麦馒头品种适宜品质指标的探讨

采用河南省麦区44个主推品种,对河南麦区适宜制作馒头小麦品种的主要品质指标进行了分析。结果表明:河南冬麦区适宜优质馒头的小麦主要品质指标是:面粉蛋白含量11%~12%,湿面筋30%~35.9%,沉淀值23.3~40.3 m L,峰值黏度2200~3700 cp,低谷粘度1400~2400 cp,吸水率57.2%~60.8%,稳定时间2~9.5 min,硬度、直链淀粉和膨胀势中等偏低,面筋指数中等偏高,面粉白度、亮度越高,灰分和PPO活性越低越好。     

冬小麦品种生育后期的耐热性评价

冬小麦品种生育后期耐热性遗传差异的表现受环境影响较大。通过1997～2000年间在北京对群体气-冠温差、灌浆特性、热感指数等三种耐热性评价方法有效性的比较研究，认为热感指数反映品种对后期热胁迫的敏感程度，利用千粒重热感指数可鉴定出后期耐热性较好的基因型。气-冠温差法快速、简便、准确，但叶片持绿期长的品种气-冠温差一般较大，可结合对灌浆速率的评价来筛选生育期适中的耐热基因型。在3年的试验中，小麦品种鲁936098表现耐热性强，千粒重稳定。     

转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因小麦的耐盐耐旱性

采用室内模拟盐、旱胁迫，结合田间实际测定的方法，对基因枪法获得的转BADH基因小麦多个株系的不同世代材料进行了耐盐、耐旱性鉴定。结果表明，在旱、盐胁迫条件下，转BADH基因小麦在种子萌发、幼苗生长、根系发育以及质膜保护等方面均比受体品种（对照）具有明显的优势；在田间生长条件下的转基因株系，其叶片蒸腾强度比对照明显降低，而离体叶片失水速率与对照没有明显差别。     

文冠果幼苗对盐胁迫的生长策略响应和耐盐性阈值研究

为探讨盐胁迫对文冠果幼苗生长影响,对不同浓度配比(0%、0.2%、0.5%、0.8%) 盐分(NaCl:Na2SO4=9:1)胁迫处理下一年生文冠果幼苗的存活率、苗高、地径、生物量、根冠比、茎叶比进行测定。结果表明：随着盐浓度的增加,幼苗生长指标呈现逐渐下降趋势,生长明显受到抑制,在轻度盐胁迫(0.2%)处理下,地径、根系干重、根冠比高于对照;而中度(0.5%)和重度(0.8%)胁迫处理幼苗各生长指标均显著低于对照。对照、轻度和中度胁迫幼苗存活率为100%,重度胁迫幼苗存活率下降明显。试验表明在盐胁迫条件下,轻度胁迫对幼苗存活和抑制作用弱于中度和重度胁迫,当幼苗受轻度胁迫后通过增粗茎干,增加根系的生长发育,来维持幼苗的正常生长;将总生物量抑制率为50%的盐浓度定义为该幼苗的耐盐性阈值,文冠果幼苗的耐受阈值的盐浓度为0.8%。     

黄淮海地区优质小麦节水高产栽培研究

黄淮海地区优质小麦生产必须走节水高产之路。在深入分析节水与优质、高产的关系的基础上 ,提出了优质小麦节水高产栽培技术体系。