Interactive Effects of Sudden and Gradual Drought Stress and Foliar‐applied Glycinebetaine on Growth,Water Relations,Osmolyte Accumulation and Antioxidant Defence System in Two Maize Cultivars Differing in Drought Tolerance

Influence of sudden and gradual drought stress (DS) and foliar‐applied glycinebetaine (GB) on growth, water relations, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant defence system were investigated in the plants of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, that is, drought‐tolerant Shaandan 9 (S₉) and drought‐sensitive Shaandan 911 (S₉₁₁). Sudden DS caused less accumulation of GB and free proline, but a more accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which resulted in a greater reduction in leaf relative water content (RWC) and dry matter (DM) in both cultivars compared with the gradual DS. Exogenous GB application caused a rise in DM, RWC, contents of GB and free proline as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and POD along with a decline in MDA content to various extent in both cultivars under both types of DS. A more pronounced effectiveness of GB application was observed in S₉₁₁ than that in S₉ under the same type of DS. It seemed that the more serious damage of DS was on maize plants, and the better positive role of GB was observed in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of DS. From this study, it was possible to propose that hardening for drought resistance by gradual DS treatment and GB application are effective to make plants robust to thrive under water‐deficit conditions.     

Comparison of Drought Tolerance of Maize,Sweet Sorghum and Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrids

In drought‐prone environments, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids are considered worthy alternatives to maize for biogas production. The biomass productivity of the three crops was compared by growing them side‐by‐side in a rain‐out shelter under different levels of plant available soil water (PASW) during the growing periods of 2008 to 2010 at Braunschweig, Germany. All crops were established under high levels of soil water. Thereafter, the crops either remained at the wet level (60–80 % PASW) or were subjected to moderate (40–50 % PASW) and severe drought stress (15–25 % PASW). While the above‐ground dry weight (ADW) of sweet sorghum and maize was insignificantly different under well‐watered conditions, sweet sorghum under severe drought stress produced 27 % more ADW than maize. The ADW of sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids significantly lagged behind sweet sorghum at all levels of water supply. The three crops differed markedly in their susceptibility to water shortage. Severe drought stress reduced the ADW of maize by 51 %, but only by 37 % for sweet sorghum and 35 % for sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids. The post‐harvest root dry weight (RDW) in the 0–100 cm soil layer for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids averaged 4.4, 6.1 and 2.9 t ha^?1 under wet and 1.9, 5.7 and 2.4 t ha^?1 under severe drought stress. Under these most dry conditions, the sorghum crops had relatively higher RDW and root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layers than maize. The subsoil RDW proportion (20–100 vs. 0–20 cm) for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids amounted to 6 %, 10 % and 20 %. The higher ADM of sweet sorghum compared with maize under dry conditions is most likely attributable to the deep root penetration and high proportion of roots in the subsoil, which confers the sorghum crop a high water uptake capacity.     

Drought Tolerance and Water‐Use Efficiency of Biogas Crops: A Comparison of Cup Plant,Maize and Lucerne‐Grass

The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is discussed as an alternative energy crop for biogas production in Germany due to its ecological benefits over continuously grown maize. Moreover, a certain drought tolerance is assumed because of its intensive root growth and the dew water collection by the leaf cups, formed by fused leaf pairs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration (ET ), water‐use efficiency (WUE ) and the relevance of the leaf cups for the cup plant's water balance in a 2‐year field experiment. Parallel investigations were conducted for the two reference crops maize (high WUE ) and lucerne‐grass (deep and intensive rooting) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Root system performance was assessed by measuring water depletion at various soil depths. Transpiration‐use efficiency (TUE ) was estimated using a model approach. Averaged over the 2 years, drought‐related above‐ground dry matter reduction was higher for the cup plant (33 %) than for the maize (18 %) and lucerne‐grass (14 %). The WUE of the cup plant (33 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) was significantly lower than for maize (50 kg ha^?1 mm^?1). The cup plant had a lower water uptake capacity than lucerne‐grass. Cup plant dry matter yields as high as those of maize will only be attainable at sites that are well supplied with water, be it through a large soil water reserve, groundwater connection, high rainfall or supplemental irrigation.     

基于MODIS-NDVI的春玉米叶面积指数和地上生物量估算

为了构建春玉米叶面积指数和地上生物量的估算模型,基于辽宁省大田条件下9个站点春玉米不同生育期叶面积指数LAI和地上鲜生物量数据,利用MODIS提取的10种植被指数NDVI、RVI、DVI、PVI、EVI、GNDVI、RDVI、SAVI、OSAVI和NLI反演春玉米LAI和地上鲜生物量。结果表明：10种植被指数与春玉米LAI和地上鲜生物量相关性显著,采用植被指数反演春玉米LAI和地上鲜生物量是可行的;分别基于回归分析法和人工神经网络法,利用10种植被指数反演春玉米LAI和地上鲜生物量,利用回归分析法结合OSAVI和NDVI反演春玉米LAI和地上鲜生物量效果较好;利用人工神经网络法进行模拟反演采用RVI、DVI和EVI效果最佳,反演精度高于回归分析法。     

大豆生物量积累、收获指数及产量间的相关与QTL分析

利用亲本间生物量、收获指数和产量有较大差异的南农1138-2和科丰1号杂交衍生的大豆重组自交家系(NJRIKY), 研究始花期(R1)、始荚期(R3)、始粒期(R5)、收获期生物量以及表观收获指数和产量间的相关, 并进行QTL定位, 分析相关的遗传基础。结果表明, (1) 生物量与产量显著相关, 相关程度随生长进程逐渐增加, 收获期生物量与产量相关最高, R²=0.76。R1、R3、R5期生物量与产量的相关呈负指数曲线相关, 生物量分别达到1 000、2 300和5 500 kg hm^-2时, 产量不再随生物量的增加而增加。收获期生物量与产量呈直线正相关, 在试验范围内未发现高产的收获期生物量上限。表观收获指数与产量呈指数曲线相关, 小于0.42时与产量具正变关系, 大于0.42时与产量具负变关系。收获期生物量与表观收获指数呈指数曲线相关, 表观收获指数增加生物量降低。(2) 检测到产量、表观收获指数、收获期生物量有关的QTL分别为9、10和10个, 其中两年稳定的QTL分别有2、3、3个。检测到R1、R3和R5期生物量有关的QTL分别有6、9和6个, 其中3个时期在两年均能稳定表达的有2个。(3)在9个产量QTL中的6个区间, 还同时检测到生物量和表观收获指数有关的QTL, 该3性状有部分QTL共享同一连锁区间, 表明有其共同的遗传基础, 同时也解释了性状间相关的遗传原因。     

Biomass Yield — A Topical Issue in Modern Wheat Breeding Programmes

Plot experiments were made involving seven winter wheat varieties to study growth rate and biomass yield in relation to grain yield and yield stability. The results obtained with ‘Apollo’ show that it is possible to boost grain yield and obtain simultaneously an adequate yield stability by increasing the biomass potential until anthesis and maintaining high growth rates in the grain-filling period. Higher grain yields were likewise reached by merely increasing the growth rate after anthesis at an equal or lower biomass potential at anthesis, but yield stability was lower then.     

陕西省不同年代玉米品种产量和氮效率性状的变化

明确陕西省不同年代玉米产量和氮效率性状响应氮肥的变化趋势,对西北旱区玉米高产氮高效品种选育具有重要的实践意义。本文以1981—2010年间陕西省12个玉米主栽品种为材料,于2011年和2012年在典型旱区陕西长武进行3个氮水平(0、120和240 kg hm–2)的田间试验,分析了不同年代玉米品种农艺和氮效率性状变化趋势。结果显示,不同年代玉米品种籽粒产量随氮水平增加而提高,在施氮0、120和240 kg hm–2处理下籽粒产量增益分别为每年46、65和83 kg hm–2。所有氮水平下2000—2010年间品种产量和生物量显著高于1980—1989年间品种,而秸秆产量变化不明显;现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)产量的增加归因于穗粒数、千粒重和生物量的提高。不同年代玉米品种消光系数随氮水平增加而降低,说明现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)较老品种(1980—1989年)叶片直立,截获更多的光能,致使产量和生物量高。随着年代的递进,玉米品种氮肥农学利用率呈递增趋势,在低氮水平下现代品种氮肥利用效率最高,且显著高于老品种。氮肥农学利用率与氮吸收效率(NUpE)和花后氮素积累量呈显著相关(r=0.75;r=0.72),而与氮生理效率(NUtE)和花前氮素积累量相关性不显著(r=0.42;r=0.39)。说明现代玉米品种氮肥农学利用率提高主要来自氮肥吸收效率和花后氮素积累量的增加。上述结果表明,陕西玉米育种应注重穗粒数、千粒重、氮吸收效率性状和株型结构改良,低氮环境压力选择将有助于旱区玉米高产氮高效新品种培育。     

不同基因型玉米品种产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率差异研究

为了充分挖掘和提高作物抗旱性及水分利用效率,通过选用新品种是最有效且易行的技术措施,以期解决品种应用盲目和抗旱应对被动的问题。本研究在山西晋中盆地大田条件下,以生产上推广应用的11个不同基因型玉米新品种为试材,于拔节期设置3种不同水分处理,分析了其产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明：不同水分条件下,各品种产量、抗旱性排序不同,其中‘大丰30’、‘迪卡M753’的丰产性、稳产性和抗旱性综合表现最好,正常供水下,其产量分别可达13634 kg/hm²和14478 kg/hm²,抗旱指数分别达0.999和1.029;同时在分析水分利用效率和水分生产效率后,得出在拔节期补充灌溉45 mm时,既可获得较高的水分利用效率,同时灌溉水分生产效率也最高,分别为29.77 kg/(mm·hm²)和30.92 kg/(mm·hm²)。因此,‘大丰30’和‘迪卡M753’可作为主干型品种在该区域进一步验证和应用,且在该区域运用非充分灌溉,对保护水资源和发展有机旱作农业具有重要意义。     

宁南山区杂交玉米品种耐旱性鉴定分析

对项目区近年来引进推广种植的高产杂交玉米品种进行苗期耐旱性鉴定。通过对不同水分胁迫条件下,部分关键生长发育、生理指标的测定分析,研究玉米苗期耐旱性指标与产量的相关性,以期为旱地玉米品种抗旱性快速方便测定方法提供参考依据。     

不同品种夏玉米主要性状与产量相关性分析

为了探索不同品种夏玉米产量与主要性状关系,采用田间试验,研究了中国生产上利用的15 个优良玉米杂交品种不同生育期的叶面积指数、叶面积指数增长率和光合势的变化及其与产量的关系。结果表明：15 个玉米杂交种中‘登海602’产量最高,玉米叶面积指数较高,具有较高的光合势;各玉米品种间的叶面积指数随生育进程均呈单峰曲线变化,在吐丝期达到最高,各玉米品种间存在差异,玉米叶面积指数增长率亦具有相同趋势;各品种光合势在整个生育期呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在吐丝期至乳熟期;拔节—苗期叶面积指数增长率与产量的直接通径系数最大;蜡熟—完熟期的光合势对产量的直接效应最大。苗期—拔节期和蜡熟—完熟期是玉米高产形成的关键时期。     

Water Use Efficiency, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Biomass Production of Two Sugar Beet Varieties Under Well-Watered and Dry Conditions

Two sugar beet (Beta vulgaris sp.) varieties, which were supposed to differ in drought tolerance, were exposed to drought stress in a growth chamber and a container experiment in field. The aim was to test for (i) differences between the varieties in water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production and distribution and (ii) the relationship between WUE and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), and between biomass production and Δ. Significant differences in WUE were detected between plants of well‐watered and drought treatments in both experiments, but not between the varieties. Production losses due to drought were large for both varieties in both experiments. Losses in the growth chamber were up to 50 % of plant dry weight and the corresponding value in the field was 24 %, when plants were given 60 and 30 %, respectively, of the full‐watered treatments. Significant negative correlations between WUE and Δ were found, but not between biomass production and Δ, when both varieties were included. Negative correlations between WUE and Δ were also found for each variety separately. The results suggest that Δ estimates from leaf tissue of sugar beet may provide a useful tool for genetic selection of drought‐tolerant sugar beet varieties.     

Assimilation, Dissimilation and Accumulation of 14C in Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids of Different Drought Tolerance

The effects of exposure in the vegetative phase of growth to 5- or 10-day spells of soil drought (30% field water capacity) on assimilation, dissimilation and accumulation of ¹⁴C and on dry matter growth were studied in two maize hybrids, nos. 8344 and 8388 (Garst Seed Co.) of high and low drought tolerance. Under control water regime in soil there was no difference in ¹⁴CO₂ uptake and dry matter growth between hybrids. After five days of drought ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation dropped by about 75% referred to unit weight of dry matter in hybrid 8344 and by 56% in hybrid 8388. After 10 days of drought ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation rate was reduced by 75% in both hybrids. Soil drought increased the ¹⁴C dissimilation. There were no significant differences between hybrids in all treatments, with the exception of 5 days drought; after this treatment the dissimilation rate of hybrid 8344 was higher than that of 8388. Changes of translocation of ¹⁴C and its accumulation in particular organs occurred in drought treated plants; the amount of ¹⁴C accumulated in roots of plants of hybrid 8344 increased, while that of hybrid 8388 decreased. Changes of ¹⁴C accumulation in roots were positively correlated to changes of dry matter of those organs. One day after 10 days of drought assimilation and dissimilation rates in both hybrids were about 60% of controls.     

北京地区高产小麦品种的冠层形成、光截获和产量

北京地区的小麦在平均亩产突破300公斤之后,要继续高产稳产,极需进一步地改善品种的产量潜力。本研究将叶面积指数(LAI)、光截获(LI)、光衰减系数(?)、叶面积持续时间(LAD)、干物质积累(DMA)、作物生长速度(CGR)等性状与冠层形成联系起来,研究它们与产量的关系。几年来,通过7个高产品种的14个冠层参数对籽粒产量的相关、通径     

Inter‐row Mulch Increase the Water Use Efficiency of Furrow‐Irrigated Maize in an Arid Environment

The effect inter‐row polyethylene mulch on the water use efficiency and crop productivity of furrow‐ and drip‐irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated in a field study. In contrast to the traditional ‘on ridge’ mulching, the inter‐row polyethylene mulch was placed in such a way that it could be easily removed for reuse since the row of plants itself was not covered but the furrows were completely covered. Irrigation needs were computed by multiplying the cumulative Class A Pan evaporation between irrigations by a crop coefficient that changed through the growing season. Our results indicate that inter‐row mulching induced earliness under both irrigation treatments. Seventy five percent of canopy density was attained in the mulched treatments contrasting with 45–61 % in the non‐mulched treatments at 34 days after sowing. Throughout the growing period, shoot biomass was significantly higher for the mulched treatments that had as well higher root biomasses. The overall estimated evaporative losses from the non‐mulched treatments were between 37 % and 39 % of the total water applied. The whole gross canopy water use efficiency in the furrow and drip mulched treatments was 64 % and 45 % higher than in the respective non‐mulched treatments. These results indicate that inter‐row polyethylene mulch is an efficient technique by which soil evaporation is reduced and plant productivity increased.     

不同生育期干旱对南方春玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响

为了研究不同生育期干旱对南方春玉米的生长发育、土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率的影响,在防雨棚下的测坑中进行试验,设计了6个处理,春玉米需水关键期设计了3个水平,分析南方春玉米的生长发育、土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率规律。结果表明：拔节期轻旱对春玉米的株高和叶面积影响最大;灌浆期轻旱对春玉米的产量及产量性状影响最大;高水分处理的耗水总量最大,低水分处理的耗水总量最小;耗水量为464.6 mm时,最高产量为6795 kg/hm2;拔节期轻旱的水分利用效率最高。建议在南方春玉米不同生育期应采用适宜的灌水方式,可达到节水和高产的双重效果。     

温室增温和灌溉量变化对棉花产量、 生物量及水分利用效率的影响

为了解气候变化对棉花生长的影响,在2011—2012 年,通过2 个温室进行增温和灌溉量变化的试验（一个温室用红外灯管增温,另一个不增温）,每个温室设田间灌溉量的0.7 倍、0.85 倍、1 倍、1.15 倍、1.3 倍5 个灌溉水平,研究增温和灌溉量对产量、生物量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,棉花生长季平均温度增加1~3.5℃有利于产量的增加,生长季、花期和铃期温度升高1℃,产量分别增加200.694、225.732、109.838 kg/hm2,而蕾期温度升高1℃却会降低产量162.814 kg/hm2。生长季和蕾期增温1℃会分别降低生物量1079.2、1179.8 kg/hm2,降低产量和干物质的水分利用效率3.4215、2.8098 kg/(hm2·mm)。灌溉倍数每增加1 倍,产量和生物量分别增加734.51、2242.3 kg/hm2。但增温会增加水分的消耗量,这对于处于干旱区的新疆来说是不利的。随着气候变暖,棉花耗水增大,产量增加。     

Light Interception, Leaf Area Index and Dry Matter Yield in Fodder Sorghum at Different Plant Populations

Fodder sorghum (M. P. Chari) was grown at varying populations to examine its influence on light interception, leaf area index and biomass production. DMY, CGR and IPAR depending on LAI reached maximum at LAI 5 of 150 000 plants ha⁻¹ stand and thus yielded higher biomass. Therefore, physiological potential of fodder sorghum crop was found to be maximum at a population density of 150 000 plants ha⁻¹. Further increases in population developed mutual shading and adversely affected the crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation. Significant linear relationships of dry matter yield with IPAR, plant population densities, LAI and CGR clearly indicate the interdependence of these characters.     

Leaf Area, Grain Yield and Yield Components Following Forage Removal in Triticale

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal that can be simultaneously used for forage and for grain, but this dual purpose is currently limited by a lack of information concerning the effects of forage removal on grain production. Thus, the effect of one or two successive cuttings (simulated grazing) on grain yield, yield components in the main stem and tillers, leaf area and biomass development were studied in four hexaploid triticales grown under irrigation and with high soil fertility. Forage removal reduced grain yield and grain weight per plant in proportion to the number of cuttings, mainly by reducing the number of tillers with spikes at harvest. Whereas foliage reduction did not affect the number of spikelets per spike, kernels per spike, or floral fertility in the main-stem spike, these yield components were drastically reduced in the spikes of tillers. Forage removal affected mean weight per kernel to approximately the same extent in the main stem as in the tillers. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) at anthesis showed significant loss due to cutting, mainly because of a decrease in the number of leaves per plant and in the green area per leaf. This caused similar decreases in the Leaf Area Duration (LAD) from anthesis to maturity. A strong inverse relationship was found between the percent of loss in LAI at anthesis and the final grain yield, suggesting that grain yield was largely dependent upon the ability of the crops to produce new leaf tissue rapidly in the time between cutting and anthesis.     

灌水量和种植密度的配置对干热河谷紫甘蓝生物量分配、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了揭示灌水量和种植密度配置下干热河谷紫甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata rubra)产量形成机理,研究了不同灌水量5800 m3/hm2(I1)、4900 m3/hm2(I2)、4600 m3/hm2(I3)和不同种植密度79200株/hm2(D1)、52800株/hm2(D2)、3...     

对生玉米叶面积分布、 蒸腾速率和水分利用率的研究

研究了6个品种(系)的对生和互生玉米的叶面积分布、 蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)。 结果表明, 对生玉米单株叶数和叶面积比互生玉米分别高出192%～220%和130%～190%。 两者的不同叶位与叶面积之间均呈极显著的二次抛物线回归关系, 即判断得最大叶面积的叶位数为6。 后期(灌浆期起), 对生玉米叶绿素含量高于互生的, 差