稻田甲烷代谢及其对电子受体的响应

稻田是主要的甲烷排放源之一,其代谢过程及减排策略研究日益受到关注.本文综述了稻田甲烷代谢及其对电子受体响应的最新研究进展.结果表明,稻田甲烷代谢过程因环境条件的改变具有明显的变异性;电子受体主要是通过对甲烷产生和氧化的综合影响,最终控制着土壤甲烷排放;施肥和水分管理均会调节电子受体对甲烷代谢过程的影响.     

Bacterial manganese reduction and growth with manganese oxide as the sole electron acceptor

Microbes that couple growth to the reduction of manganese could play an important role in the biogeochemistry of certain anaerobic environments. Such a bacterium, Alteromonas putrefaciens MR-1, couples its growth to the reduction of manganese oxides only under anaerobic conditions. The characteristics of this reduction are consistent with a biological, and not an indirect chemical, reduction of manganese, which suggest that this bacterium uses manganic oxide as a terminal electron acceptor. It can also utilize a large number of other compounds as terminal electron acceptors; this versatility could provide a distinct advantage in environments where electron-acceptor concentrations may vary.     

Evidence of soft-mode quantum phase transitions in electron double layers

Inelastic light scattering by low-energy spin-excitations reveals three distinct configurations of spin of electron double layers in gallium arsenide quantum wells at even-integer quantum Hall states. The transformations among these spin states appear as quantum phase transitions driven by the interplay between Coulomb interactions and Zeeman splittings. One of the transformations correlates with the emergence of a spin-flip intersubband excitation at vanishingly low energy and provides direct evidence of a link between quantum phase transitions and soft collective excitations in a two-dimensional electron system.     

Imaging electron wave functions of quantized energy levels in carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes provide a unique system for studying one-dimensional quantization phenomena. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to observe the electronic wave functions that correspond to quantized energy levels in short metallic carbon nanotubes. Discrete electron waves were apparent from periodic oscillations in the differential conductance as a function of the position along the tube axis, with a period that differed from that of the atomic lattice. Wave functions could be observed for several electron states at adjacent discrete energies. The measured wavelengths are in good agreement with the calculated Fermi wavelength for armchair nanotubes.     

拉巴乌头碱分子印迹微球的制备及其吸附性能

【目的】制备拉巴乌头碱分子印迹聚合物微球,为拉巴乌头碱的富集和分离天然产物中的拉巴乌头碱提供新的固相萃取色谱柱填料.【方法】采用本体聚合法快速制备拉巴乌头碱分子印迹聚合物;扫描电镜对合成的分子印迹聚合物进行表征,静态吸附考察聚合物的吸附性能及其选择性,并进行Scatchard分析.【结果】合成的聚合物为球形,对拉巴乌头碱具有良好的识别能力,粒径小于45μm的小颗粒MIP_2的最大表观结合量为11.5μmol/g,远大于其空白对照NIP_2的吸附量0.4μmol/g;拉巴乌头碱分子与β-谷甾醇的选择性分离因子α为2.18.【结论】制备的分子印迹聚合物微球对拉巴乌头碱分子有特异性吸附和识别能力,为拉巴乌头碱印迹聚合物合成时正确选择功能单体,分散溶剂和交联剂提供理论依据.     

3种内吸农药分子印迹聚合物制备及初步应用

【目的】制备3种内吸性农药分子印迹聚合物及固相萃取柱,建立MISPE-LC-MS/MS方法。【方法】应用分子印迹技术制备分子印迹聚合物,通过研究模板分子、功能单体和交联剂的配比关系以及索氏萃取效率,分析该聚合物制备的影响因素;通过吸附试验分析该聚合物特异性;通过研究不同洗脱溶剂、洗脱体积等因素对该萃取柱的使用进行优化,最后通过对黄瓜样品添加回收率测定分析该方法的实用性。【结果】制备出了多目标物特异性分子印迹聚合物,其对嘧菌酯、噻虫啉和吡虫啉具有较高识别能力和快速吸附效果,以此聚合物作为吸附功能原料制备固相萃取柱,建立固相萃取与液质联用检测农药残留的方法。此方法应用在黄瓜的嘧菌酯、噻虫啉和吡虫啉残留检测上,添加回收率在88.5%94.6%之间,相对标准偏差在1.6%2.9%之间。【结论】该分子印迹聚合物制备较容易,固相萃取柱前处理过程简单,以其为前处理核心与LC-MS/MS仪器建立的农药残留检测方法特异性较好、检测灵敏度较高,具有一定的实用性。     

Capillarity and wetting of carbon nanotubes

The wetting and capillarity of carbon nanotubes were studied in detail here. Nanotubes are not "super-straws," although they can be wet and filled by substances having low surface tension, such as sulfur, selenium, and cesium, with an upper limit to this tension less than 200 millinewtons per meter. This limit implies that typical pure metals will not be drawn into the inner cavity of nanotubes through capillarity, whereas water and organic solvents will. These results have important implications for the further use of carbon nanotubes in experiments on a nanometer scale.     

Growth and sintering of fullerene nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes produced in arcs have been found to have the form of multiwalled fullerenes, at least over short lengths. Sintering of the tubes to each other is the predominant source of defects that limit the utility of these otherwise perfect fullerene structures. The use of a water-cooled copper cathode minimized such defects, permitting nanotubes longer than 40 micrometers to be attached to macroscopic electrodes and extracted from the bulk deposit. A detailed mechanism that features the high electric field at (and field-emission from) open nanotube tips exposed to the arc plasma, and consequent positive feedback effects from the neutral gas and plasma, is proposed for tube growth in such arcs.     

山奈酚分子印迹聚合物微球的制备及性能研究

为有效分离天然活性黄酮物质山奈酚,制备山奈酚分子印迹聚合物微球,以山奈酚为模板分子,4-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,乙腈为溶剂,采用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱和热重分析进行表征,对其进行吸附性能测定。得到了最优的聚合反应条件是:反应温度60℃,功能单体与溶剂的体积比为1∶20,模板分子和功能单体的摩尔比为1∶8。合成的聚合物微球颗粒均匀,耐热性能好,对山奈酚具有良好的吸附能力,实际最大饱和吸附量是1.053mg/g。Scatchard分析表明聚合物对山奈酚存在特异性吸附性能。     

磁性分子印迹聚合物的制备及对食品中氯霉素残留的检测

将磁性分离技术和表面分子印迹技术相结合,首先通过化学改性的方式在Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子表面接枝双键,以氯霉素(chloramphenicol,CAP)为模板分子、甲基丙烯酸(methacrylic acid,MAA)为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate,EDGMA)为交联剂、偶氮二异丁腈(azobisisobutyronitrile,AIBN)为引发剂,采用悬浮聚合法合成CAP的磁性分子印迹聚合物微球(magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer,MMIP),以及对应的非印迹微球(magnetic molecularly non-imprinted polymer,MNIP)。在表征试验中,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对每一步合成的产物进行红外光谱检测,用扫描电子显微镜对MMIP和MNIP的微观形态进行观察,用振动磁强计测定磁性纳米粒子和MMIP的饱和磁强度。对MMIP和MNIP的吸附性能进行研究,将MMIP作为固相萃取剂应用于实际样品检测,进行方法学考查。试验结果表明,合成的磁性分子印迹聚合物微球直径400~700 nm,分散性较好,在溶剂中可在外加磁场作用下快速分离。MMIP的最大表观吸附容量可达29.18 mg·g^-1,具有良好的选择识别性能。MMIP作为固相萃取剂在对实际样品进行检测时回收率(86.30%~94.21%)、精密度(RSD≤1.53%)、稳定性(RSD≤1.87%)均良好,且具有较低的检测限(3.0 μg·kg^-1)。将MMIP作为固相萃取剂用于食品中残留氯霉素的分离检测具有良好的效果。     

氨基酸分子印迹传感器的制备及其在手性识别中的应用

【目的】通过构建分子印迹传感器对不同构型的色氨酸分子进行手性识别,探讨该传感器的手性识别能力及实际应用效果.【方法】以石墨烯为基底,利用分子印迹法制备色氨酸分子印迹传感器,探究不同pH值、沉积时间和色氨酸浓度对该传感器识别色氨酸对映体能力的影响,并通过配制不同浓度的L-色氨酸和D-色氨酸溶液,检测氧化峰电流值的差值ΔI,探究浓度与ΔI的关系.【结果】5.0 mmol/L色氨酸对映体在分子印迹传感器中的I_D/I_L为4.36,说明传感器对L-色氨酸有很好的识别能力.当电解液的pH值等于6.0,沉积时间为5 min时,所制备手性传感器性能最佳,并且ΔI与色氨酸浓度满足良好的线性关系,表明在实际应用时该传感器具有良好的准确性和灵敏度.【结论】色氨酸分子印迹传感器制作简单,检测灵敏,结果准确,为手性识别氨基酸提供了高效的方法.     

Macroscopic fibers and ribbons of oriented carbon nanotubes

A simple method was used to assemble single-walled carbon nanotubes into indefinitely long ribbons and fibers. The processing consists of dispersing the nanotubes in surfactant solutions, recondensing the nanotubes in the flow of a polymer solution to form a nanotube mesh, and then collating this mesh to a nanotube fiber. Flow-induced alignment may lead to a preferential orientation of the nanotubes in the mesh that has the form of a ribbon. Unlike classical carbon fibers, the nanotube fibers can be strongly bent without breaking. Their obtained elastic modulus is 10 times higher than the modulus of high-quality bucky paper.     

Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes

Static and dynamic mechanical deflections were electrically induced in cantilevered, multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a transmission electron microscope. The nanotubes were resonantly excited at the fundamental frequency and higher harmonics as revealed by their deflected contours, which correspond closely to those determined for cantilevered elastic beams. The elastic bending modulus as a function of diameter was found to decrease sharply (from about 1 to 0.1 terapascals) with increasing diameter (from 8 to 40 nanometers), which indicates a crossover from a uniform elastic mode to an elastic mode that involves wavelike distortions in the nanotube. The quality factors of the resonances are on the order of 500. The methods developed here have been applied to a nanobalance for nanoscopic particles and also to a Kelvin probe based on nanotubes.     

Imaging the condensation and evaporation of molecularly thin films of water with nanometer resolution

The polarization force between an electrically charged atomic force microscope tip and a substrate has been used to follow the processes of condensation and evaporation of a monolayer of water on mica at room temperature. Condensation proceeds in two distinct structural phases. Up to about 25 percent humidity, the water film grows by forming two-dimensional clusters of less than a few 1000 angstroms in diameter. Above about 25 percent humidity, a second phase grows, forming large two-dimensional islands with geometrical shapes in epitaxial relation with the underlaying mica lattice. The growth of this second water phase is completed when the humidity reaches about 45 percent. The reverse process of evaporation has also been imaged.     

浅析大豆组培系统与基因转化受体系统

介绍了大豆子叶节组培系统和幼胚子叶组培体细胞胚胎发生系统 ,重点阐述了组培系统和受体系统的内在联系和不同点 ,同时提出这两个组培系统作为受体系统时存在的问题。     

温敏型分子印迹水凝胶的制备及对有机磷阻燃剂的吸附性

  目的  制备一种兼温度响应与高选择识别性能于一体的分子印迹水凝胶(T-MIHs)。  方法  以磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯[Tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate, TCPP]为模板分子,丙烯酸为功能单体,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺为温敏单体,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用自由基聚合法制备了温度敏感的T-MIHs。利用红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、扫描电镜、差示扫描量热表征原料的结构,考察水凝胶对模板分子的特异识别性能。  结果  成功制备T-MIHs,其最低临界溶解温度为39 ℃;等温吸附符合Langmuir吸附理论模型,吸附动力学符合准一级吸附动力学模型。该分子印迹水凝胶对TCPP显示了良好的选择识别性,对模板分子的吸附容量为119.32 mg·g?1,印迹因子α=3.75,选择因子β=2.75,对TCPP的识别具有温度响应性。  结论  T-MIHs对水溶液中TCPP具有优异的吸附效果,同时对构筑有机磷阻燃剂高选择识别性的温敏印迹水凝胶具有重要参考。图9表4参30     

Magnetic susceptibility of molecular carbon: nanotubes and fullerite

Elemental carbon can be synthesized in a variety of geometrical forms, from three-dimensional extended structures (diamond) to finite molecules (C(60) fullerite). Results are presented here on the magnetic susceptibility of the least well-understood members of this family, nanotubes and C(60) fullerite. (i) Nanotubes represent the cylindrical form of carbon, intermediate between graphite and fullerite. They are found to have significantly larger orientation-averaged susceptibility, on a per carbon basis, than any other form of elemental carbon. This susceptibility implies an average band structure among nanotubes similar to that of graphite. (ii) High-resolution magnetic susceptibility data on C(60) fullerite near the molecular orientational-ordering transition at 259 K show a sharp jump corresponding to 2.5 centimeter-gram-second parts per million per mole of C(60). This jump directly demonstrates the effect of an intermolecular cooperative transition on an intramolecular electronic property, where the susceptibility jump may be ascribed to a change in the shape of the molecule due to lattice forces.     

Synthesis of buried oxide and silicide layers with ion beams

Ion implantation, because it is inherently a strongly nonequilibrium process, can add a new dimension to materials studies. A large variety of chemical elements may be readily introduced into a target substrate by ion bombardment at concentrations considerably greater than the normal solid solubilities. In addition, the interaction of the accelerated ions with the target produces lattice defects. Both effects have been studied extensively in experiments directed at understanding the mechanisms of formation of buried oxide and silicide layers in silicon with high-dose ion implantation. These layers have properties that are difficult to attain with conventional techniques.     

大白菜BrSPS1Fb基因剪接受体位点变异及其对剪接的影响

为研究剪接受体位点变异对剪接方式与效率的影响,对大白菜材料He2进行重测序,发现BrSPS1Fb-He2第6个内含子(I6)的剪接受体位点由AG突变为AC。对大白菜材料He2花瓣进行转录组测序并分析BrSPS1Fb-He2 read数据,结果显示,BrSPS1Fb-He2在pre-mRNA加工过程中发生了选择性剪接。BrSPS1Fb-He2可选择3个位置(A1、A2和A3)作为受体进行剪接,产生3种剪接异构体(S1、S2和S3),或者保留I6整个内含子,形成S4剪接异构体。大白菜BrSPS1Fb-He2的成熟mRNA中保留部分I6(S1和S2)或全部I6(S4),或者缺失部分E7外显子序列(S3)。综上,BrSPS1Fb剪接受体位点的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)变异对其转录后剪接产生了显著影响。