Transient floral change and rapid global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary

Rapid global warming of 5 degrees to 10 degrees C during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) coincided with major turnover in vertebrate faunas, but previous studies have found little floral change. Plant fossils discovered in Wyoming, United States, show that PETM floras were a mixture of native and migrant lineages and that plant range shifts were large and rapid (occurring within 10,000 years). Floral composition and leaf shape and size suggest that climate warmed by approximately 5 degrees C during the PETM and that precipitation was low early in the event and increased later. Floral response to warming and/or increased atmospheric CO2 during the PETM was comparable in rate and magnitude to that seen in postglacial floras and to the predicted effects of anthropogenic carbon release and climate change on future vegetation.     

Effects of rapid global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary on neotropical vegetation

Temperatures in tropical regions are estimated to have increased by 3° to 5°C, compared with Late Paleocene values, during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 56.3 million years ago) event. We investigated the tropical forest response to this rapid warming by evaluating the palynological record of three stratigraphic sections in eastern Colombia and western Venezuela. We observed a rapid and distinct increase in plant diversity and origination rates, with a set of new taxa, mostly angiosperms, added to the existing stock of low-diversity Paleocene flora. There is no evidence for enhanced aridity in the northern Neotropics. The tropical rainforest was able to persist under elevated temperatures and high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, in contrast to speculations that tropical ecosystems were severely compromised by heat stress.     

Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and the opening of the Northeast Atlantic

The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) has been attributed to a sudden release of carbon dioxide and/or methane. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations show that the Danish Ash-17 deposit, which overlies the PETM by about 450,000 years in the Atlantic, and the Skraenterne Formation Tuff, representing the end of 1 +/- 0.5 million years of massive volcanism in East Greenland, are coeval. The relative age of Danish Ash-17 thus places the PETM onset after the beginning of massive flood basalt volcanism at 56.1 +/- 0.4 million years ago but within error of the estimated continental breakup time of 55.5 +/- 0.3 million years ago, marked by the eruption of mid-ocean ridge basalt-like flows. These correlations support the view that the PETM was triggered by greenhouse gas release during magma interaction with basin-filling carbon-rich sedimentary rocks proximal to the embryonic plate boundary between Greenland and Europe.     

Evolution of the earliest horses driven by climate change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Body size plays a critical role in mammalian ecology and physiology. Previous research has shown that many mammals became smaller during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), but the timing and magnitude of that change relative to climate change have been unclear. A high-resolution record of continental climate and equid body size change shows a directional size decrease of ~30% over the first ~130,000 years of the PETM, followed by a ~76% increase in the recovery phase of the PETM. These size changes are negatively correlated with temperature inferred from oxygen isotopes in mammal teeth and were probably driven by shifts in temperature and possibly high atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. These findings could be important for understanding mammalian evolutionary responses to future global warming.     

Deep-sea temperature and circulation changes at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

A rapid increase in greenhouse gas levels is thought to have fueled global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios indicate that bottom waters warmed by 4 degrees to 5 degrees C, similar to tropical and subtropical surface ocean waters, implying no amplification of warming in high-latitude regions of deep-water formation under ice-free conditions. Intermediate waters warmed before the carbon isotope excursion, in association with downwelling in the North Pacific and reduced Southern Ocean convection, supporting changing circulation as the trigger for methane hydrate release. A switch to deep convection in the North Pacific at the PETM onset could have amplified and sustained warming.     

A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) has been attributed to a rapid rise in greenhouse gas levels. If so, warming should have occurred at all latitudes, although amplified toward the poles. Existing records reveal an increase in high-latitude sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (8 degrees to 10 degrees C) and in bottom water temperatures (4 degrees to 5 degrees C). To date, however, the character of the tropical SST response during this event remains unconstrained. Here we address this deficiency by using paired oxygen isotope and minor element (magnesium/calcium) ratios of planktonic foraminifera from a tropical Pacific core to estimate changes in SST. Using mixed-layer foraminifera, we found that the combined proxies imply a 4 degrees to 5 degrees C rise in Pacific SST during the PETM. These results would necessitate a rise in atmospheric pCO2 to levels three to four times as high as those estimated for the late Paleocene.     

Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) has been attributed to the rapid release of approximately 2000 x 10(9) metric tons of carbon in the form of methane. In theory, oxidation and ocean absorption of this carbon should have lowered deep-sea pH, thereby triggering a rapid (<10,000-year) shoaling of the calcite compensation depth (CCD), followed by gradual recovery. Here we present geochemical data from five new South Atlantic deep-sea sections that constrain the timing and extent of massive sea-floor carbonate dissolution coincident with the PETM. The sections, from between 2.7 and 4.8 kilometers water depth, are marked by a prominent clay layer, the character of which indicates that the CCD shoaled rapidly (<10,000 years) by more than 2 kilometers and recovered gradually (>100,000 years). These findings indicate that a large mass of carbon (>2000 x 10(9) metric tons of carbon) dissolved in the ocean at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and that permanent sequestration of this carbon occurred through silicate weathering feedback.     

含钙物质对白菜产量及品质的影响

用盆栽试验的方法研究含钙物质对白菜产量及品质的影响,结果表明:在施用有机肥与化肥的基础上施用一定量的含钙物质,对白菜产量有较明显的增产效果;不同含钙物质的增产效果有差异,施粉煤灰与石灰和磷石膏的差异明显;与对照相比,施用含钙物质白菜粗蛋白含量变化不大,Vc含量有较大提高,石灰对Vc增加的幅度大于粉煤灰和磷石膏。     

西南乌江流域石灰岩风化过程中锰和磷的迁移富集

如何提高石灰土中锰和磷矿质养分的植物利用效率,已成为喀斯特地区面临的重要问题。选取乌江流域9条石灰岩风化剖面,运用R型聚类分析和质量平衡法,研究了石灰岩风化过程中锰和磷迁移富集行为。结果表明,区内石灰土中锰和磷的富集程度远高于上陆壳、桂林石灰土和世界土壤。土壤中锰的富集是钙等易溶元素迁出以及锰从剖面上部淋滤到下部并沉淀的结果。磷在石灰土中的富集主要是钙等更易溶组分迁出的结果。研究区石灰土相对于桂林石灰土具有低pH值特征,相对于桂林石灰土、世界土壤和上陆壳具有低盐基度特征,其富集的锰和磷具有一定的迁移活性。图4表1参23     

含钙物质对草莓产量及铅含量的影响

用盆栽试验的方法研究含钙物质对草莓产量及铅含量的影响,结果表明:在施用有机肥与化肥的基础上施用一定量的含钙物质,对草莓产量有较明显的增产效果;不同含钙物质的增产效果有差异,施磷石膏与粉煤灰和石灰的差异明显;与对照相比,施用含钙物质草莓铅含量都有较大降幅,施用磷石膏的草莓铅含量下降幅度大于石灰和粉煤灰。     

黄土高原石灰性耕层土壤分形特征

以24个黄土高原石灰性耕层土壤样品数据为基础,运用分形模型研究了黄土高原石灰性耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数,探讨了利用土壤颗粒粒径分布的分形维数来定量表征黄土高原石灰性耕层土壤的特征。结果表明,24个黄土高原石灰性耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数D为2.5936～27094,分形维数表现为干润砂质新成土〉黄土正常新成土〉简育干润均腐土〉土垫旱耕人为土;土壤颗粒分形维数与〈0.001mm颗粒的含量呈显著正相关,土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量和碳/氮比相关性不显著;土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈显著正相关。     

Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary

Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.     

辣椒对黄壤和石灰土中Cd抗性研究

以贵州典型土壤(黄壤和石灰土)为盆栽供试土壤,以朝天椒8024为材料,通过模拟制备不同浓度Cd污染黄壤和石灰土,将辣椒幼苗分别种植于Cd污染的土壤中,测试不同土壤中辣椒的株高、生物量及相关生理特性。结果显示,随着土壤中Cd浓度增加,辣椒株高、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量均呈下降趋势,且黄壤中辣椒株高及其生物量均高于石灰土中的辣椒;MDA含量均表现出上升趋势,且同一浓度处理下,种植于黄壤中辣椒MDA含量高于石灰土中辣椒MDA含量;SOD活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,黄壤中Cd浓度在2.5 mg/kg时SOD活性达到最高值,石灰土中Cd浓度在0.5 mg/kg时SOD活性达到最高;POD活性在黄壤土中表现出上升趋势,但在石灰土中表现出下降趋势。利用隶属函数法综合评价,种植于黄壤中的辣椒对Cd抗性的评价D值大于石灰土。表明高浓度Cd抑制辣椒幼苗的生长,且种植于黄壤土中辣椒的Cd抗性高于石灰土中的辣椒。研究结果为辣椒种植和土壤改良提供了理论依据。     

山西省典型土壤对重金属Cu、Zn和Pb等温吸附特征及应用

寻求高效廉价重金属吸附材料在污水重金属去除领域具有重要意义.本研究采用摇瓶试验,研究了山西省石灰性黏壤土、石灰性砂壤土及碱性膨润土对Cu、Zn和Pb的等温吸附效果,并利用土柱吸附试验进一步研究了3类吸附材料对污水处理厂入厂污水中重金属的实际吸附去除能力.研究结果表明,石灰性黏壤土、石灰性砂壤土及碱性膨润土对污水中Cu、Zn和Pb的等温吸附行为均可用Freundlich吸附等温线显著拟合.吸附材料对Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附作用力与吸附容量呈现石灰性黏壤土＞碱性膨润土＞石灰性砂壤土的变化趋势.石灰性黏壤土、石灰性砂壤土及碱性膨润土对3类重金属的吸附作用力表现为Zn＞Cu＞Pb、Cu＞Zn＞Pb与Cu＞Zn＞Pb,而吸附容量顺序却为Cu＞Zn＞Pb、Pb＞ Cu ＞Zn及Cu＞Pb＞Zn.石灰性黏壤土对污水处理厂接纳污水中Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附去除率为79.9％、97.7％和73.4％,碱性膨润土对相应污水重金属指标的去除率也高达70.3％、90.6％和90.6％.该研究结果可为湿地污水处理土壤的选择以及污水重金属吸附材料的选择提供一定的理论依据.     

紫色土抗剪强度差异分析及土坎优化设计

选择钙质紫色土和中性紫色土为工程试样,通过室内多级三轴剪切试验测定了含水率和干密度交互作用对土坎稳定性重要指标——土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,确定了紫色土土坎坎高及外边坡稳定角的取值,以优化土坎设计.结果表明:干密度和含水率交互作用对土壤粘聚力的影响下,钙质紫色土和中性紫色土土坎土质的最优含水率分别为11%,8%,最优干密度分别为1.7,1.68g/cm3;在紫色土最优干密度和含水率下,考虑占地和稳定性因素,钙质紫色土土坎高度不宜超过2.0m,其外边坡坡度角可设计为80°;中性紫色土土坎高度不宜超过1.5m,其外边坡坡度角可设计为60°.本文旨在为紫色土区国土整治土坎修筑工程提供理论指导.     

解磷细菌对石灰性土壤磷形态的影响

从石灰性土壤中分离,筛选出解磷细菌,进行油菜盆栽生物模拟试验,研究了北方石灰性土壤中解磷细菌对磷形态的影响,结果表明:在石灰性土壤中,解磷细菌可以促进Ca2-P、Al-P、Fe-P增加,降低土壤中难溶态Ca10-P、缓效态Ca8-P,对O-P影响不明显,从而证明了解磷细菌能够促进石灰性土壤中磷素形态向易被作物利用状态转化,减缓向缓效态、难溶态的转化。     

印度芥菜对土壤中难溶态铅的吸收与活化

[目的]研究了印度芥菜对石灰性土壤中难溶态铅的吸收、活化和积累规律。[方法]采用盆栽试验,研究了印度芥菜对石灰性土壤中难溶态Pb吸收的影响和对石灰性Pb污染土壤的修复效率。[结果]印度芥菜能够吸收石灰性土壤中难溶态铅并正常生长。印度芥菜吸收的铅80%以上累积在根部,根际与非根际土壤中DTPA提取的铅含量差异不显著。在该试验条件下,印度芥菜对土壤中铅的净化率为0.01~0.02%。[结论]印度芥菜对模拟石灰性污染土壤中难溶态Pb的净化效果不理想。     

不同磷含量对石灰性潮土吸附、解吸有效性锌的影响

以不同磷含量的石灰性潮土为材料,通过对锌的吸附、解吸试验,研究了磷对石灰性土壤中锌有效性的影响,结果表明,随着石灰性土壤中磷含量的提高,土壤对锌的吸附量和吸附能力显著降低,而KCl对锌的解吸量却明显增加,从而得出石灰性土壤中施磷促进了土壤中锌的有效性是施磷促进作物对锌吸收的一个原因.     

旱地土壤无机磷分级方法的比较

为给土壤无机磷分级以及相关研究提供依据，用张守敬和Jackson提出的无机磷分级方法（1）与顾益初和蒋柏潘新改进的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法（Ⅱ），对湖南省主要旱地土壤无机磷分级进行了比较研究，结果表明，方法1只适用于酸性旱地土壤，方法Ⅱ则不仅适用于酸性旱地土壤，而且也适用于中性，石灰性旱地土壤。     

腐殖酸对石灰（岩）土中铅形态和分布的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验,探讨不同用量腐殖酸对石灰（岩）土中铅各形态的影响。结果表明院腐殖酸各处 理均能降低石灰（岩）土中交换态和残渣态Pb 含量,而有机结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态及碳酸盐结合态Pb 含量则增 加;施用腐殖酸降低了石灰（岩）土中Pb 的活性,且影响程度随腐殖酸施用量的增加而增大;腐殖酸对石灰（岩）土中 Pb 各形态含量在培养0耀36 d期间变化较明显,培养36 d后基本趋于平稳;随腐殖酸在石灰（岩）土中施用量的加 大,以铁锰氧化物结合态Pb 和有机结合态Pb 与之的相关性最明显,交换态Pb 和残渣态Pb 的分配比率随腐殖酸施 用量的增大而下降,碳酸盐结合态Pb、铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Pb 的分配比率则随腐殖酸施用量的增大而增大,说 明腐殖酸具有能暂时固定石灰（岩）土中重金属Pb 的功能。