酵母多糖对养殖动物的营养和保健作用研究进展

酵母多糖是从酵母细胞壁提取的大分子多糖聚合物,主要包括葡聚糖和甘露聚糖。它具有免疫活性,能够增强动物非特异性免疫力,具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗辐射、抗衰老等作用,在动物营养和动物医学领域具有重要应用价值。本文介绍了酵母多糖的组成成分,对其生物学功能和在动物营养上的应用现状进行了综述。     

酵母甘露寡糖在畜禽养殖中的生物学功能

酵母甘露寡糖(MOS)是酵母多糖中的主要成分之一。在畜禽养殖中酵母MOS有着广泛的应用。综述酵母MOS干扰病原菌在胃肠道定植,促进益生菌的增殖,提高免疫力及吸附霉菌毒素的生物学功能。     

酵母壁多糖的生物学功能及其对反刍动物的影响

冬春换季和断奶应激常会导致反刍动物胃肠道功能紊乱、机体免疫力低下、腹泻脱水甚至死亡的情况。酵母壁多糖作为一种绿色、安全、有效的功能性多糖,不仅能提高动物生产性能、调节肠道菌群平衡、提高免疫力以及降低机体应激反应,还能减少饲料中的抗生素用量,减少药品在畜禽产品中的残留。另外酵母壁多糖化学性质稳定,无药物残留及无耐药性,对发展无抗养殖具有重要意义。文章主要介绍了酵母壁多糖的结构、生物学功能及其对反刍动物的影响,为酵母壁多糖产品的开发和应用提供参考。     

酵母多糖在防控畜禽疾病上的研究进展

<正>1酵母多糖的生物学活性酵母多糖无甜味,在水中不能形成真溶液,只能形成胶体,无还原性,无变旋性,但有旋光性。近年,研究发现酵母葡聚糖可作为生命活动中起核心作用的遗传物质,具有控制细胞分裂与分化、调节细胞生长与衰老等多     

酵母多糖对驻新城疫HI抗体水平的T细胞增殖的影响

为提高防疫效果,减少疫病造成的损失,近年来,免疫增强剂的研究与应用,受到人们普遍关注.生物活性多糖是一种广谱免疫增强剂,具有抗感染、抗衰老及抗肿瘤等作用.目前,国内已用于保健和临床的活性多糖有香菇多糖、猪苓多糖及云芝多糖等.但因资源短缺、价格昂贵,难以应用于畜牧业生产.酵母多糖(Yeast polysaccharide YPS)是啤酒酵母菌(Saccharomyes cere-visiae)的细胞成分,它无毒、无诱变性并具有广泛生物学活性[1].为探讨YPS在肉鸡生产中应用的前景,我们进行了系列研究,现将YPS对鸡免疫功能影响的试验结果报告如下.     

酵母细胞壁多糖的结构及生物功能

在全球畜牧业禁止使用抗生素的大背景下,新型抗生素替代品的研究受到了广泛关注。酵母细胞壁的主要活性成分是β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖,酵母细胞壁多糖可替代抗生素用于改善动物肠道环境、刺激先天性和获得性免疫应答反应、增强机体抗氧化活性、降低霉菌毒素毒性和血糖、血脂等。笔者就酵母细胞壁多糖结构及生物功能进行综述,以期为酵母细胞壁多糖的广泛应用提供理论参考。     

酵母细胞壁多糖在养殖业上的研究应用

酵母细胞壁是以酿酒酵母为原料,经破壁、酶解等工艺加工而成,含有多糖(主要是葡聚糖、甘露寡糖)、糖蛋白和几丁质等物质。1酵母细胞壁多糖的生物学活性酵母细胞壁的主要活性物质是甘露寡糖和β-葡聚糖。1.1甘露寡糖甘露寡糖是由甘露糖和葡萄糖组成的寡糖。甘露寡糖产品的作用方式已研究了约20年,据相关研究表明它的主要功效是甘露寡糖具有影响肠道微生物群的作用,提高营养物质的消化率,促生长,并能增强动物的免疫力。     

酵母多糖在动物营养中的研究与应用

多糖及多糖复合物在生物体内的功能越来越受到众多研究者的重视,成为生物学研究的热点之一[1].其中酵母多糖（Yeast polvsacchride,YPS）的研究也随着科学技术的发展而深入,近年来,国内外科技工作者对YPS的研究有了许多新的成果,发现YPS不仅具有一定的营养价值,还具有多种重要的生物学功能.本文主要就YPS的来源与组成、生物学功能及其在动物营养中的应用作一综述.     

山药多糖的生物学功能及其在动物生产中应用的研究进展

山药多糖是从山药中提取的一种天然活性多糖,具有缓解机体氧化应激、增强机体免疫力、抗炎和抗菌等多种生物学功能。山药多糖作为一种绿色饲料添加剂,在动物生产中具有广阔的应用前景。文章主要针对山药多糖的提取工艺、生物学活性及其在动物生产中的应用进行综述,以期为山药多糖在动物养殖领域的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

黄芪多糖在仔猪生产中的应用研究

黄芪多糖为中药黄芪主要的活性成分,具有广泛的生物学功能,在仔猪生产中可以用来增强免疫力、防治疾病和提高生产性能。本文就黄芪多糖的提取以及在仔猪生产中的应用作一综述。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.