小麦条锈菌中国鉴别寄主洛夫林10和洛夫林13抗条锈性遗传研究

 洛夫林10和洛夫林13是中国小麦条锈菌重要鉴别寄主,为明确其抗条锈性遗传基础,本文采用常规杂交分析和等位性检测相结合的方法,将洛夫林10、洛夫林13分别与完全感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交和测交,获得各组合的正反交群体,在温室对其进行苗期抗性鉴定和统计分析,并分别与已知基因载体品系杂交和自交进行等位性检测。结果表明,洛夫林10对CYR17和CYR26的抗性分别由1对显性基因控制,属核遗传,洛夫林10抗CYR17和CYR26的基因与Moro、洛夫林13、K733所含的抗条锈病基因等位或紧密连锁;洛夫林13对CYR17和Su-1的抗性均由2对显性互补基因控制,对CYR26的抗性由1对显性和1对隐性重叠或独立基因控制,均属核遗传,洛夫林13抗CYR17、CYR26、Su-1的2对基因中有1对基因与Moro中的抗性基因等位或紧密连锁,抗CYR17的另1对基因与Hybrid46中的抗性基因等位或紧密连锁。表明洛夫林10和洛夫林13同含Yr9,洛夫林10的Yr9可能来源于无芒1号,洛夫林13的Yr9和另1对基因均来源于Skorospelka3B,未知基因可能位于6B或6A染色体上。     

小麦抗源对条锈病的抗性遗传研究初报

1983—1985年在北京进行了洛夫林10号等15个国内小麦主要抗源成株期对条锈病的抗性遗传研究。供试抗源分别与感病品种铭贤169杂交,用条中25号小种的单孢子菌系在田间对各组合的亲本、F_1、F_2和F_3代进行接种鉴定。试验结果表明,洛夫林10号、洛夫林13号、洛夫林18号、阿芙乐尔、山前麦、NS2625和抗引655等7个抗源的抗性系由1对显性和1对隐性基因所控制;高加索和F16-71两个抗源的抗性由两对显性基因控制;保加利亚10号的抗性由两对隐性基因控制;HWY1775的抗性由1对完全显性基因控制。初步看出,F33-70、9D-27-2、48111和无芒4号等4个抗源各携带两对抗性基因。供试抗源所携带基因的异同需进一步研究。     

我国小麦重要抗源材料抗条锈基因推导及其成株抗病性分析

 根据对国内外20个已知毒性基因的小麦条锈菌菌系的反应,结合系谱分析,推导了我国20个重要抗源材料的抗条锈基因型。结果表明,BPM₂和奥地利黑麦高抗所有供试菌系,Pistou、伊利亚、特德具有抗病基因YrSD,Fr81-8的基因型为Yr₃+YrSD,Fr81-10含有Yr₃,早熟3B具有抗病基因Yr₇和Yr₉,水源11含有Yrsu,洛夫林10、洛夫林13均有Yr9,贵农21、贵农22可能携带Yr₁₀,其余9个品种具有国际上未知的抗病基因或基因组合。分小种圃鉴定资料显示,供试品种苗期抗条锈性与成株抗条锈性不完全一致,许多品种具有良好的成株抗条锈性。本文还讨论了基因推导法的应用局限性及抗源材料利用方法。     

水稻品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性的遗传

选用稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae)生理小种ZB15和白叶枯病(Xanthomonas campesfris pv.oryzae)菌株98对3个水稻品种的抗性基因进行了遗传分析。结果表明IR2061和戈马列的稻瘟病抗性分别受非等位的2对重复显性基因所控制。IR29的抗性表现较为复杂,其抗性遗传尚待进一步研究。IR29和IR2061具有1对相同的抗白叶枯病显性基因,而戈马列则具有1对非等位的显性抗性基因,并且受珍汕97的1对隐性抑制基因所制约。     

Genetics of soybean-Heterodera glycines system

Genetics of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is very complex. Crosses involving PI 437654, which is resistant to all races of cyst nematodes with other sources of resistance (Peking, PI 88788, and PI 90763) indicated that resistance to race 3 was controlled by four genes, two of which were dominant resistance genes and the other two were recessive resistance genes. For race 5, a four gene model with two recessive and two dominant resistance genes in epistasis has been proposed. For race 14, the results suggested a three gene model with one dominant and two recessive alleles. Several other plant introductions have been isolated which have different genes conditioning resistance. Most of the currently grown soybean varieties derived resistance from Peking and/or PI 88788. Resistance to SCN in these soybean varieties has broken down because of the emergence of several new races and populations of SCN. The use of PI 437654 or Hartwig and other plant introductions with different genes for resistance will broaden genetic diversity and stabilize yield.     

Recessive Genes for Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei in Barley

ABSTRACT Barley genotypes Abyssinian 14, BBA 2890, Grannelose Zweizeilige, PI 548708, PI 548734, PI 548747, and Stauffers Obersulzer are resistant to all races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei identified thus far in North America. Astrix, BBA 809, Bigo, Cambrinus, Emir, Heils Franken, Hiproly, I5, Mazurka, Trumpf, and Varunda have specific resistance to certain races, whereas Topper and Steptoe are susceptible to all races. Seedlings of parents and F(1), F(2), and F(3) progeny from crosses of resistant genotypes with Topper and Steptoe were tested for resistance to North American P. striiformis f. sp. hordei races PSH-1, PSH-4, PSH-10, PSH-13, and PSH-20. When tested with PSH-1, one recessive gene was detected in BBA 809, BBA 2890, Bigo, Hiproly, and Grannelose Zweizeilige; two recessive genes were detected in Emir, I5, PI 548708, PI 548734, PI 548747, Varunda, and Astrix; and one dominant gene and one recessive gene were detected in Abyssinian 14 and Stauffers Obersulzer. In tests with PSH-4, one recessive gene was detected in BBA 809, two recessive genes were detected in Trumpf, and two partially recessive genes were detected in Astrix. In tests with PSH-13, one recessive gene was detected in BBA 2890, Grannelose Zweizeilige, I5, and PI 548708 and two recessive genes were detected in Abyssinian 14, Hiproly, PI 548734, and PI 548747. In tests with PSH-20, one recessive gene was detected in Bigo and a recessive gene and a dominant gene were detected in Heils Franken. A gene in Cambrinus for resistance to PSH-10 and a gene in Mazurka for resistance to PSH-20 were dominant on the basis of the response of the first seedling leaf but recessive on the basis of the response of the second leaf. Four different types of epistasis were detected. Information on the number of genes, mode of inheritance, and nonallelic gene interactions should be useful in understanding the host-pathogen interaction and in breeding barley for resistance to stripe rust.     

1975-1984年我国小麦条锈菌生理专化研究

 本文报道了我国小麦条锈菌生理小种鉴定协作组1975-1984年鉴定的9254个标样的结果,对发现的条中21-28号等小种进行了广泛研究,反映了我国小麦条锈菌的发展、变化及其与品种布局的关系,七十年代初的优势小种条中17号和18号急骤下降,出现频率分别由1975年的43.37%和20.78%下降到1977年的7.66和1.81%,而19号小种群则由1975年的15.06%上升到81.05%。进一步研究后将19号小种群中在鉴别寄主Trigo Eureka,丹麦1号,维尔和南大2419上有稳定的致病力差异的类型分别定名为条中23号、24号、25号和26号。其中25号于1981年在全国范围内上升为优势小种,1981-1984年出现频率达31.25-44.21%,其次是23号(12.48-27.58)和26号(5.84-24.64%)。新近发现的条中28号对当前作为抗原利用最广泛的洛夫林10等"洛类"品种有很强的致病力,是当前抗病育种的主要目标。本文还总结了我国小麦条锈菌传播,扩展的规律。这些对进一步提高我国小麦条锈病的研究和防治水平有重要意义。     

Molecular characterization of a powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat cultivar suwon 92

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici, is an important foliar disease of wheat worldwide. Pyramiding race-specific genes into a single cultivar and combining race-specific resistance genes with durable resistance genes are the preferred strategies to improve the durability of powdery mildew resistance. The objectives of this study were to characterize a powdery mildew resistance gene in Suwon 92 and identify gene-specific or tightly linked molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS). A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was derived by single seed descent from a cross between Suwon 92 and a susceptible cultivar, CI 13227. The RILs were screened for adult-plant infection type of powdery mildew and characterized with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The linked markers explained 41.3 to 69.2% of the phenotypic variances measured in 2 years. A morphological marker, hairy glume, was also associated with powdery mildew resistance in Suwon 92, and explained 43 to 51% of the phenotypic variance. The powdery mildew resistance gene in Suwon 92 was located on the short arm of chromosome 1A where Pm3 was located. Two gene-specific markers were developed based on the sequence of the cloned Pm3b gene. These two markers, which were mapped at the same locus in the peak region of the LOD score for the RIL population, explained most of the phenotypic variance for powdery mildew resistance in the RIL population. The powdery mildew resistance in Suwon 92 is most likely conditioned by the Pm3 locus. The gene markers developed herein can be directly used for MAS of some of the Pm3 alleles in breeding programs.     

1985~1990年我国小麦条锈菌生理专化研究

 本文报道了1985~1990年对我国小麦条锈菌8446个标样的监测结果。对发现的条中29号和洛13、洛10类群等进行了广泛研究。反映了这一时期我国条锈菌的变化,1988年前条中25号仍居首位,出现频率在19.3~27.5%,其次为23号(15.1~18.4%),26号(10.9~17.3%);1988年起,条中29号跃居为优势(28.0%),1989和1990年达40.3%和30.8%,25、23和26号等小种均下降到4%以下,进入了以29和28号为代表的洛13和洛10类群为主体的阶段。对条锈病流行和抗锈育种产生了重要影响。