蜂胶对猪细小病毒灭活疫苗佐剂作用的试验

68只豚鼠随机均分为4组,1³组分别免疫蜂胶、铝胶和油佐剂PPV疫苗,第4组为空白对照组,注射等量生理盐水。免疫后不同时间点采集血清分析特异性血凝抑制抗体效价评价蜂胶佐剂对免疫豚鼠体液免疫的影响,测定淋巴细胞增殖、IL-2和IL-4含量评价蜂胶佐剂对免疫豚鼠细胞免疫的影响。结果表明,蜂胶、油佐剂和铝胶3种佐剂均能提高豚鼠对PPV灭活疫苗的免疫应答能力,油佐剂提高血清HI抗体效果较好,其次为蜂胶佐剂,再次为铝胶佐剂。蜂胶佐剂促进T淋巴细胞增殖和提高IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和IFN-γ含量效果优于油佐剂和铝胶佐剂。结论:蜂胶能增强PPV灭活疫苗的免疫效果。     

肠毒素性大肠杆菌菌毛对产蛋鸡免疫性的研究

采用热抽提法提取4种肠毒素性大肠杆菌菌毛蛋白。K88、K99、F41和987p菌毛蛋白分别制成弗氏佐剂苗;K88还制成白油佐剂苗,氢氧化铝胶苗和蜂胶佐剂苗;另将4种菌毛等比例混合制成弗氏佐剂苗。分别对产蛋鸡进行免疫,用微量凝集反应和血凝抑制试验检测卵黄抗体效价。结果表明,K88菌毛较其他3种菌毛免疫性好,诱导抗体效价最高而且能长时间维持;987p菌毛能快速诱导抗体的产生,但整体效价低。K88不同佐剂苗中,铝胶佐剂能较快地诱导抗体的产生,蜂胶佐剂苗抗体持续时间短,弗氏佐剂能诱导高效价的抗体产生而且能长时间持续。     

乳酸杆菌DNA对鸡新城疫油苗和禽流感油苗免疫增强作用的研究

本试验提取乳酸杆菌L.caseiZhang的DNA作佐剂,按每只鸡100ug剂量添加到新城疫油苗及禽流感病毒H5亚型油苗中。新城疫和禽流感试验分别设空白对照组(Ⅰ组)、无佐剂疫苗组(Ⅱ组)、细菌核酸佐剂组(Ⅲ组)、弗氏完全佐剂组(Ⅳ组)、弗氏完全佐剂核酸免疫协同组(Ⅴ组)5组进行免疫,分别于15和28日龄首免,两周后二免。二免后每周采样用血凝及血凝抑制法检测血清抗体水平,并用MTT法检测脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果显示,添加核酸组鸡HI抗体和T淋巴细胞增殖反应均极显著高于单独免疫疫苗组(P<0.01);而免疫组均极显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01);细菌核酸组HI抗体略高于弗氏完全佐剂组,但T淋巴细胞转化率极显著高于弗氏完全佐剂组(P<0.01);同时弗氏完全佐剂核酸免疫协同组与核酸组无显著性差异。由此得出,乳酸杆菌L.caseiZhangDNA对新城疫油苗和禽流感病毒H5亚型油苗具有免疫增强作用;乳酸杆菌L.caseiZhangDNA与弗氏完全佐剂无明显的免疫协同作用。     

细菌CpG—DNA对犬免疫增强效果的研究

以犬瘟热病毒为模式病毒，将CpG-DNA与铝胶、蜂胶2种对照佐剂分别与犬瘟热病毒灭活疫苗配合，给犬接种疫苗前后用微量中和试验抽查血清中和抗体效价，根据抗体效价高低判断佐剂的免疫增强效果。结果表明，3种佐剂疫苗均能诱导产生特异性抗体，但组间抗体效价有显著差异（P＜0．01），CpG-DNA的免疫增强作用明显高于其它2种佐剂，CpG-DNA所诱导的抗体效价较蜂胶佐剂高5倍，较铝胶佐剂高7倍。     

猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒不同佐剂灭活疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠的比较试验

用血凝/血凝抑制试验（HA/HI）检测自制的猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒（HEV）氢氧化铝胶灭活苗和蜂胶佐剂灭活苗免疫BALB/c小鼠后的抗体效价,依据小鼠抗体效价比较不同免疫佐剂的效果。结果表明,用氢氧化铝胶佐剂配制的疫苗可刺激接种动物产生快速免疫应答反应,抗体产生效价高、维持时间长,其效果优于其它佐剂,有望成为HEV灭活疫苗的候选佐剂。     

鸭坦布苏病毒病-H9亚型禽流感二联灭活疫苗免疫佐剂筛选

为筛选出理想的鸭TMUV-AIV(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗免疫佐剂,将灭活的坦布苏病毒液和禽流感病毒(H9亚型)尿囊液分别与白油佐剂、卡波姆佐剂、铝胶佐剂、蜂胶佐剂制成抗原含量相同的TMUV-AIV二联灭活疫苗。应用阻断ELISA方法和血凝抑制方法测定免疫鸭血清中坦布苏病毒和禽流感病毒抗体,比较不同佐剂疫苗对试验鸭的免疫效力。结果表明,以白油作为佐剂的灭活疫苗组免疫效果最好,抗体产生快、抗体水平优于其他各组,免疫2周后60%(6/10)血清样品HI抗体可达1∶8以上,80%血清样品呈TMUV抗体阳性,是制备鸭TMUV-AIV(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗的理想佐剂。     

不同佐剂乳牛乳腺炎多联灭活疫苗的免疫试验

用4种不同佐剂乳牛乳腺炎多联疫苗进行兔免疫攻毒试验。结果，蜂胶疫苗效果最好，铝胶疫苗次之。对昆明系小白鼠注射蜂胶疫苗和铝胶疫苗后第30d金黄色葡萄球菌抗体水平达到最高，无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌抗体在第21d达到峰值。在免疫健康泌乳牛的试验中，3种佐剂疫苗的免疫效果依次为蜂胶疫苗、油疫苗和铝胶疫苗；与对照组相比，免疫效果均显著(P＜0．05)。     

细菌CpG DNA对鸡接种禽流感病毒H9亚型灭活苗的免疫增强作用

为了探讨细菌核酸对 H9亚型禽流感病毒灭活疫苗的免疫增强作用 ,将 1 5日龄蛋用公鸡 1 2 0只随机分为 4组 ,即空白组、抗原组、细菌核酸佐剂组及白油佐剂组 ,每组 30只。于 2 8日龄时 ,细菌核酸佐剂组以灭活 H 9亚型禽流感病毒作为抗原 ,大肠杆菌牦牛株核酸作为佐剂 ,免疫接种于试验鸡 ,用 XTT法检测 T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应 ,并用血凝与血凝抑制法检测血清抗体水平。结果显示 ,在细菌核酸佐剂组 ,鸡的血凝抑制抗体水平和 T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应均显著高于抗原单独免疫组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而免疫组均显著高于空白组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;细菌核酸佐剂组的抗体滴度峰值略高于白油佐剂组 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但 T、B淋巴细胞增殖指数峰值显著高于白油佐剂组 (P<0 .0 1 )。结论认为 ,大肠杆菌牦牛株核酸可显著增强免疫鸡对禽流感病毒 H9亚型灭活疫苗的免疫反应 ,其免疫增强效果略高于常规油佐剂     

三种佐剂对鸡体液免疫影响的比较

佐剂是疫苗的重要组成部分,不同佐剂对体液免疫会产生不同的作用.选择合适的佐剂不仅可以增强疫苗的免疫效果,而且可以提高机体的抵抗力.本试验选用白油佐剂、弗氏佐剂和蜂胶佐剂分别与灭活的新城疫病毒制成疫苗,免疫雏鸡,探讨不同佐剂对鸡体液免疫的影响.结果表明,试验组鸡抗体水平高,饲养至61日龄均未发生新城疫,其中弗氏佐剂的效果最好,蜂胶佐剂的效果次之,油佐剂的效果最次.     

不同佐剂对猪附红细胞体亚单位疫苗免疫效果的影响

为比较不同佐剂的猪附红细胞体亚单位疫苗的免疫效果,笔者通过试验提取猪附红细胞体抗原,并将其分别与白油佐剂、弗氏佐剂、明矾佐剂及铝胶佐剂混合,免疫小鼠。应用间接ELISA方法比较不同佐剂的猪附红细胞体亚单位疫苗的免疫效果。结果表明：白油佐剂组免疫效果最好,抗体水平在一周后有明显上升,其次为与弗氏佐剂组、铝胶佐剂组和明矾佐剂组。该试验为猪附红细胞体亚单位疫苗的研究提供了可靠的理论依据,为该病的防治奠定了一定的基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein