茶树对铬、镉的吸收积累特性研究

通过水培实验,研究了茶树(3个品种)受铬(Cr3+)、镉(Cd2+)毒害的表观症状以及铬、镉在茶树体内的分布、积累特性。结果表明:铬(20~100mg/L)、镉(1~5mg/L)胁迫下,茶树出现的毒害症状和对新梢生长的抑制效应因胁迫浓度、时间和品种而异。茶树各器官的铬、镉含量总体随铬、镉胁迫浓度的增加而增加,并且与胁迫浓度呈极显著或显著正相关。铬在茶树体内由高到低的分布次序是:吸收根>主根>主茎>枝条>老叶>新梢(一芽二叶);镉则为:吸收根>主根>主茎>新梢(一芽二叶)>枝条>老叶。根部吸收的铬、镉元素大部分被吸收根所固定,向地上部运输的比例较低,但镉在茶树体内的活性和迁移能力强于铬,运输到地上部的镉极易迁移到新梢中。新梢不同叶位镉含量的高低顺序为:第一叶>第二叶>第三叶>第四叶,新梢中的镉有明显向上富集的趋势。不同品种的茶树对铬、镉的吸收、积累和迁移能力有一定差异。     

水分亏缺对不同小麦品种N、P、K分布与产量的影响

为明确华北地区不同小麦品种在正常和缺水条件下N、P、K的吸收利用特点,进一步实现资源高效利用,选用3个不同生态类型品种(沧麦6001、邯麦9、济麦22),设置相对含水量分别为60%~80%(正常)和40%~60%(亏缺)两个浇灌水平,进行人工气候室箱体栽培试验,测定各小麦品种不同器官N、P、K含量和分配、干物质积累以及对籽粒产量构成要素的影响。结果表明,N、P、K含量和分配具有明显的器官特性,其中籽粒N和P含量显著高于其他部位,K含量最低。水分亏缺限制了沧麦6001籽粒N和K的吸收,同时促进了N和P向籽粒的转运;限制了邯麦9茎秆K的吸收,促进了P向颖壳的转运;限制了济麦22叶片、籽粒P的吸收,同时促进了N向颖壳和籽粒的转运,从而改变了小麦不同部位养分比例平衡以及干物质积累。N、P含量与干物质积累呈显著正相关,K含量与其呈显著负相关,但均未直接影响产量及其构成要素。亏缺灌溉下(亏缺量为24.39mm),邯麦9穗数、产量及济麦22穗数显著降低,而沧麦6001穗数、穗粒数和产量显著提高。因此,适度控制水分并提高营养元素向籽粒的转运效率是提高小麦产量和品质的重要途径。     

不同品质类型冬小麦氮素积累及分布与运转特点

选用3个冬小麦品种,测定了不同生育时期各器官氮素含量,着重研究不同品质类型(强筋、弱筋和中筋)冬小麦各生育时期氮素的积累、分布与运转特点。结果表明,不同品质类型冬小麦在生育前、中期植株体内的氮素含量无显著差异,小麦抽穗至开花以后,随着生殖器官的不断发育,各营养器官向籽粒中运转氮素增加,尤其在灌浆中期之后,强筋小麦的旗叶、倒二叶氮素下降幅度大,向籽粒运转比例增大,中筋、弱筋小麦的旗叶、倒二叶氮素下降比较平缓,向籽粒运输较小,直至成熟期籽粒中氮素含量形成明显差异,这是不同品质类型小麦遗传特性的表现。     

水稻吸收、运输锌及其籽粒富集锌的机制

 锌是人体必需而又易缺乏的营养元素。在粮食作物可食部位生物强化锌被认为是解决人体缺锌的最有潜力的途径。水稻根吸收锌可分为分泌麦根酸等根系分泌物将土壤颗粒中的金属离子活化和重金属转运蛋白把锌离子转运进植株根部两个过程,ZIP家族基因在后一过程中发挥重要作用。水稻锌在木质部中运输主要以离子态为主,也可同有机酸、尼克酰胺等配体协同运输。地上部锌通过韧皮部再转运到新生组织或装载进入籽粒,水稻韧皮部再转运能力是影响籽粒富锌的关键因素,而锌大量累积在糊粉层中或与植酸等结合后,大大降低了锌的生物有效性。研究粮食作物籽粒富锌机制,利用现代分子生物技术生物强化籽粒中的锌含量,对满足人类锌营养健康具有重要意义。综述了锌在植物体内的生理功能,水稻对锌的吸收、运输和再转运,锌装载进入籽粒,锌在植物体内的分布与赋存形态,以及锌在粮食作物中的生物强化等最新研究进展。     

镉毒害对水稻生理生态效应的研究进展

镉是植物生长的非必需元素,它具有很大的生物毒性,与其它重金属相比,更易被植物吸收积累。在参考大量文献资料的基础上,综述了镉(Cd)毒害引起水稻的部分生理生化特性,以及镉在水稻体内的吸收、分布和转运积累动态,并讨论了生产低镉或无镉污染的水稻途径。     

限水灌溉对极端晚播密植小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和水氮利用效率的影响

为了解极端晚播密植小麦的限水灌溉效果,2012年11月至2014年6月以弱春性小麦偃展4110和半冬性小麦矮抗58为材料,在华北地区典型水浇地进行晚播(11月中旬)密植(600万株·hm-2)试验,比较了常规灌溉(拔节期和开花期各灌水60mm)和限水灌溉(拔节期灌水60mm)的小麦开花后氮素吸收转运分配、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量以及水氮利用效率。与常规灌溉相比,限水灌溉可促进极端晚播密植小麦开花前氮素在开花后向籽粒的转运量、转运效率及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,显著提高氮素收获指数和籽粒蛋白质含量,但对开花后氮素积累量以及小麦氮素吸收效率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响因生长季而异。与常规灌溉相比,限水灌溉下偏旱的2012-2013生长季开花后氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率降低,籽粒产量和水分利用效率无显著变化;偏湿润的2013-2014生长季开花后氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率维持稳定,籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别提高4.3%~5.3%和10.4%~13.3%。极端晚播密植栽培模式下,限水灌溉不仅可促进小麦营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运,提高小麦氮收获指数和籽粒蛋白质含量,还能在偏湿润的年份提高籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

镉、铅积累与转运在冬小麦品种间的差异

在府河污灌区选取代表性农田,采用田间小区试验,研究了北方冬麦区适种的10个小麦品种对镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）积累与转运的差异,以期筛选出具有Cd、Pb低积累潜力且产量较高的小麦品种。结果表明,10个小麦品种的产量和籽粒中Cd、Pb含量在品种间存在不同程度的差异。石新633产量最高,为8 400 kg·hm^-2,较其他小麦品种高出7%~23%;石新828和济麦22次之,较其他小麦品种高出1%~15%;籽粒中Cd含量较低的是良星66和济麦22,分别比其他小麦品种低11%~48%和2%~42%。籽粒中Pb含量较低的是鲁元502和济麦22,分别比其他小麦品种低14%~49%和14%~40%。10个小麦品种籽粒中Cd、Pb含量均未超过食品安全国家标准的食品中污染物限量标准（GB 2762-2012）。对10个小麦品种籽粒和秸秆中的Cd、Pb含量进行聚类分析可知,济麦22、中麦175、良星66和鲁元502均属于籽粒、秸秆中Cd、Pb低积累类群。综合评价小麦产量、小麦地上部Cd、Pb含量、富集系数、转运系数等指标发现,济麦22为既高产且籽粒具有低积累Cd、Pb潜力的小麦品种,适宜在黄淮冬麦区北部Cd、Pb轻度污染区推广种植。     

水稻镉胁迫响应机制及防控措施研究进展

土壤镉污染是日益严重的环境问题之一.水稻是镉吸收能力最强的大宗谷类作物.水稻对镉的积累及向食物链的转移给人类健康带来威胁.近年来在水稻对镉的吸收和积累过程及其影响因素方面的研究取得了一系列重大进展.本文从镉对水稻种子萌发、生长和发育、产量的影响;土壤中镉的活化、木质部装载运输、韧皮部向籽粒转移三个过程的生理与分子机制以...     

籽粒有毒重金属低富集大豆品种筛选及与环境作用效应分析

作物对重金属的吸收和积累具有显著的品种间差异,为明确不同大豆品种重金属积累能力的差异及基因型与环境的作用效应,并筛选有毒重金属低富集的大豆品种,本研究收集120份大豆种质,连续2年在济南和滨州两地不同环境种植,测定各品种大豆籽粒中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和汞(Hg)的含量。结果表明:大豆籽粒不同重金属含量存在很大差异,总体表现为CrPbAsCdHg;各重金属元素在不同大豆品种籽粒中的含量均存在很大差异,对不同元素具有高或低积累特性品种的积累能力在不同环境下具有稳定性。基因型、环境及基因型与环境互作对大豆籽粒Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Hg含量均具有极显著影响,且大豆籽粒Pb含量与产量显著负相关。     

原位钝化对轻度镉污染农田小麦修复研究

为探讨原位钝化在镉轻度污染小麦农田上的修复效果,在田间试验条件下,研究了石灰、生物炭配施石灰、生物有机肥配施石灰以及多孔陶瓷纳米材料配施石灰等钝化剂联合修复对镉污染农田中土壤氮、磷、钾含量、土壤pH值、土壤有效态Cd含量、土壤Cd的化学形态、小麦籽粒Cd含量以及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,在土壤Cd背景值为0.337 mg·kg~(-1)的轻度Cd污染农田中,钝化剂处理均可以在不同程度上提高土壤养分含量和pH值,降低小麦籽粒Cd含量和土壤中有效态Cd含量,促使土壤中的Cd形态由易被作物吸收的酸溶态和可还原态转化为不易被吸收的可氧化态和残渣态。其中,小麦籽粒Cd含量降低幅度最大,为40.0%,土壤有效态Cd最大降低率为43.7%,土壤pH值提高0.35。对各指标的相关性分析表明,土壤Cd含量与土壤酸溶态Cd及小麦籽粒Cd含量显著正相关,与可氧化态Cd显著负相关,与可还原态Cd含量极显著正相关;土壤中可还原态Cd与酸溶态Cd含量显著正相关,与小麦籽粒Cd含量极显著正相关。     

水稻镉吸收及其在各器官间转运积累的研究进展

随着土壤和大气沉降物中重金属污染的问题日益严峻,农作物重金属超标时有发生.土壤中的重金属难以降解,容易被植物根部吸收,在作物中积累;大气中的重金属沉降到叶片上,通过叶片吸收进入作物中,最终通过食物链被人类食用,危害人体健康.水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,大米中存在镉超标问题.镉(Cd)是水稻的非必需元素,主要借助其他金属...     

Differences in Cadmium Accumulation and Root Morphology in Seedlings of Japanese Wheat Varieties with Distinctive Grain Cadmium Concentration

Abstract

A low cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat grain is desirable because of Cd toxicity to humans. Grain Cd concentrations in Japanese wheat differed among the varieties in previous study. In this study, we hypothesized that the varieties with a low concentration of Cd in grain have (1) low Cd uptake from the soil through the roots during early growth and/or (2) low Cd translocation from the roots to shoots, and also, that (3) Cd uptake from soil is affected by root morphology. These hypotheses were verified by investigating the concentration and quantity of Cd in root, shoot and leaf tissues, and examining the root morphology of young seedlings of wheat varieties with high and low grain Cd concentrations. Seedlings of ‘Kitahonami’ and ‘Nanbukomugi’ which had low grain Cd concentration (low Cd/G varieties) had a lower Cd quantity in whole plant tissues than ‘Nishikazekomugi’ and ‘Kitakamikomugi’ which had high grain Cd concentration (high Cd/G varieties) during early growth. Low Cd/G varieties also showed lower root to shoot (aerial parts) translocation of Cd than high Cd/G varieties. Seedlings of low Cd/G varieties showed less root branching than high Cd/G varieties. Root frequency showed a significant positive correlation with Cd quantity in whole plant tissues. These results suggest that low Cd/G varieties used in this study have low Cd uptake and translocation from the roots to shoots during early growth, and furthermore, that low Cd uptake at the seedling stage may relate to slow and/or limited development of branching roots.     

Two strategies for achieving higher yield under phosphorus deficiency in winter wheat grown in field conditions

Under field conditions, phosphorus (P) deficiency reduces wheat yield by affecting different yield components. However, the physiological strategies by which wheat genotypes with different yield structures respond to low-P stress are not clear. In the present study, we investigated tiller, floret, and root biomass, and P uptake and remobilization at two levels of P under field conditions in three winter wheat genotypes with different yield structures and P-efficiencies. Results showed that P-efficient cultivars CA9325 and ND139 got higher yield and total P accumulation than P-inefficient ND3291 at low-P, but not at normal P treatment. However, both the P-efficient wheat cultivars tend to have the same advantageous yield components at both high P and low-P stress. CA9325, a large-eared genotype, developed more fertile florets, and therefore had more grains at low-P stress. Increasing the number of grains formed a large sink for P demand during the grain-filling stage. Correspondingly, this genotype developed large roots for sustaining post-anthesis P uptake. ND139, a multi-eared genotype, developed many more tillers at low-P stress, and formed more ears at maturity. P from infertile tillers was probably reutilized by the surviving tillers to ensure floret development. Correspondingly, the contribution of pre-anthesis P uptake in ND139 and subsequent remobilization of P to the grains was higher. It was found that larger root rather than higher root activity was the determinant factor in efficient pre-anthesis P uptake in ND3291 and efficient post-anthesis P uptake in CA9325. It is concluded that increasing wheat yield at low soil P availability can be realized by either increasing ears per plant or increasing grains per ear through crop management or breeding.     

小麦茎部镉积累性状全基因组关联分析及优异位点挖掘

小麦镉（Cd）污染日益加重,严重威胁食品安全和人类健康,培育和应用低镉积累品种是降低镉污染小麦风险的最有效途径之一,通过分子标记辅助手段可加快低镉积累特性小麦的筛选和培育。本研究选用175份小麦种质材料,种植于陕西省镉中度污染农田,对灌浆初期小麦茎部镉含量、镉富集系数和转运系数进行聚类分析,筛选出10个低镉积累特性种质。同时利用小麦660K单核苷酸多态性（SNP）芯片,通过3种模型对茎部镉含量、生物富集系数和转运系数进行全基因组关联分析,共鉴定到33个相关遗传位点,其中28个是新的SNP位点。针对茎部镉含量和转运系数3A上的2个主效QTL,开发了KASP标记,并在验证群体中明确了其准确性和实用性。基于基因注释和同源基因比对,预测了10个基因可能直接参与小麦镉积累转运相关生物过程;其中TraesCS3A02G289200基因是一个热休克转录因子,它在水稻中的同源基因（OsHsfA4a）被验证能够提高水稻对镉的耐受性。10个低镉积累特性种质及相关基因可用于小麦耐镉污染育种及有效分子标记开发。     

Root Morphology and Anatomy Affect Cadmium Translocation and Accumulation in Rice

Paddy fields contaminated with cadmium (Cd) present decreased grain yield and produce Cd-contaminated grains. Screening for low-Cd-accumulating cultivars is a useful method to reduce the amount of Cd in the grains. The present study aimed to examine the roles of the root morphology and anatomy in Cd translocation and accumulation in rice plants. Twenty-two rice cultivars were used in the first experiment, after which two cultivars [Zixiangnuo (ZXN) and Jinyou T36 (JYT36)] were selected and used in subsequent experiments under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that there were significant differences in Cd concentrations in the shoots (ranging from 4 to 100 mg/kg) and the Cd translocation rates (shoot/root) (from 7% to 102%) among the 22 cultivars, and the shoot Cd concentration was significantly correlated with the Cd translocation rate of the 22 cultivars under 0.1 mg/L Cd treatment. Compared with cultivar ZXN, JYT36 had greater root Cd uptake and accumulation but lower shoot Cd accumulation and Cd translocation rate. The number of root tips per surface area of cultivar ZXN was greater than that of JYT36, while the average root diameter was lower than that of JYT36. Compared with ZXN, JYT36 had stronger apoplastic barriers, and the Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the root endodermis and exodermis were closer to the root apex in both the control and Cd treatments, especially for suberin lamellae in the root exodermis with Cd treatments, with a difference of 25 mm. The results also showed that, compared with ZXN, JYT36 had greater percentages of Cd bound in cell walls and intracellular Cd but lower Cd concentrations in the apoplastic fluid under the Cd treatment. The results suggested that Cd translocation, rather than root Cd uptake, is a key process that determines Cd accumulation in the rice shoots. The root morphological and anatomical characteristics evidently affect Cd accumulation in the shoots by inhibiting Cd translocation, especially via the apoplastic pathway. It was possible to pre-screen low-Cd-accumulating rice cultivars on the basis of their root morphology, anatomical characteristics and Cd translocation rate at the seedling stage.     

小麦品种与生物有机肥联合修复农田镉污染研究

为筛选Cd积累低且产量较高的小麦品种,以6个北方小麦品种和6个南方小麦品种为试材,在安徽铜陵选取Cd重度污染与未污染农田进行小麦品种与生物有机肥联合修复田间对比试验。结果表明,Cd未污染农田中各小麦品种除了泰山24外籽粒Cd含量均未达到国家粮食安全标准;Cd重度污染农田中小麦籽粒Cd含量为1.21~2.41mg·kg-1,Cd均超标,南方小麦品种较北方品种籽粒中Cd含量更高且差异性更大;施用生物有机肥可降低Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种的Cd含量,降低百分率为1.7%~57.8%,平均降低29.9%。施用生物有机肥的Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种籽粒Cd含量与小麦茎、叶的Cd含量极显著正相关。Cd重度污染农田较Cd未污染农田各小麦品种产量均显著降低,平均减产率46.2%;使用生物有机肥使Cd重度污染农田小麦平均增产15.7%。各小麦品种籽粒Cd含量与产量极显著负相关。扬麦20、宁麦8号为籽粒Cd积累量较低、产量较高的品种;施用生物有机肥可有效降低小麦籽粒Cd含量、增加小麦产量。     

水稻植株镉积累分配的差异

采用盆栽土培法，研究了高镉型与低镉型水稻品种植株镉积累、分布的差异。研究表明，两类型水稻品种根系与茎鞘镉含量差异不显著，糙米镉含量差异最大，达极显著水平。低积累型品种根系、叶片镉积累小于高镉型品种，但差异不显著，而其茎鞘镉积累量、茎鞘镉与植株镉总量比值都大于高镉型水稻品种。这可能是低镉型水稻品种糙米锅吉量极显著小于高镉型品种的主要原因。     

土壤剖面硝态氮非均匀分布条件下小麦根系生长和氮素吸收特征

为探讨土壤硝态氮非均匀分布条件下小麦根系生长及氮素吸收特征,选用石麦15、衡观35、H10和L14等4个小麦品种为材料,进行土壤分层培养试验,模拟土壤剖面中上下层硝态氮空间分布差异,测定和分析了小麦根系长度、直径、分布等形态学特征及植株氮素含量和累积量。结果表明,当土壤中硝态氮施用量上层较低、下层较高时,小麦植株根系总长和表面积在上下土层中分布比值降低,根系趋向下层土壤生长。上下层土壤中硝态氮施用量均较高时,上下层土壤中的根系总长和表面积比值较大,根系趋向上层土壤生长。土壤剖面不同层次中硝态氮供应非均匀条件下,小麦根系发育呈现明显的可塑性反应。小麦根系总长和表面积以及直径≤0.15mm的细根长(占整个根系的比重很大)与植株地上部氮含量和氮素积累量极显著正相关,与土壤中硝态氮含量极显著负相关。