食用菌栽培废弃物综合利用的调查与分析

食用菌栽培废弃物含有大量的营养成分,具有较高的回收利用价值。本文介绍了食用菌废弃物的利用途径和方法,分析了吉林省延边地区食用菌废弃物回收利用存在的问题,并针对食用菌废弃物的综合利用提出了对策。     

电子产品废弃物处理的环境影响及对策浅论

指出了随着电子产品迅速普及,更新换代频繁,大量的电子产品废弃物在危害人类的同时,也在侵蚀着整个生态环境,这些废弃物在环境中累积,从而对动植物、微生物都有强烈而且长久的影响。从生态化销售与消费、电子产品废弃物的回收处理体系和制度建设等方面,分析了电子产品废弃物对环境的危害,提出了对电子产品废弃物的处理对策,以达到减少电子产品废弃物造成的污染和资源浪费,提高资源利用率,保护环境的目的。     

园林绿化废弃物的回收利用

通过对城市园林绿化建设管理工作所产生的多种废弃物进行分析,指出了当前回收利用园林废弃物的目的和意义,结合园林绿化工作中对园林废弃物的初步利用,展望了园林废弃物的回收利用前景。     

艺术设计中的废弃物再生

指出了将废弃物进行资源化开发,寻求其利用的潜力和相关技术,变废为宝研究,符合可持续发展要求,废弃物再生与艺术设计结合,通过艺术手法能赋予废弃物新的价值。探究了废弃物与资源的联系及其材料化的方式,结合当代艺术的案例,分析了艺术设计中废弃物再生的过程及价值。     

园林废弃物资源化利用现状

随着生态建设的不断推进与园林废弃物数量逐年递增,准确掌握园林废弃物资源化利用的技术和方式、提高园林废弃物资源化利用率,是当今学者研究的热点之一。从园林废弃物概念入手,对园林废弃物资源化利用技术、产品以及优势前景研究进行了系统总结,从社会、经济、政治等方面阐述了我国园林废弃物资源利用率低的原因。     

浅谈环境监测实验室废弃物处理

在环境监测实验中过程中不可避免地产生各种废弃物,这些废弃物直接排放会造成二次污染,危害公众安全,必须加以处理确认达标才能排放。结合环境监测实验室常见废弃物提出了处理方法,简单有效,降低实验室废弃物对环境的污染,并对如何减少污染物排放和在处理过程中的注意事项提出了建议。     

农业废弃物基质化利用

指出了农业废弃物排放量日益增加但综合利用率较低是我国农业生产现状,利用数据计算了我国农业废弃物的营养物质含量和近年农业废弃物秸秆排放量,充分说明我国农业废弃物基质化利用在减少化肥、缓解土地约束力、提高作物产量和实现农业经济循环4方面的价值和意义。通过对比好氧发酵和炭化技术两种基质化途径,得出了我国目前农业废弃物基质化应用中原料来源参差不齐、重复利用率低、产品缺乏创新和缺乏与新技术手段融合等的5方面问题,为此,提出了未来农业废弃物规模化、集约化、科技化发展的新方向。     

园林绿化废弃物堆肥处理关键技术与设备研究

分析了我国处理园林绿化废弃物和发展新型处理技术的必要性。根据园林绿化废弃物的特性提出了废弃物堆肥和后加工处理工艺技术,其中主要包括反应器好氧发酵堆肥技术和有机覆盖物、有机肥、育苗基质加工工艺技术,并围绕工艺技术详细阐述了关键核心处理设备及其功能特点,对国内外开展园林绿化废弃物资源化处理具有一定的参考价值。     

利用城市废弃物的节约型园林绿化扩展性研究

基于节约型园林绿化的理念,从风景园林建设的角度讨论了如何合理利用城市垃圾,在介绍园林废弃物处理的优势和政策保障的基础上,综述了国内外园林废弃物的收集和处理方法、运行状况和堆肥的市场前景,以期为我国园林绿色废弃物的产业化发展提供借鉴。     

用麻竹笋加工废弃物栽培蘑菇试验初报

麻竹笋加工废弃物经过粉碎均匀混入棉籽壳、玉米粉和辅料等物,经生物发酵后接种蘑菇菌种,可以将麻竹笋加工废弃物转化为食用蘑菇,蘑菇采摘后的废弃物转化为麻竹林的有机肥。试验结果表明：采用70％的麻竹笋加工废弃物栽培食用菌,可明显提高经济效益。通过与其他原材料进行成分、价格对比,进一步分析了麻竹笋加工废弃物生物转化技术、麻竹林下立体栽培技术的开发价值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.