臭氧防霉、杀虫和去毒效果的探讨

用臭氧机产生臭氧，进行高水分粮的防霉试验、几种主要储粮害虫的防治试验以及油脂的去毒试验。结果表明：较低浓度的臭氧对水分为16．6％和17．7％的玉米，15．5％和16．6％的稻谷，15．6%的糙米有显著的防霉效果；对玉米象、谷蠹的成虫有良好的杀灭作用；对油脂中的黄曲霉毒素B1有较好的降解功能。     

赤霉病毒素（DON）去毒技术的研究

将天然污染赤霉病毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol)的小麦,用清水淘洗浮选后再经过加工制粉,可以使毒素含量为2.3mg/kg的小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的量减少75％,使毒素含量为1.2mg/kg的降低60％;6％的过氧化氢(加1％NaOH)去毒效果较明显,DON的含量可降低59％;用1％的亚硫酸氢钠处理的小麦,可去除毒素约30％;20％水分的小麦在100％氨气(加10％Na_2CO_3)中放置18小时,在10％氯气中暴露0.5小时,均可使毒素含量降低30％。     

紫外线照射去毒设备的研制和应用

本研究的目的是针对广西部分粮油易受黄曲霉毒素 B_1(A FTB_1)污染的具体情况,根据紫外线照射能有效地降解 AFTB_1的原理,研制一种效果稳定,周期短,造价低,便于移动适合基层单位应急处理以及连续生产两用的去毒设备。污染 AFTB_1的花生油,经本研究的去毒机照射处理,油中 AFTB_1含量从200ppb 降至20ppb 以下。     

大米回机去除黄曲霉毒素的试验

河北省粮食局仓储公司化验室王淑萍等同志最近在石家庄市粮油加工厂进行大数量的生产性大米回机去除黄曲霉毒素试验。试验样品为含黄曲霉毒素 B_120ppb 的早籼标一米,共计九万多斤,用天津产砻谷机,(每分钟流量60～80公斤)。经回机后,黄曲霉毒素 B_1含量由20ppb 降至5ppb,去毒率达75%,回机后,杂质减少,碎米有所增加,但等级仍为早籼标一     

散装小麦局部环流熏蒸杀虫实仓试验

针对小麦仓中下层局部生虫，采用粮堆局部处理机环流熏蒸，分两次投药，共计熏蒸处理时间为两周。实验证明：在处理部位PH3浓度100～300ppm可以保持12天左右，粮堆中的害虫全部杀死；经检查埋入粮堆的赤拟谷盗、谷蠹和玉米象，成虫死亡率100％，对虫粮培养42天后，检查F1代为零。     

粮堆局部处理机对小麦仓上层的实仓熏蒸杀虫试验

本次试验针对小麦仓中上层局部生虫问题，采用粮堆局部处理机环流熏蒸，一次投药，总计熏蒸处理11天。试验证明：PH3浓度大于300ppm能够维持7天，100-300ppm能够维持3天。处理部位害虫全部杀死，实仓生物试验，成虫的死亡率也为100％，虫粮经温室培养42天后检查F1代均为零。     

玉米就仓干燥实仓试验的探索

在高大平房仓内对6m高粮面的3225t高水分玉米(入仓平均水分15．2％)，利用新型的粮仓绿色处理机组与地上笼组成的通风系统进行整仓降水处理，结果表明：第一阶段从开始入粮使用仓内地上笼和粮仓绿色处理机进行通风处理，抑制了粮食霉茵的发生，给玉米降水赢得了时间。第二阶段使用粮仓绿色处理机和立体软管通风系统组合进行均匀降水，使玉米水分降至安全指标以内(12．6％)，并保持了原有粮食品质。     

新型就仓干燥设备用于高水分小麦就仓干燥试验

采用组合式立体通风系统、空气加热器和粮仓绿色处理机组成的新型移动式就仓干燥设备对平均水分16．5％的800多吨小麦进行就仓干燥处理。在干燥过程中，对粮食水分、粮食温度、粮食微生物和干燥后小麦的品质进行测定分析。结果表明在通风干燥过程中，降水均匀，最终平均水分为12．9％，没有出现过干或过潮现象，粮温正常。由于粮仓绿色处理机所产生的臭氧的作用，霉茵总数呈下降趋势，没有霉变粮和霉味出现。干燥后小麦品质良好。与同品种晾晒干燥的小麦没有明显差异。     

磷化氢熏蒸预防高水分大米发热及应急处理高水分发热大米的试验

近年来，随着粮食经营的逐步搞活，从外省调入广东的大米越来越多，高水分大米也随之增加。每年第一季度从江西、湖北等地调入广东的晚舢大米，水分一般都在14％～16％，有的甚至达18％。由于广东的气温和湿度相对较高，如不采取适当的措施保藏，随着仓温的上升，大米很快就会发热和劣变，直接影响大米的品质和销售价格。因此，如何采取有效措施防止高水分大米发热，或者将高水分发热大米的粮温降下来，已成为粮食经营者为确保经营效益而急需解决的一个重要课题。我们结合工作实际做了用磷化氢熏蒸预防高水分大米发热和磷化氢应急处理高水分…     

臭氧在粮食储藏中的应用研究现状

1应用臭氧杀灭储粮害虫 臭氧杀灭储粮害虫的应用研究起步较晚，而且最初的大部分试验都是使用1mL／m^3以下的臭氧浓度，由于浓度低，杀虫效果不显著。1979年Erdman报导，在30℃时，用浓度为450mL／m^3的臭氧7h能杀死各种虫期的赤拟谷盗。1998年Mason等在实验室对臭氧杀灭储粮害虫、抑制霉菌及其对粮食品质的影响进行了较为详细的研究。他们使用小型模拟设备作为臭氧处理室，调配出恒定浓度的臭氧流入处理室进行杀虫和抑霉试验，     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.