小麦抗虫品种对麦长管蚜种群及蚜茧蜂寄生和发育的影响

以不选择性为主的小麦抗蚜品种（系）KOK－1679、L1和小白冬麦可显著降低麦长管蚜的种群增长率，对燕麦蚜茧蜂的抗害作用没有负面影响。燕麦蚜茧蜂的控害作用可使小麦植株的株高增长率和叶面积显著提高，但使叶绿素含量提高幅度不大。以2龄麦长管蚜接蚜9日后，低感品种红芒红上该蚜的种群增长率为94．21％，而高抗品系KOK－1679仅为18．05％。对僵蚜及成蜂的观察表明，抗性品种（系）中的成蜂羽化时间缩短，羽化率升高，寿命延长。尽管其寄生率较红芒红低，但可能是麦长管蚜在不选择性抗蚜品种（系）上的定殖率低所致。     

日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生对黑豆蚜生化代谢的影响

日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus japonicus Ashmead的寄生影响了寄主黑豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch体内的生化代谢。寄生使黑豆蚜的游离氨基酸总浓度升高，寄生1天后，正常组的游离氨基酸总浓度为17．721nmol／L，被寄生组为23．153nmol／L；寄生4天后，正常组和被寄生组分别为58．703和69．659nmol／L。苏氨酸、谷氨酸和酪氨酸是黑豆蚜血淋巴中主要的氨基酸，被寄生后的黑豆蚜血淋巴中苏氨酸含量升高，谷氨酸和酪氨酸含量下降。与正常蚜虫相比，被寄生后3天，黑豆蚜血淋巴的蛋白质浓度下降，体蛋白质浓度升高；寄生还使寄主血淋巴的蛋白质组成发生了变化，在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱中出现了两个新的蛋白质，其分子量分别约为54和41kD。在被寄生后4天，黑豆蚜的血淋巴海藻糖浓度明显降低。蚜虫的体总糖原和体总脂含量在被寄生后2天显著升高，但在被寄生后3、4天明显低于未寄生蚜虫。     

用萝卜苗作桃蚜植物寄生主繁殖烟蚜茧峰

研究了用萝卜苗作桃蚜寄主植物繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的技术。结果表明，在温度20－25℃、湿度75％的条件下，桃蚜的繁殖速度最快，10d内即可获得大量的桃蚜。用不同虫龄的蚜虫接蜂，蚜龄越低寄生率越高；在不同温中，25℃下寄生率最高。桃蚜的密度能影响烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率，密度在100－200头时接蜂1对（雌：雄），寄生率最高，可达80％。经连续10代分别在不同蚜龄时繁峰，虽然寄生率均随代数的增加而降低，但对低蚜龄时开始寄生的蚜茧蜂生长发育影响不大，其寄生率仍较其它蚜龄为高。在繁蜂室内用萝卜苗饲养桃蚜繁殖烟蚜茧蜂取得满意的结果。该技术设备简单，短期内可以获得较大量的烟蚜茧峰，供防治桃蚜之用。     

以麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂生理生化特性比较研究

在22 ℃,相对湿度 40%和光周期16L：8D条件下,对以麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead雌、雄成蜂生理生化特性进行了比较研究.结果发现,与以麦二叉蚜为寄主时相比,以麦长管蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂雌、雄成蜂头壳更宽、寿命更长（雌蜂 5.0 d,雄蜂 4.6 d）、过冷却点（雌蜂 -25.7 ℃,雄蜂 -25.3 ℃）和结冰点（雌蜂 -24.9 ℃,雄蜂 -24.8 ℃）更低,体内水分、蛋白质和糖类含量更高,但脂肪含量无显著差异.在同一寄主上雌雄蜂间,前述参数除以麦长管蚜为寄主时头壳宽度存在雌蜂大于雄蜂外,均无显著差异.除过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性以麦长管蚜为寄主时雄蜂高于以麦二叉蚜为寄主时的雄蜂、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以麦长管蚜为寄主时雌蜂高于以麦二叉蚜为寄主时的雌蜂外,CAT、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和POD活性在2种寄主间、同1种寄主上的雌蜂和雄蜂间均无显著差异.研究结果表明,在相同实验条件下,以麦长管蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂比以麦二叉蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂具有更好地抗逆特性,更有利于烟蚜茧蜂的生存和繁殖.     

黏虫幼虫体表挥发物成分鉴定及其对中红侧沟茧蜂寄主定位行为的影响

为提高中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator田间寄生效率，对黏虫Mythimna separata 1～5龄幼虫体表挥发物进行提取，采用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）技术对其成分进行分析，采用气相色谱-触角电位（gas chromatography-electron antenneal detection,GCEAD）技术确定引起中红侧沟茧蜂触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应的挥发性物质，同时通过Y型嗅觉仪测定中红侧沟茧蜂对其的选择反应。结果显示，中红侧沟茧蜂雌成蜂对黏虫1～3龄幼虫体表粗提物有显著的选择反应，反应率分别为60%、68%和56%；中红侧沟茧蜂触角对黏虫体表粗提物中的2,4-二甲基庚烷、5-乙基-2-甲基辛烷、十二烷、1,3-二叔丁基苯、2,4-二甲基十一烷、十六烷、2,6,10,15-四甲基十七烷和抗坏血酸二棕榈酸酯10种物质均有电生理反应，EAG反应随浓度升高而增强；中红侧沟茧蜂雌雄成蜂对这10种物质的选择反应存在性别差异；其中中红侧沟茧蜂对其中的8种物质及...     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫日龄及取食的食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响

为评估淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾的防控效果,在室内环境条件下,研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄主日龄和所取食食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响。结果表明,无论草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食人工饲料或玉米叶片,淡足侧沟茧蜂对3日龄和5日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率、结茧率、出蜂率及对寄主致死率均显著高于8日龄寄主。另外,在同日龄情况下,淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食玉米寄主的寄生率、结茧率以及子代出蜂率均高于寄生于取食人工饲料的幼虫上的相关指标。寄主取食不同食物会影响淡足侧沟茧蜂的寄生效果,且淡足侧沟茧蜂对5日龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生效果较好。本结果可为室内条件下利用草地贪夜蛾幼虫扩繁淡足侧沟茧蜂,以及应用淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾进行田间防控提供理论依据。     

不同温度下正己烷蒸气对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育解除的影响

利用二次通用旋转组合设计方法,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesiavestalis滞育茧在不同正己烷浓度、不同温度下暴露不同时间后对该蜂滞育解除、以及滞育解除后成虫羽化率和成蜂繁殖力的影响,分别建立了茧．成虫羽化历期、羽化率、单雌产卵量对正己烷浓度、暴露时间、温度3因子的回归模型。结果表明：正己烷可以有效促进该蜂解除滞育,显著缩短羽化历期,提高羽化整齐度;但正己烷浓度、暴露时间和温度水平的过高或过低在一定程度上会降低滞育解除后成蜂的繁殖力,过高的温度处理还会显著降低成虫的羽化率。基于回归模型的优化组合分析结果,提出将滞育茧置于27-29°C下、1．5mL·L。的正己烷蒸气中暴露10～15min,对该蜂解除滞育后的生物学特性的不良影响将会降至最低。     

冬小麦品种中的游离氨基酸种类及其与抗麦长管蚜的关系

作者选用多年筛选抗感程度较稳定的１０个小麦品种,于小麦拔节地其旗叶的１７种游离氨基酸的含量进行全面测定,应用主成分分析方法研究了多种游离基酸中影响品种抗蚜性的主要氨基酸种类,并对游离氨基酸含量与小麦品种抗蚜性的关系进行了探讨,研究结果显示：亮氨酸（Ｌｅｕ）,异亮氨酸（Ｉｌｅｕ．）缬氨酸（Ｖａｌ．）蛋氨酸（Ｍｅｔ．）脯氨酸（Ｐｒｏ．）,苯丙氨酸（Ｐｈｅ．）谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ．）和丙氨酸（Ａｌａ．）这８种     

麦蛾茧蜂防治粉斑螟的防控潜力评价

为了明确麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟的防控潜能，研究了在30℃和相对湿度75%条件下，以粉斑螟为自然寄主连续饲养的第1世代、第20世代、第40世代、第60世代、第80世代的麦蛾茧蜂对末龄粉斑螟幼虫的功能反应模型，评估了实仓空间中麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟幼虫的实际控制能力和持续防治潜能。结果表明，不同世代的麦蛾茧蜂对末龄粉斑螟幼虫的功能反应符合Holling II模型，对粉斑螟的麻痹能力存在显著差异。室内试验表明，随着寄主密度的增加，麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟的麻痹量逐渐增加，寄生率没有明显规律，搜寻效应逐渐降低。实仓空间试验表明，在长39.5 m、宽14.7 m、高2.7 m的空间中，设置1个释放点，麦蛾茧蜂能够在3 d内控制空间中的全部粉斑螟幼虫（720头）。研究结果证明，麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟的防控潜力大，在食品加工场所和仓储环境的绿色防控中具有良好的开发利用前景。     

Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白对淡足侧沟茧蜂生长发育的影响

以黏虫［〖WTBX〗Mythimna separata〖WTBZ〗 (Walker)］为寄主,研究了亚致死浓度的Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ab对淡足侧沟茧蜂［〖WTBX〗Microplitis pallidipes 〖WTBZ〗(Szepligeti)］生长发育的影响。结果表明,当寄主从淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生后开始取食含Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白浓度为1、2、4 μg/g和 8 μg/g的饲料时,淡足侧沟茧蜂卵 幼虫发育历期比以对照黏虫为寄主的显著延长,茧（蛹）重和成虫体重显著下降,但对茧历期及成虫寿命没有显著影响。淡足侧沟茧蜂的卵 幼虫发育历期随着寄主取食Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白浓度的增加而显著延长,茧重和成虫体重则随Bt蛋白浓度的上升而显著下降。因此,尽管Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白对淡足侧沟茧蜂的生长发育具有一定程度的负面影响,但其仍可以在取食Bt毒蛋白的黏虫上完成整个世代发育。     

针叶形质特征与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系

通过对松突圆蚧不同抗性程度的马尾松未受害针叶和受害针叶的针叶长度、叶鞘长、叶鞘松紧度、含水率、相对含水率和容重的测定,研究发现：马尾松针叶长度与其对松突圆蚧的抗性成反比,马尾松针叶的容重与其对松突圆蚧的抗性成正比,叶鞘长、叶鞘松紧度与抗虫性不相关。     

Sublethal effects of azadirachtin on lipid metabolism and sex pheromone biosynthesis of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis

Azadirachtin has remarkable toxic and growth inhibitory effects on Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). In this study, sublethal effects of azadirachtin on fatty acid metabolism and sex pheromone biosynthesis in O. furnacalis were investigated. Quantities of fatty acids were significantly reduced when larvae were fed a diet containing azadirachtin at 0.1?C10?ppm. After 10?days, fatty acids were reduced by 50% on a diet treated with 10?ppm azadirachtin; the relative composition of fatty acids was also affected. The relative proportion of C18:2 fatty acid decreased significantly in adult survivors, correlating with decreased fecundity. Furthermore, sex pheromone titers in adults were inversely proportional to dietary azadirachtin concentration, and reduced by 50% relative to controls when larvae were fed a diet containing 10?ppm azadirachtin. However, there were no effects of azadirachtin on pheromone blend ratios. Our results suggest that reductions in fecundity and pheromone titer in O. furnacalis are associated with alterations in lipid metabolism by azadirachtin, although these effects are not linked to a reduction in consumption.     

Development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on natural and synthetic diets

The development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was investigated on a newly developed semiartificial diet as compared with two natural diets namely sugarcane stem and banana fruit. The weevil was successfully maintained on these diets and duration of the life cycle for males and females, respectively were 164.97 and 194.61 days on the semiartificial diet, 192.5 and 186.5 days on banana, and 172.00 and 170.00 days on sugarcane. The average egg production per female was shown to be significantly higher on the semiartificial diet, being 184.00±18.68 eggs compared with an average of 125.00±11.97 and 133.00±15.21 eggs on banana and sugarcane, respectively. The fertility ranged between 94–100% in those eggs deposited by females previously reared on the tested diets. The developed semiartificial diet was shown to be suitable for maintaining laboratory colonies of the red palm weevil, and it can substitute natural diets.     

Development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on natural and synthetic diets

The development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was investigated on a newly developed semiartificial diet as compared with two natural diets namely sugarcane stem and banana fruit. The weevil was successfully maintained on these diets and duration of the life cycle for males and females, respectively were 164.97 and 194.61 days on the semiartificial diet, 192.5 and 186.5 days on banana, and 172.00 and 170.00 days on sugarcane. The average egg production per female was shown to be significantly higher on the semiartificial diet, being 184.00±18.68 eggs compared with an average of 125.00±11.97 and 133.00±15.21 eggs on banana and sugarcane, respectively. The fertility ranged between 94–100% in those eggs deposited by females previously reared on the tested diets. The developed semiartificial diet was shown to be suitable for maintaining laboratory colonies of the red palm weevil, and it can substitute natural diets.     

椰心叶甲人工饲料的研制及应用效果评价

为了获得入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)的人工饲料,在分析其天然寄主叶片水分和营养成分基础上,借鉴其它鞘翅目昆虫人工饲料配方,进行椰心叶甲人工饲料的配制和筛选,并评价人工饲料饲养的椰心叶甲对其寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae的适合性。人工饲料配方的成分:蔗糖4%、椰子粉2%、大豆粉2%、椰树叶粉10%、酵母2%、维生素E 0.3%、抗坏血酸0.2%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.2%、琼脂4%、链霉素0.03%和水75%。用所配制的人工饲料饲养椰心叶甲初孵幼虫,其蛹成活率可达36%,蛹羽化率与对照无显著差异,均在90%以上;雌成虫占52.4%,与对照无显著差异。表明人工饲料饲养所得的椰心叶甲可用于其幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂的扩繁。     

Effect ofMelia azedarach fruit extract on juvenile hormone titer and protein content in the hemolymph of two species of noctuid lepidopteran larvae [insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

The effect of an enriched methanolic extract ofMelia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) fruits on the size of the corpora allata (CA), the juvenile hormone (JH) titer and the protein content in the hemolymph of two lepidopteran pests in Egypt,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) andAgrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), was studied. Different concentrations of the extract were incorporated into an artificial diet on which the larvae were allowed to feed. InS. littoralis, a significant reduction in the CA volume of larvae treated at the 1000 ppm extract levelvs that of control larvae was observed. In A.ipsilon, a reduction was found in the right CA gland only. Larvae of both species that had fed on a diet withMelia extract had a higher mean JH-II titer in the hemolymph than did control larvae. In both species, the content of hemolymph protein was decreased significantly after feeding for 6 days on a diet treated with concentrations above 50 ppm extract, followed by 6 days on a normal diet. The results show that aM. azedarach fruit extract has an effect on the neuroendocrine control in the insects. The effect on the hemolymph protein levels is discussed in connection with changes in the morphology/physiology of the gut.     

The effect of diflubenzuron feeding on glycosaminoglycan and sulfhemoglobin biosynthesis in mice

Diflubenzuron (Dimilin), an inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis, was fed to mice in concentrations of 50 to 2000 ppm in the diet. The activity of the mammalian hexosamine transferases responsible for glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide) formation was monitored by measuring the in vivo rate of incorporation of a labeled precursor into hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate of skin. No inhibition of biosynthesis was noted at any concentration; indeed the insecticide appeared to stimulate the production of these compounds. After 3 weeks on the diet, mice eating 1000 and 2000 ppm diflubenzuron showed obvious signs of cyanosis, and sulfhemoglobin was demonstrated in the blood of mice eating more than 200 ppm. The amount of sulfhemoglobin appeared to be related to the dietary insecticide content and the highest level seen was 13% of total hemoglobin in the 2000-ppm group after 31 days. These values returned to normal within 3 weeks when diflubenzuron was removed from the diet.     

Pesticide residues in the total diet in England and Wales, 1966–1967: IV.—Mercury content of the total diet

Results are given of determinations of the mercury content of each of the 7 composite food groups into which samples of the total diet were divided. In the very few sub-samples in which mercury was detected, the levels found were very low and close to the limit of detection by the colorimetric method used.     

Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab蛋白对大草蛉生长发育及酶活力的影响

为明确转Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab基因棉花对大草蛉的影响,运用Bt蛋白与人工饲料混合的方法,以大于转基因棉花叶片中蛋白含量20倍的剂量饲喂大草蛉初孵幼虫,初步研究了Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab对大草蛉生物学参数和消化酶、解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明：取食含Bt蛋白饲料的大草蛉幼虫的发育历期、体重、蛹重、成虫体重、羽化率等生物学参数与对照相比均没有显著差异;在大草蛉幼虫体内可以检测到含量较高的Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab蛋白,分别为974.92~1 282.39 ng/g鲜重和5 592.62~6 082.92 ng/g鲜重,而在大草蛉成虫体内检测到的Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab蛋白含量非常低,分别为0.29~0.39 ng/g鲜重和50.34~56.71 ng/g鲜重;取食含Bt蛋白的饲料对大草蛉幼虫的类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶、氨肽酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性有一定的影响,但对大草蛉成虫影响与对照差异不显著。表明大草蛉取食含Bt蛋白的人工饲料后,虽然体内可以检测到一定含量的Bt蛋白,但对大草蛉的生长发育并没有显著的直接不利影响。     

Some characteristics of the egg shells of quail fed gamma-BHC

The effects of feeding a diet containing gamma-BHC at a level of 200 mg/kg on various aspects of egg production and egg shell quality of the Japanese quail were studied. No adverse effects were observed on rate or pattern of egg production, egg size, shell thickness, calcium content, shearing strength or structure as seen through the scanning electron microscope.