1. Isolation and Characterisation of Equine Rhinopneumontis Virus and Other Equine Herpesviruses from Horses

Equine herpesviruses (EH viruses) were isolated from 9 horses in three separate outbreaks of respiratory disease. The pattern of disease in the three stables is described and evidence is presented that some of the horses were ill, possibly as a result of recurrent infection, and that reactivation of a persistent, latent infection may have occurred. An ulcerative condition of the pharyngeal region was seen in some of the horses with EH virus infection.
The cytopathogenicity for equine foetal kidney cells of the 9 EH viruses varied considerably. One isolate, EH 39 virus, which was recovered from an acute, upper respiratory tract infection, was rapidly cytopathic for equine foetal kidney cell cultures and was shown in neutralisation tests to be identical with, or closely related to equine rhinopneumonitis virus (EH virus type 1) that is associated with acute respiratory disease and abortion in other countries. More slowly cytopathic isolates were recovered from mild to subclinical upper respiratory tract infections. Evidence is presented that the property of slow cytopathogenicity is probably related to the tendency of these viruses to remain cell associated. Slowly cytopathic isolates were recovered from the nasal cavity of horse 89 on two occasions 79 days apart. One of the eight slowly cytopathic isolates, EH 86 virus, was shown to be antigenically distinct from equine rhinopneumonitis virus (EH 39 virus).     

2. Persistence of Equine Herpesviruses in Experimentally Infected Horses and the Experimental Induction of Abortion

An 8-month-old filly (No. 2) developed an acute vulvo-vaginitis and respiratory disease following inoculation of equine herpesvirus (EH virus) type 1 (EH 39 virus; equine rhinopneumonitis virus) into the vestibule of the vagina. The same virus produced acute respiratory disease but not balanoposthitis following intranasal, intravenous and intrapreputial inoculation of a 12-month-old colt (No. 3). A second 8-month-old filly (No. 1) developed a mild respiratory disease but not vulvo-vaginitis following intravestibular inoculation of EH 39 virus. EH viruses that were slowly cytopathic for equine foetal kidney cell cultures and serologically unrelated to the inoculated EH 39 virus were isolated from the buffy coat cells at 3 days and from the nasal cavity at 6 days after inoculation of horse No. 1. EH virus that was slowly cytopathic and serologically unrelated to EH 39 virus was isolated at 16 days from the vagina of the filly (No. 2) that developed acute vulvovaginitis and was frequently isolated from the nasal cavities of 2 of the 3 horses for 83 days and from the nasal cavity of the third horse for 57 days under conditions that precluded reinfection from other equidae except from each other. EH viruses were recovered from the 3 horses for a further 58 days under conditions where contact with other equidae may, although was not known to, have occurred between 83 and 141 days postinoculation. It was concluded that these viruses represented a single virus type that was present in the nasal cavity (designated EH 1–6 virus) perhaps also the blood stream of filly No. 1 at the time the 3 horses were purchased and that this virus was subsequently transmitted to the vagina of 1 and the nasal cavities of the other 2 horses. Accordingly a carrier state for EH 39 virus was not shown to occur. These findings are discussed in relation to the natural history of EH virus infections. Attempts to reactivate the EH viruses to cause clinical respiratory disease, by a series of injections of adrenalin and cortisone, were inconclusive. The 3 horses showed no clinical evidence of respiratory disease when they were reinfected intranasally with EH 39 virus 360 days (1 horse) and 412 days (2 horses) after the initial infection with this virus. Abortion was produced when EH 39 virus was inoculated directly into the allantoic or amniotic cavity of a pregnant mare although naturally occurring EH virus abortion remains unrecognised in Australia.     

鸡贫血病毒感染鸡细胞凋亡研究

用TUNEL法检测了1 日龄SPF雏鸡感染鸡贫血病毒(CAV)后胸腺和骨髓细胞的凋亡情况。结果,接种CAV 后6、10、20 d,骨髓细胞的凋亡率分别达51% 、52% 、57% ;接种后6 d,胸腺细胞凋亡率为53% ,比对照鸡胸腺和骨髓细胞的凋亡率明显升高( P< 0.01)。用流式细胞仪对胸腺细胞悬液所作的细胞凋亡分析结果与TUNEL法检测结果一致。     

Effects of Elevated Water Temperature and Immunosuppressant Treatment on Prevalence and Titer of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Naturally Infected Brook Trout

Abstract

Using fingerlings of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis naturally infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), we demonstrated that elevated water temperature and treatment with the immunosuppressant triamcinolone acetonide (generic Kenalog®) significantly increases the titer of IPNV and probably also the prevalence of the infection. Stress-promoting treatments could potentially enhance the capability to detect various fish viral agents.     

Interstitial lung disease associated with Equine Infectious Anemia Virus infection in horses

EIA (Equine Infectious Anemia) is a blood-borne disease primarily transmitted by haematophagous insects or needle punctures. Other routes of transmission have been poorly explored. We evaluated the potential of EIAV (Equine Infectious Anemia Virus) to induce pulmonary lesions in naturally infected equids. Lungs from 77 EIAV seropositive horses have been collected in Romania and France. Three types of lesions have been scored on paraffin-embedded lungs: lymphocyte infiltration, bronchiolar inflammation, and thickness of the alveolar septa. Expression of the p26 EIAV capsid (CA) protein has been evaluated by immunostaining. Compared to EIAV-negative horses, 52% of the EIAV-positive horses displayed a mild inflammation around the bronchioles, 22% had a moderate inflammation with inflammatory cells inside the wall and epithelial bronchiolar hyperplasia and 6.5% had a moderate to severe inflammation, with destruction of the bronchiolar epithelium and accumulation of smooth muscle cells within the pulmonary parenchyma. Changes in the thickness of the alveolar septa were also present. Expression of EIAV capsid has been evidenced in macrophages, endothelial as well as in alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells, as determined by their morphology and localization. To summarize, we found lesions of interstitial lung disease similar to that observed during other lentiviral infections such as FIV in cats, SRLV in sheep and goats or HIV in children. The presence of EIAV capsid in lung epithelial cells suggests that EIAV might be responsible for the broncho-interstitial damages observed.     

Intranuclear Inclusions in Cells Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus

Cells infected by Newcastle Disease Virus were observed to contain both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of twisted strands of about 18–20 nm diameter resembling nucleocapsids. The presence of these inclusions was detected irrespective of host cell or pathogenicity of the virus. In immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling experiments, these structures were tagged by an anti-P protein monoclonal antibody. In summary, we show that intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies, hitherto used as a taxonomic characteristic for the genus Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae, also occur in a member of the genus Rubulavirus.     

马传染性贫血病毒阿根廷流行毒株前病毒gag和gp90基因在马体内的变异分析

为建立美洲马传贫毒株和我国弱毒疫苗株鉴别诊断PCR，对接种马传贫阿根廷流行毒株后马4个发热期（23、40、51和70d）外周血单核细胞前病毒DNA gag基因和gP90基因的核苷酸序列进行了监测，经过序列分析发现4个发热期中前病毒gag基因核苷酸序列变化不明显，变异率在1％之内，表明前病毒gag基因在马体内比较保守，可以作为设计鉴别诊断引物的区域；gp90区的基因变化比较大，核苷酸序列变异率在8％～10％之间，通过对几个发热期核苷酸序列推导氨基酸的分析，可以划分出A1、A2、A3和A44个可变区，但其中A1和A4变异都很稳定，在马体发病的整个过程中均只发生1次变异，而A2区第3个发热期变异后，在第4个发热期又回复了突变。对马传染性贫血病毒阿根廷代表毒株前病毒gag和gp90基因核甘酸序列的动念检测结果表明，马传贫病毒在马体整合为前病毒之后比较稳定，这就为建立PCR鉴别诊断方法提供了依据。     

表达抗流感病毒基因重组慢病毒滴度测定及感染效率分析

分别将靶向禽流感病毒(AIV)多靶点siRNA和鸡Mx基因克隆到p201慢病毒表达载体,采用鸡β-actin启动子替换p201慢病毒载体CMV启动子构建重组慢病毒载体p201-β-Mx-siRNA。并将其与辅助包装质粒共转染293T细胞,72h后收集细胞上清,实时荧光定量PCR测定重组慢病毒(rLV-MX-siR-NA)与对照组重组慢病毒(rLV-GFP)CT值,两者比较确定rLV-MX-siRNA滴度。rLV-Mx-siRNA以MOI=4感染猪胎儿成纤维细胞(PEF)并传代培养,提取后代细胞RNA检测外源基因转录以及应用间接免疫荧光试验检测鸡Mx蛋白的表达。结果表明,rLV-Mx-siRNA浓缩后滴度与已知滴度的rLV-GFP相等,为2×108 TU/mL,感染PEF效率>95%。感染rLV-Mx-siRNA的细胞传至第5代和第10代检测到外源基因转录以及鸡Mx蛋白的表达。表达鸡Mx基因和靶向AIV多靶点siRNA重组慢病毒滴度的测定与感染效率的分析,其结果为研究抗AIV转基因猪及其抗AIV的体外评价奠定了基础。     

麻雀自然感染鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒的调查

从鸡传染性法氏囊病（IBD）流行的鸡场捕杀麻雀54只,用鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）单克隆抗体夹心阻断ELISA检测抗体,阳性检出率为7.4％(4/54);以逆转录—聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测病毒核酸,阳性检出率为11.1％（6/54）;RT-PCR阳性样本病毒分离亦为阳性。结果表明,IBD流行的鸡场里的麻雀能够发生IBDV自然感染,麻雀可能是IBDV的贮存宿主或二次传染源之一。     

新城疫病毒HI抗体效价与流行株感染排毒之间的相关性

为了分析免疫鸡群中新城疫强毒感染流行的原因,明确抗体效价与流行株感染排毒率之间的关系,本研究以LaSota为抗原制备新城疫灭活疫苗,并以0.02mL和0.4mL的量分别免疫3周龄的SPF鸡10只。免疫后7、14、21d分别测定免疫鸡血清中的抗体HI效价。免疫后21d以基因Ⅶd亚型新城疫流行株JS5/05进行攻毒,攻毒后每天观察试验鸡的临床症状,并于攻毒后3、5、7d采集试验鸡的喉气管与泄殖腔棉拭样品进行病毒分离,结果显示,免疫3周后0.02mL和0.4mL疫苗免疫组鸡的血清HI抗体平均效价分别为5.4log2和8.2log2;0.02mL免疫组在攻毒后的排毒率达到100%,且排毒时间较长,而0.4mL免疫组在攻毒后的排毒率明显降低,且排毒时间较短。上述结果表明新城疫抗体效价与流行株感染排毒率之间存在明显的负相关。     

编码EIAV核输出因子蛋白Rev的cDNA克隆和序列测定

ＥＩＡＶ在繁殖过程中涉及到多种转录因子的调节,其中Ｒｅｖ蛋白是病毒编码的转录后调节因子,决定了病毒复制由早期到晚期的过渡。Ｒｅｖ是非结构蛋白,由病毒基因组全长转录产物经多次拼接而成。本研究使用ＥＩＡＶ疫苗毒感染驴巨噬细胞培养物,在病毒繁殖早期提取细胞总ＲＮＡ,反转录后使用中国ＥＩＡＶ毒株特异引物扩增病毒基因组拼接产物。将扩增产物克隆后经过核苷酸序列分析,和与基因组全序列的比较,确定了编码Ｒｅｖ蛋白的病毒基因组转录产物的编码序列和拼接位点。     

Lack of Detectable Equine Herpesviruses 1 and 2 in Paraffin-Embedded Specimens of Equine Sarcoidosis

Background: Equine sarcoidosis is a rare, multisystemic, noncaseating, granulomatous and lymphoplasmacytic disease of unknown etiology. A recent report described a horse with granulomatous skin disease displaying histologic, electron microscopic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings consistent with equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2).
Objective: To investigate the presence of EHV-2 and equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in 8 horses with sarcoidosis.
Animals: Eight horses with sarcoidosis, reported previously.
Methods: Retrospective study. PCR assays of the tissues were performed to detect DNA associated with EHV-1 and EHV-2. For both herpesviruses the target was their respective glycoprotein B gene. Positive controls consisted of DNA from viral cultures of culturettes from naturally occurring respiratory infections of EHV-1 and EHV-2.
Results: The PCR analyses for both equine herpesviruses' DNA were negative in all 8 horses.
Conclusion: The failure to detect DNA from EHV-1 and EHV-2 in paraffin-embedded skin of these 8 horses does not discount EHV-1 or EHV-2 as causing some cases of ES, but lends support to the presumably multifactorial etiologic nature of the disease.     

猫传染性腹膜炎病毒荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为快速、灵敏、准确检测猫传染性腹膜炎病毒（feline infectious peritonitis virus,FIPV）,以FIPV N基因为靶序列设计合成特异性引物及TaqMan探针,建立了一种FIPV实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏度和重复性进行了试验。结果表明：该方法灵敏度高,最低检测限为3.4 copies/μL;特异性强,与狂犬病毒、猫疱疹病毒、猫杯状病毒、猫细小病毒、犬流感病毒、犬瘟热病毒等均无交叉反应;重复性好,批内变异系数为0.99%~4.13%,批间变异系数为1.29%~4.64%。以上结果说明,本试验建立的实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法特异、敏感、重复性好,适用于FIPV的快速检测。     

感染传染性支气管炎病毒后雏鸡血液中一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮的动态观察

80只14日龄SPF鸡随机均分为实验组和对照组，实验组用鸡传染性支气管炎病毒M41株人工感染，感染后1、3、5、7、11、15天分别测定感染组及对照组血清中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和一氧化氮(NO)的含量，研究NO在鸡传染性支气管炎发病过程中的作用。结果表明：实验组血清NOS含量自攻毒后第3天上升，一直持续至鸡群恢复期，但与对照组无显著差异。实验组血清NO含量在攻毒后第3天也开始上升，攻毒后第5、7、11天血清NO含量显著高于对照组，此后血清中NO含量上升趋势有所减缓。提示NO可能参与调节了传染性支气管炎的发生发展过程。     

Susceptibility of Bovine Umbilical Cord Endothelial Cells to Bovine Herpesviruses and Pseudocowpox Virus

The purpose of the study was to determine the susceptibility of bovine umbilical cord endothelial (BUE) cells to bovine herpesvirus (BHV) 1, BHV2, BHV4 and BHV5, and to pseudocowpox virus. The detection limits and growth curves of these viruses in BUE cells were compared with those in Vero, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), or bovine fetal diploid lung (BFDL) cells. Detection limits were determined by inoculating cell cultures with serial 10-fold dilutions of these viruses, and growth curves by titration of virus, harvested at various times after infecting cells at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. The detection limits of BHV2 and BHV4 were lower in BUE cells than in Vero or MDBK cells, and cytopathic effects were observed earlier in BUE cells. In addition, BHV2 and BHV4 grew to higher titres in BUE cells than in Vero or MDBK cells. BUE cells appeared to be equally susceptible to BHV5, but less susceptible to BHV1.1 and BHV1.2 than MDBK cells. The study showed that BUE cells are highly susceptible to BHV2 and BHV4, and that the use of BUE cells can improve the laboratory diagnosis of these viruses. The use of BUE cells could also improve the isolation and growth of pseudocowpox virus.     

编码EIAV核输出因子蛋白Rev的cDNA克隆和序列测定

EIAV在繁殖过程中涉及到多种转录因子的调节，其中Rev蛋白是病毒编码的转录后调节因子，决定了病毒复制由早期到晚期的过渡，Rev是非结构蛋白，由病毒基因组全长转录产物经多次拼接而成。本研究使用EIAV疫苗毒感染驴巨噬细胞培养物，在病毒增殖早期提取总RNA，反转录后使用EIAV特异引物扩增病毒基因组拼接产物，将扩增产物克隆后经过核苷酸序列分析，通过与基因组全序列的比较，确定了编码Rev蛋白的病毒基因组转录产物的编码序列和拼接位点。     

编码EIAV反式激活蛋白Tat的cDNA克隆和序列测定

ＥＩＡＶ在繁殖过程中的转录涉及到多种因子的调节,其中ＴＡＴ蛋白是病毒编码的反式激活因子,是病毒复制必须成分。ＴＡＴ是非结构蛋白,由病毒基因组全长转录产物经多次拼接而成。本研究使用ＥＩＡＶ疫苗毒感染驴巨噬细胞培养物,在病毒增殖早期提取细胞总ＲＮＡ,反转录后使用中国ＥＩＡＶ毒株特异引物扩增病毒基因组拼接产物。将扩增产物克隆后经过核苷酸序列分析,和与基因组全序列的比较。确定了编码ＥＩＡＶ反式激活蛋白的转录产物及阅读框架及转录后拼接位点,研究发现至少有两种拼接产物编码ＴＡＴ。     

传染性喉气管炎病毒王岗株糖蛋白gB基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

将克隆到pUC119中的传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）糖蛋白gB基因，通过EcoRI位点克隆至杆状态病毒转移载体pVL1393中，构建成重组杆状病毒转移载体rpVLgB，将rpVLgB转移载体质粒与杆状态病毒DNA（Bac-N-Blue DNA)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞，经3轮蚀斑纯化，获得重组病毒并命名为rpVL－ILTVgB。PCR方法鉴定证明gB基因正确插入到杆状病毒基因组中，直接免疫荧光试验和Dot－ELISA结果均表明gB基因在重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9昆虫细胞保获得表达，表达的gB蛋白将作为鸡传染性喉气管炎的亚单位疫苗和诊断抗原。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒感染无特定病原体鸡后气管黏膜扫描电镜观察

80只14日龄SPF鸡随机均分为试验组和对照组,试验组用鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)M41株人工感染,感染后5 d和7 d分别进行试验组及对照组气管黏膜扫描电镜观察,研究IBV入侵门户气管黏膜在感染IBV后的超微病变特点。结果表明:感染IBV后,气管表面纤毛集结成束,有大量黏液附着,纤毛粘连。气管黏膜结构受损,局部气管黏膜上皮脱落,固有层裸露,大量炎性细胞渗出。随感染期的延长,症状有加剧趋势。研究结果为IBV的发病机理提供了形态学上的依据。     

雏鸡感染传染性支气管炎病毒后血清抗氧化酶活性的动态观察

传染性支气管炎(infectious bronchitis,IB)是由传染性支气管炎病毒(infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)引起的鸡的一种急性、高度接触性传染性疾病,主要侵害鸡的呼吸、泌尿生殖和消化系统.IB往往引起混合感染(如新城疫、慢性呼吸道病等),并可继发细菌性疾病,从而加重对鸡群的危害[1].