Use of Luprostiol and Cloprostenol for Induction of Parturition in Pregnant Goats

Pregnant goats were induced to parturition on day 145 of pregnancy, with three different protocols: group Cl (n = 19) was injected intramuscularly (IM) with 75 μg of the prostaglandin analogue R‐Cloprostenol; group L (n = 20) was treated IM with 7.5 mg of the prostaglandin analogue Luprostiol; group L₅₀ (n = 18) was injected IM with 3.75 mg of Luprostiol (IM); in addition, Group S (Control, n = 15) was injected IM with 1 ml of saline solution. Thereafter, goats were continuously observed to record the following parameters: parturition, dystocia incidence, placental delivery and kid and maternal survival. Moreover, blood sampling was performed around kidding and plasma progesterone concentrations were analyzed. The interval from injection to parturition (mean ± SEM) was not significantly different among the experimental groups: 35.1 ± 1.5 h, 33.3 ± 0.9 h and 34.1 ± 1.8 h (groups Cl, L and L₅₀, respectively). In the control group, time to parturition was 99.4 ± 12.1 h (range: 34–166 h). All the goats expelled the foetal membranes within the first 2 h after the induction. The incidence of dystocia due to foetal posture was not significantly different between induced and control goats (21.1%, 20.0%, 22.0% and 20%, for groups Cl, L, L₅₀ and S, respectively). The percentage of live kids was practically similar between induced goats (93.9%, 94.9% and 92.1%, for groups Cl, L and L₅₀, respectively); in addition, there was a case of maternal mortality in control group (6.7%; 1/15), whereas there was no mortality in induced goats (0%; 0/57). Plasma concentrations of progesterone showed an intense drop (<2 ng/ml) at 24 h after induction. This study confirms the effectiveness of the luprostiol to induce the parturition in goats, within a narrow range (30–40 h) in most of the induced females (80.0%, 7.5 mg; 77.8%, 3.75 mg).     

诱导妊娠母猪白天分娩及其机理的研究

用氯前列烯醇对妊娠后期母猪作一次性肌注，从注射前至分娩开始，以１２小时为间隔采血，然后用放射免疫法分析血样，发现注射前血浆孕酮含量较高（１５．９５ｎｇ／ｍｌ），以后逐渐显著下降，分娩时降低到最低（５．３９ｎｇ／ｍｌ）。这说明外源性氯前列烯醇对母猪分娩前妊娠黄体有溶解作用，可导致母猪分娩提前发动。实验发现，在妊娠期１１０天、１１１天和１１２天处理母猪的白天分娩率分３１１为９０％（１８／２０）、８８．２４％（１５／１７）和７５％（１２／１６）；不同处理剂量（０．０５ｍｇ。０．１ｍｇ、０．２ｍｇ）的白天分娩率分别为８６．９６％（２０／２３）、８７．５％（１４／１６）和７８．５７％（１１／１４）；实验组的平均白天分娩率（８４．９１％，４５／５３）显著高于对照组（４５．６５％，２１／４６）；处理至分娩间隔时间平均为２４小时２４分钟。     

Induction of Parturition with Aglepristone in Various Sized Bitches of Different Breeds.

The objective of this study was to confirm in various breeds of dogs the efficacy and safety of a parturition induction treatment described to be successful in Beagle dogs. Parturition was induced in seven various sized pregnant bitches of different breeds, with 15 mg aglepristone per kg at day 59–61 post-estimated ovulation day, followed 24 h later by 0.15 IU oxytocin per kg subcutaneous injections every 2 h. Two bitches were small-sized bitches (<10 kg), three bitches were large-sized bitches (30–40 kg) and two bitches were giant bitches (>40 kg). The results were compared to a control group (n = 6), in which bitches underwent a natural delivery in the same environmental conditions as the induced group. In the induced group, parturition was successfully induced in 7/7 bitches. The first pup in a litter was born on average 25.9 ± 3.29 h after aglepristone administration (21–30 h). Two of seven bitches from the small-sized group delivered some of their pups before the first administration of oxytocin. The mean duration of parturition was 9.6 ± 5.4 h vs 8.0 ± 4.8 h in the control group. The mean interval between two successive pups being delivered was 115.6 ± 82.8 min (34–265) vs 68.8 ± 24.5 min in the control group (p < 0.03). The mean weight at parturition did not differ significantly between the two groups. One litter of four Yorkshire Terrier pups in the induced group were premature at the time of birth and died between 19 and 29 h post-delivery. This study, although on a very limited number of dogs, confirms the efficacy of the aglepristone/oxytocin protocol to induce parturition in dogs.     

Altrenogest Treatment Associated with a Farrowing Induction Protocol to Avoid Early Parturition in Sows

This study investigated the effect of altrenogest treatment on the farrowing development of sows, and birth weight (BW) and piglet survival until the third day of life. Three control groups were used: (i) sows that farrowed spontaneously before 114 day of gestation (CONT <114); (ii) sows that spontaneously farrowed at ≥114 day of gestation (CONT ≥114); (iii) sows that farrowed at ≥114 day with cloprostenol treatment (CONTCLOPR). Other sows were treated with altrenogest (Regumate^®) for 3 days (days 111, 112 and 113 of gestation): one group gave birth spontaneously (ALT) and the other group received altrenogest until day 113 and cloprostenol on day 114 (ALTCLOPR). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in farrowing duration, BW, coefficient of variation (CV) of BW, stillborn piglets, mummified foetuses, percentage of light piglets and survival until Day 3 between sows with and without cloprostenol treatment, in both control (CONT ≥114 vs CONTCLOPR) and altrenogest‐treated sows (ALT vs ALTCLOPR). Further comparisons were performed taking into account three groups: sows with early delivery (CONT <114 – farrowing before 114 days of gestation; n = 56), sows with longer gestation (CONT ≥114 – with and without cloprostenol treatment sows; n = 103) and ALT sows (with and without cloprostenol treatment; n = 105). Gestation length of CONT ≥114 and ALT sows was similar (p > 0.05), but higher than in CONT <114 sows. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between groups in farrowing duration, CV of BW, and percentages of stillborn piglets and mummified foetuses. Sows of CONT <114 group had a larger litter size and a lower BW than sows of the other two groups (p < 0.05). Sows of CONT <114 group had a higher percentage of lighter piglets and a lower piglet survival rate (p < 0.05) than ALT sows. In conclusion, altrenogest treatment proved to be an efficient method to avoid early parturition in 3–5 parity sows resulting in heavier piglets at birth.     

Induction of Parturition in the Cow using Cloprostenol and Dexamethasone in Combination

Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that induction of parturition in the cow would be more predictable with the simultaneous use of a combination of cloprostenol and dexamethasone than with either hormone used alone.

In experiment I all 19 beef cows treated with 500 μg cloprostenol and 25 mg dexamethasone in combination calved within 72 hours whereas dexamethasone (n = 19) or cloprostenol (n = 16) treatments alone each resulted in two induction failures. In those cows successfully induced, the mean interval from treatment to birth was 34.6 ± 1.4 hours for the cloprostenol plus dexamethasone group, 43.3 ± 2.4 hours for the dexamethasone group and 44.9 ± 2.1 hours for the cloprostenol group. Control cows (n = 15) did not calve during the first 72 hours after treatment with saline. The incidence of retained placenta ranged from 19 to 53% in induced groups whereas placentae were not retained by cows in the control group.

In experiment II all 30 beef cows in the cloprostenol plus dexamethasone group calved within the 72 hour limit, with a mean interval of 39.1 ± 1.0 hours. Twenty-six of 31 cows calved within 72 hours with a mean interval of 51.9 ± 3.4 hours after a single injection of cloprostenol and 29 of 33 cows calved within 72 hours with a mean interval of 52.6 ± 3.3 hours after two injections of cloprostenol, 12 hours apart. Five of 34 control cows calved within 72 hours of time of treatment. The incidence of retained placenta was again high in induced cows. Results indicate that the simultaneous administration of cloprostenol and dexamethasone does constitute a safe, reliable and effective method of inducing parturition in the cow.

     

Induction of Parturition with Daily Low-dose Oxytocin Injections in Pregnant Mares at Term: Clinical Applications and Limitations

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical applications and limitations of daily low-dose oxytocin injections for the induction of parturition in pregnant at term mares, the attention was focussed on the efficacy of the treatment and on its possible negative effects on mare and foal. Three-hundred and fifty pregnant full term Standardbred mares were used: 176 were allowed to foal spontaneously, 174 were treated daily with 3.5 IU of oxytocin i.m. when mammary secretion showed a calcium concentration ≥ 200 ppm. For each mare, gestational length, outcome and duration of foaling, placenta expulsion time were recorded. Physical and behavioural characteristics of each foal were also recorded. Administration of oxytocin resulted in the delivery of a normal foal within 120 min in 68.9% of treated mares: 51.3% responded to the first oxytocin administration, 14.2% to the second and 3.4% to the third. No significant difference between treated and control mares was observed in the gestational length (340 ± 8 days vs 337 ± 7 days), duration of foaling (10 ± 5.6 min vs 11 ± 4.9 min), incidence of dystocia (1.4% vs 1.7%) and failure of rupture of the allantochorion (0% vs 0.6%). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of placental retention between treated and control groups (8.1% vs 6.3%). Physical and behavioural characteristics were normal in foals of both groups. In conclusion, daily injections of low doses of oxytocin in at term mares showed only moderate efficacy for inducing parturition. However, the easy applicability and the complete safety for both mare and foal, of this method of foaling induction makes it a useful tool to simplify the management of mares in commercial stud farms.     

D-氯前列烯醇诱导母猪同期分娩的试验

本试验用德国长白与德国汉普夏杂种母猪进行诱导分娩试验。 87头青年母猪和 2 0 7头经产母猪妊娠至1 1 3d随机分成 3组 :第 1组为D 氯前列烯醇组 ,每头母猪肌注 75 μgD 氯前列烯醇 ;第 2组为氯前列烯醇组 ,每头母猪肌注 1 75 μg氯前列烯醇 ;第 3组为对照组 ,每头母猪肌注 2mL生理盐水。结果D 氯前列烯醇和氯前列烯醇组处理至分娩开始的间隔明显短于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 )。氯前列烯醇组的处理至分娩的间隔比D 氯前列烯醇组短约2h ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。对照组的产程明显比诱导分娩组的长 (P <0 .0 5 )。D 氯前列烯醇和氯前列烯醇组的死胎率比对照组低 (分别为 4 .0 %,4 .7%和 5 .5 %) ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。结果表明 :D 氯前列烯醇和氯前列烯醇一样 ,能用来诱导母猪同期分娩 ,并能缩短母猪产程 ,降低死胎率。诱导分娩对仔猪的成活率没有影响     

氯前列烯醇诱导母猪同期分娩的试验

临产英系大白母猪66头,随机分为两组,试验组36头,用氯前列烯醇诱导母猪分娩;对照组30头,自然分娩。结果试验组在用药后24.08±9.18h(小时)开始分娩,白天分娩比例,平均妊娠期、胎衣排出时间间隔分别为80.56%、114.47±0.70d、24.92±31.99min。对照组分别为53.33%、115.27±1.70d、41.97±42.68min,差异均达到显著水平;而在产程、产仔间隔、初生窝重、活仔均重、产仔数、死胎数、弱仔数、木乃伊数及活仔数等方面,两组间差异不显著。试验结果表明,应用氯前列烯醇诱导可使母猪分娩高度同期化,对新生仔猪无不良影响,经济效益显著。     

氯前列烯醇注射液诱导大约克母猪分娩临床试验

应用不同剂量氯前列烯醇对100头妊娠112-113d的健康大约克母猪进行分娩控制试验，结果表明；耳后肌注0.05，0.1和0.2mg氯前列烯醇可分别使90％、95％和90％的母猪在用药后16-28h内分娩，用药后各母猪的产程明显缩短。试验还对母猪用药后的生产性能进行了测定，结果显示该药的使用对母猪的生产性能没有明显的影响。     

Initiation of Parturition in Dairy Cows with a Synthetic Corticosteroid

Inhalt: Durch die parenterale Verabreichung von 2.0, 5.0 oder 10.0 mg Flumethason (6α-9α-Difluoro-16α methylprednisolon) konnte bei Kühen in den letzten 2 Wochen der Gravidität die Geburt ausgelöst werden. Von 26 zwischen dem 268. und 270. Tag der Trächtigkeit behandelten Tieren kamen 23 innerhalb von 38 bis 62 Std. nach der Medikation zur Geburt. In 19 Fallen trat eine Retentio secundinarum ein. 3 Tiere, bei denen die Wirkung nach 72 Std. noch ausgeblieben war, hatten nur 2,5 mg Flumethason erhalten. In dieser Phase der Trächtigkeit beendete die Injektion von 5 mg Flumethason die Graviditdt. Der Unterschied der Trächtigkeitsdauer zwischen behandelten und unbehandelten Tieren ist signifikant (P < 0,001). Weniger sicker war die Wirkung von oral verabreichtem Flumethason (5 und 10 mg), da nur 7 von 11 Tieren mit einer Spontangeburt reagierten. Die tägliche orale Applikation von 10 mg Chlormadinonacetat, beginnend am 268. Tag der Gravidität and die Injektion von 5 mg Flumethason am 270. Tag bewirkte eine Geburtseinleitung bei 6 von 8 Tieren; doch kam es auch hier zur Nachgeburtsverhaltung.     

诱导发情对绒山羊非繁殖季节产羔和血清指标的影响

为研究中草药集中催情和孕马血清促性腺激素（PMSG）外源诱导对非繁殖季节内蒙古绒山羊产羔和血清指标的影响,选取体重相近的内蒙古绒山羊272只,分为中草药试验Ⅰ组（112只）、激素试验Ⅱ组（100只）和对照组（60只）,试验Ⅰ组饲喂中草药,每次50 g/只,发情前7 d开始饲喂,每2 d饲喂1次,共3次;试验Ⅱ组海绵栓+PMSG 250 IU/只;对照组正常饲养。在试验结束后第2天早饲前各组选择5只羊颈静脉采血,测定并分析血清中生理生化指标及生殖激素含量的变化。结果显示,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组绒山羊的发情率、产羔率和双羔率极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅱ组的产羔率和双羔率极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,发情率显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅱ组绒山羊血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、尿素氮（UREA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组和对照组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅰ组绒山羊丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著高于试验Ⅱ组和对照组（P<0.05）;试验Ⅱ组血清促卵泡素（FSH）、雌二醇（E₂）和促黄体素（LH）含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,孕酮（P₄）、睾酮（T）在三组之间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅰ组生殖激素指标与对照组差异均不显著（P>0.05）。对激素和抗氧化酶的相关性分析显示,试验Ⅰ组绒山羊血清P₄含量与GSH-Px含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,其相关系数为-0.594,试验Ⅱ组绒山羊血清LH含量与GSH-Px含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数为0.757。本研究结果表明,中草药和激素处理均可极显著促进内蒙古绒山羊在非繁殖季节集中发情,并提高产羔率。激素处理可提高非繁殖季节内蒙古绒山羊对蛋白质的消化利用程度和抗氧化功能,中草药处理可提高血清SOD活性;分析认为GSH-Px与P₄之间存在显著颉颃作用,GSH-Px与LH之间存在极显著协同作用。     

氯前列烯醇诱导母猪同步分娩的效果

选择 2～ 4胎龄施格母猪 1 32头 ,分为 2组。对照组 ( 6 5头 )不做任何处理 ,试验组 ( 6 7头 )又分妊娠 1 1 2d组 ( 34头 )、1 1 3d组 ( 33头 )。用氯前列烯醇 ( 0 .1 g/L)分 0 .5m L/头、1 m L/头 2个剂量组分别处理上述各试验组母猪 ,观察母猪的分娩情况。结果 ,处理至分娩开始的间隔 ,1 1 2 d组为 2 8.72 h,1 1 3d组为 2 3.34 h,2组差异极显著 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;分娩产程 ,1 1 2 d组为 3.0 8h比对照组长 4 .2 min,1 1 3d组为 2 .31 h比对照组短4 2 min,无显著性差异 ( P>0 .0 5) ;而白天分娩率经χ2 检验有显著性差异 ,1 1 2 d、1 1 3d组分别有 6 1 .76 %和78.78%的母猪在白天分娩 ,而对照组仅为 4 6 .1 5% ( P<0 .0 5)。1 1 2 d组、1 1 3d组母猪的生产成绩 ,死胎率分别为 2 .2 7%和 2 .0 8%比对照组低 1 .82 %、2 .0 1 % ( P<0 .0 5) ;初生窝重分别为 1 1 .56、1 0 .55kg,分别比对照组高 0 .0 8kg和低 0 .0 7kg( P>0 .0 5) ;2 0日龄窝重 ,1 1 2 d组平均为 33.56 kg比对照组低 1 .9kg,1 1 3d组为2 9.30 kg比对照组高 1 .77kg( P>0 .0 5) ;断奶个体重 ,1 1 2 d组平均为 8.1 4 kg比对照组低 0 .2 7kg,1 1 3d组平均为 9.2 7kg比对照组高 0 .85kg( P>0 .0 5)。结果表明 ,氯前列烯醇能有效控制母猪分娩时间集     

波尔山羊杂交改良本地山羊的效果观察

缙云县地处浙南山区 ,可利用牧草总产量约 1 0亿 kg,为全县粮食以及青粗饲料总和的 1 .4 1倍 ,可饲养食草动物 1 0万牛单位。发展山羊历来是缙云山区农民的家庭副业之一。近年来 ,随着农业产业结构的调整 ,全县山羊年饲养量在 1 0 0头以上规模的场户有50多户 ,初步形成了产业化     

Mucometra with Persistent Corpus Luteum in Goats

Ovaries of two goats with persistent corpus luteum were studied by histochemical methods. Lutein cells showed moderate alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activity associated with strong delta 5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and succinic tetrazolium reductase activity. The results are interpreted as an indication that the corpus luteum was functioning.     

在夏季应用氯前列烯醇诱导流产山羊发情的研究

选择2～5岁繁殖正常、体况中等的黄淮山羊空怀母羊10只为对照组,妊娠60 d母羊4只注射己烯雌酚流产后3～5 d为试验组,应用氯前列烯醇诱导发情。结果表明,试验组羊雌二醇、孕酮1～9d均呈上升趋势;9d雌二醇与1d比较呈显著性差异(P<0.05);而4d孕酮高于1d和14d,呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。在整个试验期,试验组孕酮含量均低于对照组(P>0.05)。PGc二次处理试验组96 h内发情率50％,均为异常发情。综合分析认为,夏季母羊流产后12～14d卵巢出现产后首次卵泡波,流产早期不适合诱导发情。     

The Prediction of Parturition Date in Canine Pregnancy

In bitches, the length of gestation is highly variable when measured from the day of mating, thus prediction of parturition may be greatly inaccurate when determined from this point. The ability to precisely predict the duration of pregnancy is of practical importance for managing parturition or planning caesarean section and this review analyses the methods that can be used to accurately forecast the day of parturition. At the time of breeding, determination of the luteinizing hormone surge and the initial rise in progesterone provide reliable information on gestational length of the bitch, but when pregnancy is ascertained, ultrasonography is the most useful tool to predict the delivery day. In fact, by ultrasonographic measurements of the extra-foetal and foetal structures an accurate prediction can be made both in early and late pregnancy.