Diagnosis and medical treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats

A review of otitis externa in dogs and cats is presented. Aetiology, includes primary causes: ectoparasitoses, allergic diseases, endocrine disorders, pyodermas, trauma and irritation, contact dermatitis, auto-immune skin diseases, drug eruption, keratoseborrhoeic skin disease, tumours and pseudoneoplastic lesions, as well as secondary causes: bacteria and yeasts. Clinical aspects are variable but a practical classification distinguishes two forms: erythematoceruminous otitis externa and suppurative otitis externa. Diagnosis is made in five steps which are clinical examination, direct examination of cerumen (erythematoceruminous otitis externa) or bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (suppurative otitis externa), direct impression smears, cleaning and otoscopy, and diagnosis of underlying skin disease. Medical therapy includes cleaning of the external ear canal and local therapy (acaricides, antifungal agents, antibiotics, corticosteroids, other topical agents, the appropriate selection of an optic preparation being essential). Treatment of underlying skin disease is always necessary. Otitis externa is in fact a dermatological disease complex (like pododermatitis). Although local secondary infections (bacterial and fungal) must be managed in every case, there are grounds for including otitis externa in a larger frame.     

Evaluation of a cuprimyxin-hydrocortisone acetate suspension in the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats.

The therapeutic efficacy of a 0.5% cuprimyxin plus 1% hydrocortisone acetate-water-base suspension was evaluated in 130 clinical cases of otitis externa in dogs and cats in various geographic areas of the United States. The otic microbial flora was studied before treatment in 125 (96%) of the dogs and cats, with multiple isolates recovered from mated from 70%, yeasts from 65%, and fungi from 5% of the animals. Evens though multiple drug reistance was frequently observed in the bacterial flora, all bacteria and yeast isolates were sensitive to cuprimyxin. Of the 130 treated animals, a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) favorable response was obtained in 84,6% and no response in 13;1%; in2.3%, the condition became worse. An adverse reaction (pain at the time of first application) was observed in 1 (0.8%) animal.     

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in cats and dogs.

This article describes the clinical presentation of diabetes mellitus in cats and dogs, including the types of diabetes, signalment, history, physical examination findings, and laboratory diagnosis. Newer diagnostic tests such as serum fructosamine concentrations and arginine response rate are also briefly discussed.     

Bulla curettage for chronic otitis media and interna in dogs.

In a series of 10 clinically affected and 6 clinically normal dogs, the technique of bulla curettage via the external ear canal, after lateral ear resection, was evaluated. In 5 of the 10 dogs with chronic otitis media and interna, the head carriage became normal 2 to 8 weeks after surgery and remained so for at least 18 months; 4 other dogs improved, but the improvement was either temporary or incomplete. In the clinically normal dogs, postsurgical complications were minimal; the tympanic membrane healed completely in 4 of the 6 dogs.     

Diagnosis and management of compulsive disorders in dogs and cats.

This article discusses the presenting signs, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of compulsive disorder. Problems with the diagnosis and heterogeneity of the condition are discussed. Likely causes, development, and pathophysiology of the condition form the basis for the clinical approach to the treatment of the condition. Treatment includes environmental and management changes, behavioral modification, and drugs.     

犬猫食物性有机氟化物中毒的诊治

近年来，犬猫有机氟化物中毒较多，原临床治疗多以对症急救法：即先注射“阿托品”，解除平滑肌痉挛，抑制腺体分泌；再注射“解氟灵”，配合“胃复安”或“艾茂尔”缓解呕吐。此治疗办法往往使病情恢复很慢。笔者近年来，在宠物门诊治疗工作中，通过对犬猫中毒原因的全面分析，和对各种相对药物治疗原理的探讨后，采用“解氟灵”配合“樟脑磺酸钠”治疗犬猫氟化物中毒症，均取得见效快，无后遗症的效果。     

Pull-through technique for vertical canal ablation for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats

An alternative technique to ablate the vertical segment of the external auditory meatus, applicable to dogs and cats, is described. The results of this surgery in 11 dogs and one cat are compared with those in seven dogs using the traditional ablation procedure.     

Diagnosis of rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats

Rickettsial agents, including those in the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Rickettsia, are important and common vector‐borne pathogens of dogs and cats. Disease induced by these organisms ranges from clinically inapparent to severe and potentially fatal. However, laboratory confirmation of a rickettsial etiology can be complicated by a number of factors, including the wide spectrum of disease induced by these organisms, an often low and widely fluctuating level of organism present in infected animals, cross‐reactions on serologic and molecular assays, and the presence of co‐infections. Correct diagnosis is most likely to be reached when multiple diagnostic strategies, including careful microscopic examination of stained blood films or tissues, both specific and broad serologic tests, and a suite of molecular detection assays, are used in concert. Accurate interpretation of diagnostic tests requires awareness of the likelihood for multiple agents, including novel organisms, to be responsible for the results seen in a given patient. This review provides an overview of current strategies used to diagnose rickettsial infections in dogs and cats.     

复方氟康唑乳膏对犬猫外耳炎的临床药效试验

旨在评价复方氟康唑乳膏对犬猫外耳炎的临床治疗效果。试验选择179只有外耳炎症状的犬猫,以4滴/耳的剂量,每日1次,连续给药14 d。根据动物搔抓耳部、摇头甩耳、耳道内渗出物、耳道表皮增生和耳部是否有压痛感等临床症状和实验室检查进行评估,判断犬猫治疗情况。结果显示,用药治疗后患病犬猫瘙痒、甩头、异味等症状逐渐改善,连续用药14 d后,患病犬猫耳道病原转阴率为96.6%。结果表明,复方氟康唑乳膏对真菌、细菌引起的犬猫外耳道感染治疗效果显著。     

Diagnosis and treatment of acquired diaphragmatic hernia by thoracotomy in 49 dogs and 72 cats

Diaphragmatic hernia frequently occurs as a consequence of traffic accidents. The 'pendulating' or 'inspiratory abdominal' respiration and the sinistro- or dextrocardia are often diagnostic. Palpation of the apex beat proved to be reliable way of determining whether median, left- or right-sided thoracotomy was indicated. In this paper the results of surgical treatment of 49 dogs and 72 cats by means of a thoracic approach are presented. In 46 dogs full recovery was achieved, three animals died. From the 72 cats 10 patients died and 62 recovered. Based upon the comparison of these figures and reports from the literature using the abdominal approach, we consider thoracotomy superior to the abdominal approach for this type of patient.     

Medical therapy of otitis externa and otitis media.

Medical regimens for the successful treatment of infectious otitis may vary widely depending on the degree of pathologic changes of the external ear canals, the status of the tympanic membranes, and the specific microorganisms involved. Chronic otitis media is especially problematic, because impaction of the bullae can be difficult to resolve and these cases often involve antibiotic-resistant bacterial organisms. In fact, the continuing emergence of resistant Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus spp will ensure that the medical therapy of otitis remains a dynamic art for the foreseeable future. This article considers the specific antimicrobial agents available for otic use, their potential toxicities, and guidelines for their use.     

The bacteriological and clinical assessment of a new preparation for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats

The efficacy of a preparation (Oterna—Glaxo Laboratories Ltd) for use in the treatment of otitis externa in small animals has been assessed bacteriologically. The aetiology of the disease was studied in 133 ears of cats and dogs; normal ears were examined by comparison. Pityrosporum canis and staphylococci were the organisms most commonly isolated; their incidence was much higher in clinically affected ears than in normal ears. Gram-negative organisms were found only in diseased ears. Seventy-three clinical cases of otitis in dogs and cats were treated with a preparation containing neomycin, monosulfiram and betamethasone. Bacteriological and clinical evaluations were made before and after treatment and the organisms isolated were tested for sensitivity to the antimicrobial constituents of the preparation. There was a 92 % correlation between the bacteriological and clinical results. A ‘good’ or ‘very good’ bacteriological response was recorded for 71% of the ears treated. Résumé. On a évalué bactériologiquement l'efficacité d'une préparation (Oterna—Glaxo Laboratories Ltd) pour l'usage dans le traitement de l'otite externe de petits animaux. L'étiologie de la maladie a été étudiée dans 133 oreilles de chats et chiens; des oreilles normales ont été examinées pour comparaison. Le Pityrosporum canis et des staphylocoques ont été les microorganismes le plus souvent isolés; leur incidence était beaucoup plus élevée dans les oreilles affectées cliniquement que dans les oreilles normales. Des micro-organisms Gram-négatifs ont été seulement trouvés dans les oreilles malades. Soixante-treize cas cliniques d'otite chez les chats et les chiens ont été traités avec une préparation contenant de la néomycine, du monosulfiram et du bétaméthazone. Les évaluations bactériologique et clinique ont été faites avant et après le traitement et les micro-organismes isolés ont été vérifiés pour la sensibilité aux constituants antimicrobiens de la préparation. Il y avait une corrélation de 92% entre les résultats bactériologiques et cliniques. On a enregistré une réaction bactériologique ‘bonne’ ou ‘très bonne’ dans 71% des oreilles traitées. Zusammenfassung. Die Wirksamkeit eines Präparats (Oterna—Glaxo Laboratories Ltd) für die Behandlung von äußerer Otitis bei kleinen Tieren ist bakteriologisch bestimmt worden. Die Ursachenforschung dieser Krankheit wurde an 133 Ohren von Katzen und Hunden durch-geführt. Zum Vergleich wurden normale Ohren untersucht. Pityrosporum canis und Staphylokokken waren die am häufigsten abgesonderten Lebewesen. Ihr Vorkommen war bei klinisch betroffenen Ohren viel größer als bei normalen Ohren. Gram-negative Lebewesen wurden nur in kranken Ohren vorgefunden. Dreiundsiebenzig klinische Fälle von Otitis bei Hunden und Katzen wurden mit einem Präparat behandelt, das Neomycin, Monosulfiram und Betamethasone enthielt. Bakteriologische und klinische Bewertungen wurden vor und nach Behandlung durchgeführt, und die abgesonderten Lebewesen wurden auf Empfindlichkeit gegen mikrobenbetreffende Bestandteile des Präparates geprüft. Zwischen den bakteriologischen und klinischen Ergebnissen bestand eine 92 prozentige Wechselbeziehung. Eine “gute” oder “sehr gute” bakteriologische Reaktion wurde an 71% der behandelten Ohren festgestellt.