黄土高原地区农田水氮效应

通过在永寿和杨凌的田间试验,研究了黄土高原地区农田的水氮效应。结果表明,模拟试验得到的水肥效应结果与实际情况相差较大。田间试验研究表明,肥料的增产作用大于灌水;在现有的水资源条件下,提高氮肥供应水平是黄土高原地区大部分农田作物增产的主要途径。加强夏闲期降水的蓄积、提高土壤底墒是冬麦区作物高产的重要条件;作物生育期间的灌水关键期与土壤底墒、作物生育期降水量和降水的时间分布等因素有关。在现有的水肥条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米有较大的增产潜力。     

太行山前平原高产农区土壤水分特征及农田节水潜力

根据连续4年对非耕地和田间土壤水分的测定，分析了太行山前平原高产农区土壤水分的变化规律，并根据该区主要作物冬小麦和夏玉米的需水规律，提出了农田节水潜力的两个方面。     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的河套灌区典型夹砂层耕地水分利用分析

为研究夹砂层耕地水分利用规律,以河套灌区典型夹砂层土壤耕地为研究对象,利用在春玉米生育期田间监测数据,应用土壤水分运动数值模型,探究对夹砂层土壤田间蒸散发、作物耗水及深层土壤水分的补给与深层渗漏规律。选择2种土壤的夹砂层埋深梯度S1（40～95 cm）、S2（60～110 cm）,设置了3个灌水水平W1（252.5 mm）、W2（315.85 mm）、W3（378.75 mm）开展田间试验,同不含夹砂层处理B作对照,并应用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟春玉米生育期田间蒸散发,土壤水分深层渗漏及地下水补给耕层水量与根系吸水量,与不含夹砂层处理对比分析夹砂层对田间水分利用影响。结果表明：随着砂层埋深增加,棵间蒸发损失减小,叶面蒸腾水量增加;不含夹砂层处理玉米田间毛管向上补给水量较浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别大57.01%、118.53%,灌水量为315.85 mm时含夹砂层处理的土壤水分深层渗漏最小;玉米生育期内根系吸水量随砂层埋深的增加而减少,不含夹砂层处理根系吸水量最大。浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别为蒸散量的55.51%、61.31%,不含夹砂层处理为66.69%;暂时性亏缺水量从大到小依次为：S2、S1、B,水分从大到小依次为：B、S2、S1。综合考虑夹砂层土壤水分迁移、作物水分利用规律,建议在夹砂层耕地春玉米灌溉根据砂层分布因地制宜定灌溉制度,当夹砂层埋深在40～110 cm范围时,推荐春玉米在生育期灌溉定额为315.85 mm。该研究结果可为河套灌区含有夹砂层农田灌溉制度的制定提供理论指导。     

Tillage, mulch and irrigation effects on corn (Zea mays L.) in relation to evaporative demand

The effects of deep tillage, straw mulching, and irrigation on corn (Zea mays L.) yield on a loamy sand (mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Ustipsamment) were studied for early (high evaporativity) and normally sown (relatively low evaporativity) crop for 3 years in a semi-arid sub-tropical monsoon region at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Treatments included all combinations of two tillage systems (conventional tillage — harrowing the soil to a 10-cm depth; deep tillage — chiselling 40 cm deep, 35–40 cm apart), two irrigation regimes (75 mm irrigation when net open pan evaporation accumulated to 75 mm or 50 mm), and two straw mulch rates (0 and 6 Mg ha⁻¹).

Deep tillage significantly reduced soil strength (cone index) and caused deeper and denser rooting than conventional tillage, more so in the dry season and with the infrequent irrigation regime than in the wet season and frequent irrigation regime. Mulch also improved rooting by influencing the hydrothermal regime of the soil. Better rooting with deep tillage and/or mulch helped the crop to extract stored soil water more efficiently, which was reflected in a favourable plant water status (indicated by canopy temperature). Averaged across years, irrigation, and mulch, deep tillage increased grain yield by 1.6 Mg ha⁻¹ for the early season and 0.5 Mg ha⁻¹ for the normal season crop over the yield of 2.0 Mg ha⁻¹ achieved with conventional tillage regardless of season. Yield increase with mulching was also greater for the early season crop. Crop response to deep tillage and mulching was generally linked to the interplay between water supply (rain + irrigation) and demand (seasonal evaporativity) during the growing season. Increasing irrigation frequency increased crop yield when evaporativity exceeded rainfall early in the growing season. The results show that higher corn yields on coarse-textured soils in these regions may be achieved by advancing the seeding time and by using a proper combination of deep tillage, mulch, and irrigation.     

鲁北地区地膜覆盖对棉花需水量、作物系数及水分利用效率的影响

作物系数和需水量是制定作物灌溉制度和计算区域水资源平衡的重要参数,不同气候和不同栽培条件下作物系数和需水量会发生变化。本文通过大田试验,以水量平衡法计算作物需水量、以Penman-Monteith公式计算参照作物蒸散量和作物系数。结果表明,鲁北地区棉花地膜覆盖栽培比露地栽培生育期内作物需水量减少101.5mm,作物系数降低17.6%,水分利用效率增加29.3%。     

Agricultural improvement of cultivated organic soils II. Effects of liming and deep cultivation on soil properties and root development

Abstract. The effect of liming and deep cultivation on soil properties and root development was investigated in two cultivated shallow fen peats resting on acid gyttja (lake mud) soils. Root growth was in general dependent on soil pH and aluminium content of the soil. A soil pH (H₂O) below 5 adversely affected roots and a pH below 4 severely restricted root growth. Liming of the topsoil or the subsoil and to some extent deep cultivation improved root growth. Increased rooting depth made it possible for plants to utilize soil water to a greater depth in the profile and to support a larger crop yield.     

“痕量灌溉”理论支撑与技术特点的质疑

有文献认为痕量灌溉基于毛细管原理和膜过滤技术,实现了"自适应"灌溉,并解决了灌水器堵塞问题。该文基于现有理论、试验资料及微灌实践,对痕量灌溉原理及特点进行了讨论,表明痕量灌溉所述原理及其实现"自适应"灌溉、解决了灌水器堵塞的论述,其理论支撑和技术本身存在诸多问题,缺少依据论证和检验。     

Okra Crop Response Under Subsurface Drip and Conventional Furrow Irrigation with Varying N Fertilization

ABSTRACT

There is a growing concern about excessive use of nitrogen (N) and water in agricultural system with unscientific management in Indian and developing countries of the world. Field experiments were conducted on the lateritic sandy loam soils of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, during spring–summer (February-June) seasons for three years (2015–2017) to evaluate okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying amount of nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments had three levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (i.e., 20%, 35%, and 50%) under subsurface drip system. There was no soil water depletion under conventional furrow irrigation system. There were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatments (i.e., 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha^?1). This was supplied using urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The yield response of okra crop under subsurface drip was found to be 56.4% higher than that of the furrow irrigation treatment. Best yield response and maximum water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were recorded under 20% soil water depletion with 100 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertigation. Among the various soil moisture depletions, subsurface drip at 20% soil water depletion treatment responded least quantity of water lost through deep drainage and nitrogen loss beyond the root zone as compared to other irrigation treatments. The water loss through subsurface drainage was observed as 33.11 mm lesser under subsurface drip as compared to that of the furrow irrigation, and this may due to low-volume and frequent irrigation water application with subsurface drip. Hence, irrigation through subsurface drip should be used for improving water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of okra crop cultivation.     

非充分灌溉条件下农田水分转化SWAP模拟

非充分灌溉改变了农田水分转化过程,以往的研究较少讨论作物根系层以下的土壤水分转化动态及其对作物耗水的影响。该文在北京市典型农田开展了冬小麦-夏玉米非充分灌溉试验,在对SWAP模型率定与验证基础上,模拟分析了非充分灌溉农田耗水规律与水分转化过程,并应用模型得到了研究区不同降水年型的最优非充分灌溉模式。结果表明:非充分灌溉的实施促使作物消耗大量土壤贮水,当降雨或灌溉量较小时,土壤水可占作物耗水量的46.1%;根区和储水区之间土壤水分交换明显,转化通量变化范围为-2.67～0.45mm/d,而储水区底部水分通量较小且无明显变化,根区土壤水分渗漏出现在灌溉或较大的降雨之后,储水区水分向上补给主要发生在作物需水关键期;与常规灌溉相比,最优非充分灌溉模式在丰水年、平水年和枯水年分别节水375、225和225mm,储水区底部深层水分渗漏量分别减少了89%、17%和2%。     

石灰及其后效对玉米吸收重金属影响的田间实例研究

通过田间试验方法,研究了在铅锌矿废水污染的土壤上施用石灰1 a后,继续施用石灰和石灰后效处理对后续第1、2季低累积玉米（Zea mays）的产量以及重金属Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量的影响,并分析了土壤pH、土壤DTPA提取态重金属含量和土壤重金属全量的变化。结果表明,连续施用石灰和石灰后效均显著提高玉米产量,其中连续施用石灰处理效果最佳,第1季籽粒产量是对照（无石灰）的6倍,第2季是对照的3.8倍。与对照相比,连续施用石灰处理显著降低了2季玉米籽粒Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,石灰后效只能降低第2季玉米茎叶Cd、Pb和Cu含量,而籽粒Cd、Pb含量与对照相比略有升高,说明石灰后效能维持一年半左右。对照处理土壤Cd和Zn全量显著低于石灰处理,可能是土壤中Cd和Zn随着雨水的淋洗向下层迁移造成的。施用石灰可防止Cd和Zn对地下水的污染。     

Optimization of irrigation management and environmental assessment using the water cycle algorithm

Obtaining high crop yields with limited water consumption requires optimal irrigation strategies based on comprehensive studies of the parameters of plant–environment interactions. Here, we used a structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the relationships among input irrigation factors and moderate factors to find an optimum water use efficiency (WUE) response factor, for outdoor and greenhouse cultivation of eggplant (Solanum melongena). The input irrigation factors (including irrigation interval, water salinity and environment) and the moderate factors (evapotranspiration, soil salinity, plant parameters, fruit parameters and crop yield) were used in water cycle algorithm (WCA) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods to optimize the water use efficiency. The optimization process included finding the best combination of irrigation factors and optimized eggplant cultivation. The structural equation modelling results indicate that irrigation interval negatively affected water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on plant parameters. Water salinity negatively affected the water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on soil salinity, crop yield and fruit parameters. Low salinity water was more effective than full irrigation to optimize the water use efficiency. The water cycle algorithm revealed that for outdoor cultivation, the optimal range of irrigation interval was 2–5 days and water salinity in the range of 0.8–2.2 ds/m. These factors optimized evapotranspiration (346.23–738.19 mm), soil salinity (4.16–9.45 ds/m), fruit parameters (33.81–35.12 cm) and crop yield (1715.7–2190.8 g/plant), as well as increasing the water use efficiency (3.08–4.89 g/(plant-mm)). Both the water cycle algorithm and genetic algorithm yielded very close to optimal values. Two years of repeated experiments and the closeness of the optimal values using the algorithms confirmed that the optimal amounts are reliable.     

Simulating the impact of irrigation management on the water and salt balance in drained marsh soils (Marismas, Spain)

Abstract. Using the simulation model MACRO, this paper investigates the likely consequences of reduced irrigation inputs on the water and salt balance and crop growth in a drained, saline clay in a Mediterranean climate (Marismas, SW Spain). The model was first successfully validated against field measurements of the soil water and chloride balance, water table depths and drain outflows in the 1989 growing season. Three-year simulations were then performed assuming two different irrigation applications (60 and 75% reductions from the 1989 amount) and two different frequencies (12 or 6 irrigations per growing season). The model predictions suggested that reduced irrigation may lead to up to a 15%) increase in the chloride content of the soil profile after 3 years. Also, despite overall reductions in water discharge, slight increases in chloride leaching via field drains ( c. 4 to 8%) were predicted. The model demonstrated that encroachment of salt into the soil profile may he exacerbated by the non-equilibrium nature of water flow and solute transport ('by-passing flow') in structured clays. With reduced water supply for irrigation, more frequent applications may give marginally better crop yields for the same quantity of irrigation but at the expense of slightly increasing salt concentration in the root zone.     

沙漠绿洲灌区膜下滴灌作物需水量及作物系数研究

根据 2001年甘肃民勤小坝口灌溉试验站自动气象站观测的气象资料，依据FAO Penman—Monteith公式计算出作物生育期内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量，结合实测的充分供水条件下作物耗水量，对膜下滴灌条件下大田作物的需水规律和作物系数进行了研究。确定了该地区膜下滴灌棉花和玉米各个生育阶段的作物系数，并建立了作物系数和有效积温及播种后天数的函数关系。该结果为该沙漠绿洲灌区膜下滴灌条件下棉花、玉米的水分管理提供了科学依据。     

利用作物水盐生产函数和土壤水盐动态模型制定咸水灌溉制度

Using a crop-water-salinity production function and a soil-water-salinity dynamic model, optimal irrigation scheduling was developed to maximize net return per irrigated area. Plot and field experiments were used to obtain the crop water sensitivity index, the salinity sensitivity index, and other parameters. Using data collected during 35 years to calculate the 10-day mean precipitation and evaporation, the variation in soil salinity concentrations and in the yields of winter wheat and cotton were simulated for 49 irrigation scheduling that were combined from 7 irrigation schemes over 3 irrigation dates and 7 salinity concentrations of saline irrigation water （fresh water and 6 levels of saline water）. Comparison of predicted results with irrigation data obtained from a large area of the field showed that the model was valid and reliable. Based on the analysis of the investment cost of the irrigation that employed deep tube wells or shallow tube wells, a saline water irrigation schedule and a corresponding strategy for groundwater development and utilization were proposed. For wheat or cotton, if the salinity concentration was higher than 7.0 g L^-1 in groundwater, irrigation was needed with only fresh water; if about 5.0 g L^-1, irrigation was required twice with fresh water and once with saline water; and if not higher than 3.0 g L^-1, irrigation could be solely with saline water.     

微咸水非充分灌溉对冬小麦生长发育及夏玉米产量的影响

为实现微咸水替代淡水, 缓解环渤海地区淡水资源紧缺的目的, 采用桶栽和大田试验相结合的方法,研究了不同矿化度咸水非充分灌溉对冬小麦产量、产量构成、生理指标及其后茬玉米产量的影响。桶栽试验表明, 小麦产量灌2 水>灌1 水>旱作, 产量差异主要由千粒重变化引起;两种灌水处理中灌水的矿化度对产量无明显影响。大田冬小麦试验设越冬后不灌水(A0), 越冬后拔节期灌淡水(A1)、2 g·L^-1 微咸水(A2)和4 g·L^-1 微咸水(A3)4 个处理。结果表明, 微咸水灌溉降低了小麦离体叶片的失水速率, 提高了小麦的比叶重;微咸水灌溉引起了小麦千粒重降低, 但对穗粒数和穗数无显著影响;不同处理小麦产量为A2>A3>A1>A0。微咸水灌溉增加了0~40 cm 土壤含盐量; 随着灌溉水矿化度的增加, 土壤含盐量呈增加趋势, 且主要增加了0~40 cm 土层的K⁺+Na⁺含量。虽然后茬玉米季未进行微咸水灌溉, 但土壤积累的盐分对玉米形成了减产效应, A2 和A3 处理的玉米产量比A1 分别降低11.8%和18.8%, A3 比A2 处理的玉米减产8.0%;全年产量为A2>A1>A3>A0。因此, 在冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植区, 利用2 g·L^-1 及以下的微咸水灌溉小麦, 对全年产量无显著影响。     

干旱区引水灌区灌溉退水计算方法

准确计算干旱地区灌区退(回归)水,对水资源高效利用具有重要意义。针对中国西北干旱地区大量引水灌区的特点,该研究结合退水单位线和"水桶模型"(根系层的水均衡模型)建立了灌溉退水计算模型,并将该模型应用于甘肃省景电灌区(黄河流域部分)的退水计算,结果表明:灌区退水量计算值与监测值拟合良好,模型率定期和验证期决定系数分别为0.82和0.71,模型可靠。2000年至2019年深层渗漏量和退水量的分析结果表明:年深层渗漏量与净灌溉和有效降雨的总量呈显著正相关,相关系数r=0.718(P0.01);月深层渗漏量受灌区作物生长期的影响显著,69.6%的深层渗漏在冬灌(10-11月)期间产生;年深层渗漏系数与年深层渗漏量呈显著正相关(r=0.944,P0.01);月深层渗漏系数在作物主要生长期(4-9月)小于0.4,非生长期(11月至次年2月)大于0.8;年退水量与年深层渗漏量呈显著正相关(r=0.716,P0.01);月退水量与月深层渗漏量相关性较差,原因是灌溉退水存在明显的滞后性;研究区退水单位线表明灌溉退水滞后峰值在2个月左右,但深层渗漏对退水的影响可达24个月左右。退水单位线的参数具有明确的物理意义且易于确定,针对灌溉退水具有明显滞后性的干旱地区,该方法能够有效计算灌区灌溉退水量,可为灌区水资源管理和决策提供科学支撑。     

咸水安全利用农田调控技术措施研究进展

淡水资源短缺已经成为全球性的问题,开发利用地下咸水资源,发展农业灌溉已成为各国关注的焦点问题。微咸水或咸水代替部分淡水进行农业灌溉,在一定程度上可缓解淡水资源的不足,但咸水和微咸水灌溉带来的土壤积盐和作物减产等问题始终是研究的重点和难点。本文从咸水或微咸水灌溉带来的潜在土壤盐渍化危害入手,就如何应对咸水和微咸水灌溉带来的次生盐渍化问题,通过总结前人大量的研究成果,分析了减轻土壤盐渍化对作物危害的各种途径,从微咸水灌溉和咸水灌溉两个层面就优化农田管理农艺措施、生物措施、水利工程措施等方面进行概述。重点介绍了咸水或微咸水灌溉对土壤微环境的影响,优化田间管理农业措施(如合理的灌溉制度和灌溉方式、覆盖、深耕等),土壤中施入有机物质(如植物秸秆、有机肥、绿肥、生物质炭等)和无机土壤改良剂(如石膏、沸石等)、施用根际促生菌肥、种植盐土植物和耐盐作物品种等,以及咸水结冰灌溉、暗管排盐等水利工程措施,这些都是降低咸水灌溉带来的土壤盐害行之有效的方法。以微咸水或咸水补灌为核心,结合雨水资源利用,通过种植耐盐植物品种、增施土壤微生物肥、土壤调理剂等措施提高土壤缓冲能力,配套垄作和地膜覆盖等降低土壤蒸发措施,抑制土壤盐分表层积聚,配套秸秆还田和土壤耕作技术,提高土壤蓄雨淋盐和养分快速提升,集成微咸水安全高效灌溉技术模式,制定规范化的技术应用规程,有机地结合各种改良措施,可有效控制咸水和微咸水灌区土壤次生盐渍化,达到咸水资源的高效安全可持续利用,提升水资源保障能力。     

新疆干旱区成龄核桃滴灌制度优化

科学合理的灌溉制度是提高灌水利用效率的主要因素。该研究采用HYDRUS-2D模型结合寻优模型相结合的方法,研究新疆核桃滴灌优化制度。利用2018年和2019年定点观测土壤水分数据进行模型率定与验证;利用模型设定128种情景进行模拟研究,分析南疆干旱区滴灌成龄核桃不同灌溉制度下的深层渗漏和水分胁迫。应用模型结合灌溉制度寻优函数探求滴灌条件下成龄核桃各灌溉制度土壤水分通量。结果表明:HYDRUS-2D模型模拟土壤含水率精度较高,R2为83.03%～83.73%,均方根误差在0.016～0.017cm~3/cm~3范围。根据模型模拟结果,推荐新疆干旱区核桃滴灌制度为灌水定额35 mm,灌溉11次,灌水周期9 d,灌溉定额385 mm或者灌水定额50 mm,灌溉7次,灌水周期14 d,灌溉定额350 mm,在以上滴灌制度下,可最大限度减少农田水分损失和提高灌水利用效率。该研究可为制定南疆滴灌条件下成龄核桃适宜灌溉制度提供参考。     

窑窖滴灌系统输水管路的优化布置

窑窖集雨滴灌成为解决我国干旱半干旱地区水资源短缺的途径之一。该文分析了窑窖分散式水源特点：水量较小，零星分布，管道设计困难，系统管理繁杂。以在农作物缺水关键期进行灌溉为出发点，根据水窖和地块分散的特点，通过对水窖输水线路优化设计，降低灌溉的管理和工程造价，设计最佳滴灌输水路线，达到水源联合调度的目的，并与传统设计方法和图论优化设计法进行了比较。所提出的设计方法适合解决各种地形条件下分布水源的输水路线布置问题。     

水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响

通过田间试验,研究了间歇灌溉和全生育期淹水2种水分管理结合水稻分蘖期施用石灰对不同水稻生育期的土壤和水稻各组织中Cd分布与运移的影响。研究结果表明,全生育淹水和施用石灰均能升高土壤p H值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量;施用石灰能降低土壤中酸可提取态Cd所占比例而残渣态所占比例增加。在全生育期淹水条件下施用石灰有利于改善土壤性状并提高土壤中Fe质量百分含量。与不施用石灰相比,在间歇灌溉条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.86 mg/kg降低到0.56 mg/kg,而在全生育期淹水条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.77 mg/kg降低到0.34 mg/kg;无论间歇灌溉还是全淹水处理条件下,施用石灰均增加了水稻总生物量。施用石灰后,在灌浆期,水稻茎叶中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在成熟期,根和稻米中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在全生育期淹水条件下,成熟期水稻根到茎叶转运系数和茎叶到米中转运系数均显著降低(P0.05)。水稻糙米中Cd含量与土壤中有效态Cd含量、水稻地上部Cd累积量呈显著正相关,与土壤p H值呈显著负相关。上述研究结果表明,施用石灰能够显著降低稻田土壤中Cd的生物有效性;采用全生育期淹水结合在分蘖期施用石灰是降低稻米中Cd含量有效措施且不会导致水稻减产。