植物抗病过程中的活性氧代谢（一）植物抗病过程中活性氧的产生及相关酶

活性氧是生物体内含有氧原子但较分子氧有更活泼化学性质的氧的代产物及其衍生物。植物体内的活性氧主要包括:超氧物阴离子自由基(O·-2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、羟自由基(·OH)、单线态氧(·O2)及一些脂类过氧化产物(如:R,ROO等自由基及ROOH)等[1、2、3、4]。植物体内活性氧含量过高会给植物带来巨大的伤害。一方面,活性氧可直接攻击核酸与蛋白质,造成细胞功能絮乱。另一方面,过量的活性氧可引发生物膜中不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化作用,造成对生物膜的损伤。近年来,一些研究者发现植物在抵御病原菌侵染的过程中也能产生和累积活性氧,引起了人们…     

植物抗病过程中的活性氧代谢(二)——植物抗病过程中活性氧的作用与引起活性氧产生的信号传导

植物在抵御外来病原物侵染的过程中能产生大量活性氧 ,特别是过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )与超氧化物阴离子自由基 (O· - 2 )。在病原物与寄主植物发生亲和互作与非亲和互作的过程中 ,活性氧的产生与累积表现出不同的特点 ,亲和互作中活性氧产生与累积的速度与程度都明显强于非亲和互作 ;同时寄主植物体内与活性氧代谢相关的酶类活性也发生相应的变化。研究表明 ,植物抗病过程中产生的活性氧具有重要的作用。本文将从活性氧在植物抗病过程中的作用及引起活性氧产生的信号传导等方面介绍植物抗病过程中的活性氧代谢。1　活性氧在植物抗病过程中的作…     

正己烷处理对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育预蛹过氧化氢及抗氧化酶的影响

在27～29℃温度下,用1.5 mL/L的正己烷蒸气处理菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育蛹10～15 min后可以解除其滞育。为探讨解除滞育的机制,测定了正己烷处理后菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育预蛹体内的过氧化氢含量（H2O2）和3种抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性。结果表明正己烷处理后,滞育预蛹体内H2O2含量、SOD和POD活性均迅速上升,CAT活性则下降。就5个取样点的平均值而言,H2O2含量和SOD活性显著高于非滞育预蛹和未经处理的滞育预蛹,POD活性低于非滞育预蛹而高于未经处理的滞育预蛹,CAT活性则低于未经处理的滞育预蛹而高于非滞育预蛹。3种抗氧化酶活性的变化与体内H2O2含量的平衡有关,而H2O2含量的变化可能与体内激素水平的调节有关。     

外源Ca2＋和H2O2对NaCl 胁迫下枸杞离体叶片叶绿体中活性氧代谢的影响研究

以枸杞离体叶片为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下外源Ca2+和H2O2对枸杞离体叶片叶绿体中O2·产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下O2·产生速率呈上升趋势,丙二醛含量增大,保护酶APX、CAT、POD活性较对照升高.在NaCl胁迫下,加入外源Ca2+和H2O2时丙二醛(MDA)含量和O2·产生速率较单纯NaCl胁迫下降低;保护酶APX、CAT、POD活性较单纯NaCl胁迫下升高.表明外源Ca2+和H2O2在一定程度上可以缓解NaCl胁迫对植物体造成的伤害.     

BTH处理对甜瓜叶片活性氧代谢的诱导作用

为了明确活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）代谢在甜瓜抗病性诱导中的作用,以抗白粉病甜瓜品种Tam Dew和感病品种卡拉克赛幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苯丙噻二唑（BTH）喷雾或白粉菌接种后甜瓜叶片超氧阴离子（O2.-）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的变化。BTH处理或白粉菌接种均可诱导甜瓜叶片SOD、PAL活性升高,抑制CAT活性,导致叶组织O2.-产生速率和H2O2含量增加,BTH喷雾＋白粉菌接种比二者单独处理效果更好。结果表明,BTH处理后叶片O2.-产生速率提高和H2O2积累是甜瓜抗白粉病能力提高的重要机制,BTH通过诱导ROS代谢酶活性调节H2O2含量,且BTH诱导的甜瓜抗病性与品种的基础抗性有关。     

NaCl胁迫下枸杞愈伤组织活性氧产生与质膜H+—ATPase活性的关系

以枸杞愈伤组织为材料,研究了盐胁迫对活性氧伤害和质膜H -ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,NaCl浓度为100mmol/L时超氧阴离子(O2-·)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量上升,质膜H -ATPase活性先升后降;质膜相对透性与丙二醛(MDA)含量呈显著正相关;超氧阴离子(O2-·)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量与质膜H -ATPase活性在重度胁迫下呈显著负相关,说明盐胁迫下活性氧积累可能是加速伤害质膜功能的主要原因之一。     

干旱-低温交叉逆境下小麦活性氧清除系统的变化与交叉适应的关系

采用人工气候箱砂培的方法研究了干旱、低温交叉逆境下2个小麦品种活性氧清除系统的变化与交叉适应的关系.结果表明,经单一逆境(干旱或低温)处理后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量有所升高,但总体表现出活性氧清除系统功能降低,质膜相对透性增大(膜系统受损).经2种逆境交叉处理后,保护酶活性及抗氧化剂含量均明显增高,质膜相对透性降低至接近正常水平.表明小麦幼苗对干旱和低温逆境存在着明显的交叉适应现象,经一种逆境处理后可提高对另一逆境的抗性.外施脱落酸(ABA)处理同样也能明显提高逆境下小麦活性氧清除系统的功能,增强对干旱和低温逆境的抗性.这些现象表明植物对不同逆境的适应存在着某些共同的生理基础,而这些生理基础与ABA有关.     

NaCl胁迫对枸杞叶绿素荧光特性和活性氧代谢的影响

对枸杞幼苗进行不同浓度(NaCl)处理后的荧光特性和活性氧代谢的研究结果表明:随着浓度的升高,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,фPSII呈降低趋势,非光化学猝灭效率(NPQ)在轻度胁迫时有所升高,随着盐浓度的加重使NPQ下降;随着盐浓度地升高,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性有不同程度地升高,但是H2O2含量和O2-.产生速率也增高,说明枸杞叶片活性氧不能及时清除而造成光合速率的下降,从而使光合机构受到破坏,同时也说明枸杞幼苗对NaCl轻度胁迫(0.3%)和短期胁迫(4d)有一定的适应能力。     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.     

外源过氧化氢对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂抗氧化酶和子代滞育的影响

已有研究表明,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis(Haliday)随饲养的光周期延长,预蛹体内过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)含量升高,而子代滞育率下降。为探明H2O2在滞育诱导过程中的作用,我们在短光周期下饲养获得的预蛹体外用外源H2O2点滴处理,随后测定预蛹体内的H2O2含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(calalse,CAT)的活性、子代滞育率。结果表明,外源H2O2点滴处理后的预蛹,其子代在13℃短光周期下的滞育率下降。当用1.6 mol/L H2O2处理预蛹后,子代的滞育率从对照的83.76%下降至35.22%,接近于母代饲养在长光照周期下的滞育率(12.24%);H2O2含量随着外源H2O2点滴处理浓度的升高而升高,变化趋势与随饲养光周期延长而升高的变化趋势一致;SOD活性随着外源H2O2点滴处理浓度的升高而下降,CAT活性随着外源处理的H2O2浓度的升高而升高,二者的变化趋势与随饲养光周期延长而升高/下降的变化趋势相反;POD活性在低浓度(0.2 mol/L)处理时与对照无显著差异,在高浓度(1.6 mol/L)处理时,在处理后的4 h与对照无显著差异,甚至更低,在处理后的20 h则显著升高。表明外源H2O2处理,在滞育的诱导过程中有类似于在长光周期下饲养的作用,能阻止子代滞育的启动,但在对体内各种酶的作用上可能存在差异。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Measures of durability of resistance

ABSTRACT Conventional models for the durability of resistant cultivars focus on the dynamics of the frequency of resistance genes. This leads to a definition of the durability of resistance as the time from introduction of the cultivar to the time when the frequency of the virulence gene reaches a preset threshold. It is questionable whether this is the most appropriate way to measure durability. Here we use a simple epidemiological model to link population dynamics and population genetics to compare three measures of durability: (i) the expected time until invasion of the virulent genotype, by mutation or immigration, and subsequent establishment of a population (T(invasion)); (ii) the virulence frequency related measure of the time for the virulent genotype to take-over the pathogen population ( T(take-over)); and (iii) the additional yield, measured by the additional number of uninfected host growth days (T(additional)). Specifically, we show how the measures of durability are affected by deployment and epidemiological parameters. We use a combination of numerical solution and analytical approximation of a model for the population dynamics of avirulent and virulent genotypes of a pathogen growing in dynamically changing populations of resistant and susceptible cultivars. The three measures of durability are compared. Some consequences of the results for durable resistance in multilines and mixtures and the regional deployment of resistant cultivars are discussed.