电子束辐照对素鸡杀菌效果及品质特性影响的研究

以素鸡为试验对象,研究电子束辐照对素鸡杀菌效果及其营养品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照对素鸡的杀菌效果显著,D10=0．48kGy;8．8kGy以下电子束辐照对素鸡蛋白质、脂肪、脂肪酸、氨基酸的影响在5％水平上差异不显著,在水分含量方面差异显著;经8．8kGy电子束辐照处理的素鸡与对照素鸡相比,其感官品质未呈现显著差异。综合考虑,2．4kGy电子束辐照处理可以有效控制素鸡中的细菌而不影响其营养和感官品质,其货架期可达8d;电子束辐照素鸡的最高耐受剂量至少为8．8kGy。     

辐照处理对鲜切圆生菜减菌效果及品质的影响

本研究将60Co-γ辐照技术引入到圆生菜的鲜切加工过程,研究不同剂量辐照对圆生菜减菌效果及其营养和感官品质的影响,以达到延长鲜切圆生菜贮藏期的目的.结果表明:辐照对鲜切圆生菜具有显著的减菌效果.辐照剂量≥0.68 kGy的处理对圆生菜细菌、大肠菌群、霉菌和酵母均有显著的杀灭效果.辐照剂量≤2.32kGy的处理,圆生菜的失重率、可溶性固形物含量、亚硝酸盐含量在5％水平上无显著影响;对圆生菜在贮藏期间Vc含量的下降起延缓作用,对其色泽、气味、质地和滋味、组织状态等感官方面总体可接受性没有显著影响.因此,0.68 ～ 2.32kGy剂量范围内的辐照可有效控制鲜切圆生菜中的微生物而不影响其食用和感官品质,货架期可达6d.本文探索了辐照保鲜在鲜切菜生产加工过程中的可行性,为以后的研究提供了一定的科学依据.     

高能电子束辐照对鲜切哈密瓜生理生化品质的影响

通过0．5、1．0、1．5和2．0kGy剂量的电子柬辐照处理鲜切哈密瓜,采用聚丙烯（PP）材质托盘和聚乙烯（PE）保鲜膜包装,置于5℃,相对湿度85％-95％的冷库中贮藏,研究高能电子束辐照对鲜切哈密瓜生理生化品质的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照能显著降低呼吸速率,显著抑制Vc、可溶性固形物的含量的下降,减少丙二醛积累,降低多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,并提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性。1．5kGv辐照处理的鲜切哈密瓜在贮藏至第13天时,感官品质保持良好。综合电子束辐照对鲜切哈密瓜的保鲜效果,确定最佳处理剂量为1．5kGy。     

芹菜花生冷食菜的辐照杀菌研究

研究了芹菜花生冷食菜的辐照杀菌效果和接种于其中的致病菌(Listeria innocua L83和Salmonellaenteritidis500041)的辐照效应,以及辐照处理对芹菜花生冷食菜营养品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明,2kGy辐照处理能有效降低冷食菜中微生物的含量,辐照接种于其中的沙门氏菌和李斯特菌的D10值分别为0.284和0.296 kGy,2.0kGy以下的辐照剂量对其感官品质和蛋白质的营养品质没有明显的影响。2.0kGy剂量能使冷食菜中的微生物降低10-2~10-3,使接种于其中的致病菌降低10-6以上,能有效地提高芹菜花生冷食菜的卫生安全。     

辐照杀菌对核桃粉品质的影响

研究了60Co γ辐照杀菌对核桃粉主要营养成分变化及感官品质的影响。结果表明：剂量为2.0～8.0kGy时,辐照对核桃粉中的总糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著影响;辐照后的粗纤维含量有一定的增加,但不显著;辐照对核桃粉中的月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸含量基本没有影响,对棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸和亚麻酸含量有一定的影响,但不显著;辐照后核桃粉中的油酸含量随辐照剂量的上升而显著增加,剂量达到8.0kGy时,油酸含量增加了4.3%。8.0kGy以下辐照对核桃粉色泽、气味、口感无明显改变。可以得出结论低于8.0kGy的辐照不会对核桃粉的营养品质和感官品质有不良影响。     

蛋清粉辐照杀菌研究

本文研究了60 Co-γ射线辐照蛋清粉的杀菌效果、对蛋清粉的主要营养成分及感官品质的影响.结果表明,经4kGy辐照的蛋清粉样品中微生物指标达到食品卫生国家标准,8kGy辐照杀菌率达到95％以上.与对照相比,剂量为4～10kGy的辐照对蛋清粉中蛋白质、粗纤维、氨基酸含量的影响不明显,6kGy以下剂量辐照对蛋清粉色泽、气味等感官品质无明显改变.综合试验结果,确定了蛋清粉辐照杀菌的适宜工艺剂量范围为4 ～6kGy.     

盒装豆腐辐照杀菌的研究

研究了接种于盒装豆腐中致病菌（Listeria innocua L83和Salmonella）的辐照效应和盒装豆腐的辐照杀菌效果,以及辐照对包装豆腐的营养品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明,接种于盒装豆腐中的李斯特氏菌和沙门氏菌的D10值分别为0.225和0.240 kGy,2.0 kGy以下的剂量辐照能有效降低盒装豆腐中微生物的含量,提高豆腐的食用安全。该剂量辐照处理的盒装豆腐的感官品质能为人们所接受,蛋白质等营养品质没有明显的影响。     

辐照对发酵甘薯保鲜效果和功能活性的影响

采用0、2、4和6kGy剂量辐照甘薯茎尖,研究辐照对发酵甘薯茎尖感官品质、理化性质、微生物指标以及功能活性的影响。结果表明,经2和4kGy辐照后,发酵甘薯茎尖的感官品质变化不显著,6kGy辐照后则显著劣变。4kGy辐照后,发酵甘薯茎尖中游离氨基酸总量无显著变化;6kGy辐照后,其游离氨基酸总量显著上升。2、4和6kGy...     

电子束辐照对美国红鱼杀菌保鲜效果的研究

以美国红鱼为对象,利用不同剂量电子束处理,对冷藏期内鱼肉菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、过氧化值（POV）及鲜度指标K值进行测定,分析不同剂量电子束辐照对美国红鱼肉的杀菌效果及品质影响。结果表明：电子束辐照能有效降低美国红鱼肉的菌落总数,其中D10=161kGy,D=540kGy,冷藏期间辐照组样品菌落生长缓慢,且辐照剂量越大,杀菌效果越强;电子束处理后美国红鱼肉TVB-N值、POV均有不同程度增加,但在冷藏期内对照组TVB-N值、POV、K值的上升速度大于辐照组样品;辐照对美国红鱼肉感官影响不明显,但6kGy辐照组鱼肉色泽略微变红。综合考虑,美国红鱼肉经4kGy 电子束辐照,能有效杀灭其中的微生物,冷藏条件下保质期可达到14d,比对照延长5d左右。     

辐照对泡椒凤爪感官品质的影响

辐照可以有效的控制泡椒凤爪中的乳酸菌含量,从而延长其货架期。本文根据相关的标准和调研,以色泽及形态（权重30%）、香气（权重30%）、质地及滋味（权重40%）为评价指标,制定了泡椒凤爪的感官分析标准,并用此标准对辐照处理后的泡椒凤爪进行了感官品质分析。结果表明贮藏3d后的3、5、8、12kGy辐照的样品,其感官评价结果与对照相比无显著差异,辐照剂量为10 kGy的样品感官评价结果还显著优于对照组。贮藏11d后,样品的感官品质也未降低。由此得出结论：辐照不会影响泡椒凤爪的感官品质,适当剂量的辐照还有助于提高泡椒凤爪的被接受程度。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.